Introduction: Quality of life is a long-term goal in nursing care. Nursing care in improving the quality of life should focus not only on physical aspects, but especially on support to return to everyday life, managing daily activities, at least to the extent that the patient has been able to handle them before staying at hospital. Methodology: The aim of the work was to evaluate the quality of life of patients before and after staying in ICU with a focus on patients after acute surgery associated with intestinal resection. The research sample consisted of patients who underwent acute surgery associated with intestinal resection and ICU staying. Quality of life was assessed before hospitalization and 3 months after discharging from the ICU. We have chosen SOFA, APACHE scoring systems to obtain data. The quality of life before hospitalization was evaluated by SF-36 and ADL, IADL questionnaires for daily activities. In the ICU dismission, the patients completed HADS (anxiety, depression), MAF (fatigue) questionnaires, 6-minute walk and sit / stand test. After the third month of convalescence, patients completed questionnaires: SF-36, IADL, ADL, HADS, MAF and 6. minute walk and sit / stand test. Results: 38 patients were evaluated. We found a significant difference in the development of all observed...

For a person stoma means change both in the health as well as psychosocial area. It is necessary to perceive the person as a bio-psycho-socially-spiritual being requiring satisfaction of all his/her needs. Shortage of satisfaction of psychosocial needs can have very serious impacts on the overall health condition of the client. Stoma nurses and stoma clubs significantly contribute to satisfaction of needs. Stoma nurses deal not only with a preoperative, postoperative care for stoma suffering people, their education but they also help them to solve problems, which occurred in connection with stoma, answer their questions and are their consultants and support. Stoma nurses are a great benefit for stoma suffering people and their families. Stoma clubs are voluntary associations where people suffering stoma meet. Their task is to defend the interests and rights of stoma suffering people, organise meetings, special seminars, cultural events and stays. Versatile activity of the clubs is involved in client?s stoma adaptation, improvement of his/her life and making satisfaction of psychosocial needs easier. The target of the Diploma Thesis was to find out the most frequent psychosocial problems of stoma patients and whether stoma stresses more ileostoma patients than colostomy ones. Targets of the thesis were met. There were defined five hypotheses for the targets. First hypothesis dealt with the question, whether stoma patients suffer lack of satisfaction of psychosocial needs. Second hypothesis analysed, whether stoma disturbed partner life of the stoma patient. Third hypothesis analysed, whether stoma nurses bring benefit to a stoma patient and the fourth one, whether stoma clubs are beneficial for a stoma patient. These hypotheses were proved. The fifth hypothesis analysed, whether stoma stresses more ileostoma than colostomy patients. This hypothesis was not proved. To collect data I used the form of quantitative research using non-standardised questionnaire for people suffering ileostoma and colostomy. This Diploma Thesis shall point out the necessity of satisfaction of psychosocial needs of stoma patients in practice.

Alors que le traitement standard du cancer du rectum (traitement néoadjuvant avec chirurgie d’exérèse et stomie temporaire) n’épargne ni la psyché ni le corps, peu d’études se sont intéressées à l’ajustement psycho-social des patients qui y sont confrontés. Le corps est bien souvent perçu, à la suite des traitements, comme dérivant de la norme et générant un sentiment de honte. Ainsi le premier travail de cette thèse a été de valider un outil, en population française, permettant de mesurer la honte liée à l’image du corps. Dans un deuxième travail, nous avons pu comparer la honte liée à l’image du corps ainsi que la qualité de vie, l’image du corps, et la détresse psychologique des patients ayant reçu un traitement standard à ceux traités par excision locale (nouvelle approche proposée aux patients présentant une bonne réponse clinique aux traitements néoadjuvants). Le traitement standard entraînant des difficultés psycho-sociales plus marquées, nous avons évalué plus spécifiquement ses conséquences sur la détresse psychologique et l’image du corps dans un troisième travail. La période avec la stomie temporaire représente un temps spécifique durant lequel les patients semblent mettre leur vie entre parenthèses. Ainsi, dans un quatrième travail, nous avons investigué le rôle du temps comme un déterminant possible de la qualité de vie de ces sujets. Nos résultats ont montré qu’il conviendrait de considérer, dans le parcours de soin du patient, la façon dont celui-ci perçoit le temps, en vue de prévenir une altération de sa qualité de vie. Cette altération persiste plusieurs mois après la fin des traitements mais peu d’études s’y sont, à ce jour, intéressées. Ainsi, dans un cinquième travail, nous avons exploré la qualité de vie, deux ans après le diagnostic de cancer, chez des survivants du cancer du côlon-rectum traités par chirurgie avec ou sans stomie temporaire. Nous avons alors constaté que la qualité de vie physique était significativement plus altérée chez les patients qui ont eu une stomie. Face à ces difficultés, il convenait de proposer une intervention psycho-sociale répondant aux besoins émotionnels de ces patients. Peu d’interventions ont été développées en ce sens. Dans un sixième travail, nous avons développé et mis à l’épreuve une intervention psycho-sociale qui semble s’inscrire davantage dans une approche préventive. L’ensemble de ces travaux pourrait contribuer à améliorer l’accompagnement proposé à ces patients, même s’il est nécessaire de souligner l’importance de promouvoir la recherche dans ce domaine pour mieux comprendre encore les enjeux psycho-sociaux de ce traitement. / While the standard treatment for rectal cancer (neoadjuvant treatment with rectal excision) has spared neither the psyche nor the body, few studies have focused on psychosocial adjustment of patients who have received this treatment. Following treatment, the body is often perceived as deviating from the norm, generating feelings of shame. The first objective of this thesis was to adapt, and validate, for the French population, a body image shame scale. The second step consisted in comparing body image shame, quality of life, body image, and psychological distress between rectal cancer patients treated by surgery with temporary stoma or local excision (a new treatment approach proposed for patients with rectal cancer after a good clinical response to neoadjuvant therapy). Since standard treatment leads to more psychosocial problems, in a third study, we examined the effects of standard treatment on psychological distress and body image. The temporary stoma period represents a specific time during which patients seem to temporarily suspend their lives. Thus, the fourth study of this thesis investigated how the role of time perspective might act as a determinant of quality of life for rectal cancer patients. The time perspective construct provides keys in order to improve quality of life of rectal cancer patients. Quality of life alterations persist several months after the end of treatments but, to date, few studies have focused on this topic. The fifth goal was to assess colorectal cancer survivors’ quality of life two years after diagnosis of colorectal cancer according to their stoma status (reversed or never formed). Participants with a reversed stoma score lower on the physical quality of life scale than participants without stoma. Patients with rectal cancer experience psychosocial challenges. To deal with these challenges, psychosocial interventions focused on emotional needs of rectal cancer patients treated by standard treatment should be proposed. There is a lack of this type of intervention for this population. The sixth purpose was to develop and test a psychosocial intervention which seems to be more in line with a preventive approach. Taken together, these works may contribute to improve the support offered to these patients, even though the importance of promoting research to deal with the psychosocial challenges of this treatment must be underlined.

The thesis deals with the application of NIC, NOC classifications in patients with stoma. Every nurse uses a classification system of health care which describes activities or interventions done by nurses as a part of planning phase of nursing process in connection with creation of nursing care plan. These classifications also focus on developement of nursing care objectives and evaluating of the effect of nursing care results. Due to these classifications, the nursing care results are mesurable. In the theoretical part of the thesis, we focus on classification systems of nursing care, then on GIT diseases which lead to insertion of stoma, its care, care of patients with stoma and last but not least, on nursing documentation. Several objectives were set to meet the main target of the thesis. Firstly, to map nurses' opinion on nursing classifications; secondly, to find out which NOC indicators are usually judged by nurses in the care of patients with stoma; thirdly, to find out which activities are usually used by nurses in the care of patients with stoma; fourthly, to check up on application of NIC, NOC classification in the care of patients with stoma. The qualitative reserch was hold in two phases. In the first phase of the qualitative research, a nursing documentation was created on the basis of NIC and NOC classification related to care of the patients with stoma. In the second phase of the qualitative research, we interviewed ten nurses who had worked with the particular nursing documentation.