Dado um espaço localmente compacto Hausdorff K e um espaço de Banach X, Co(K,X) representa o espaço de Banach das funções contínuas em K com valores em X que se anulam no infinito com a norma do supremo. No presente trabalho, unificaremos e melhoraremos várias generalizações do teorema clássico de Banach-Stone para os espaços Co(K,X) devidas a Cambern, Amir, Behrends e Jarosz. No caso em que X=lp com $ 2 p, nossos resultados são maximais. / Let K be a locally compact Hausdor space and X a Banach space. By Co(K,X) we denote the Banach space of all X-valued continuous functions dened on K which vanish at innity, provided with the supremum norm. In the present work, we unify and strengthen several generalizations obtained in recent years of the classical Banach-Stone theorem for Co(K,X) spaces. In the case where X = lp such that 2 p < 1, our results are optimal.

陳立旺[著] / Thesis (M.A.)--香港中文大學硏究院. / Reprint of manuscript. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 341-475). / Chen Liwang [zhu] / Thesis (M.A.)--Xianggang Zhong wen da xue yan jiu yuan. / Chapter 第一章 --- 引言 --- p.1 / Chapter 第二章 --- 閩粤地區的自然環境與新石器時代的氣候 --- p.8 / Chapter 第三章 --- 閩粤地區新石器文化分述 --- p.25 / Chapter 壹 --- 文化區劃分 --- p.25 / Chapter 貳 --- 浙南閩北區　 --- p.26 / （附圖一至八十、附表一至九） / Chapter 參　 --- 閩南粤東區 --- p.83 / （附圖一至九十三、附表一至二十一） / Chapter 肆 --- 粤中區 --- p.152 / （附圖一至一十、附表一至九） / Chapter 伍 --- 粤西南及海南島區 --- p.217 / （附圖一至十九、附表一至十一） / Chapter 陸 --- 粤北區　 --- p.256 / （附圖一至二十六、附表一至八） / Chapter 第四章 --- 閩粤地區新石器文化總述 --- p.298 / （附圖一至十） / Chapter 第五章 --- 附論本區及鄰近地區新石器文化之關係 --- p.322 / （附圖一至二十九） / Chapter 附錄一 --- 閩粤地區碳14年代測定數據 --- p.340/341 / Chapter 附錄二 --- 生產工具與生活用具分式分型表　 --- p.340/341 / 書目 --- p.341

No description available.

The broad aim of the work presented in this thesis was to examine the relationship between the mineral and organic phases of calcium oxalate monohydrate (COM) crystals, which are the principal components of human kidney stones. The results presented, clearly demonstrate the presence of some amino acids and urinary proteins in the crystals and suggest a role for intracrystalline proteins in urolithiasis. The adsorptive affinities of twenty amino acids to COM, calcium hydrogen phosphate, tricalcium phosphate and hydroxyapatite were assessed over the physiological urinary pH range (pH 5-8) in aqueous solutions. In all cases adsorption was strongest at pH 5 and decreased as the pH increased as a result of the increasing negative charge of both substrate and adsorbate. Binding was higher to COM than to the phosphate minerals, owing to differences in the surface charge or coordination-site availability. Aspartic acid (Asp), glutamic acid (Glu) and y- carboxyglutamic acid (Gla), which each have at least two carboxyl groups, exhibited the highest binding affinities, suggesting that binding occurs by chelation. Further, binding affinity was reasoned to result from the ability of the zwitterions of Asp, Glu and Gla to adopt favourable conformations in which two carboxyl groups, and possibly the amino group, can interact with the mineral surface without further rotation. Although free amino acids are unlikely to fulfil a prominent inhibitory role in stone pathophysiology, they could, nonetheless, fulfil an important function as terminal residues or as exposed components of calcium-binding domains of proteins involved in stone formation. The existence of intracrystalline proteins and amino acids in COM crystals was demonstrated by Synchrotron X-ray Diffraction (SXRD) analysis. / Non-uniform strains and crystallite sizes were derived from SXRD whole pattern line widths using Rietveld analysis, which showed an increase in average non-uniform strain and a decrease in average crystallite size. These were attributed to intracrystalline molecules. Occluded molecules were Glu, Gla, human prothrombin (PT) and to a lesser extent, human serum albumin (HSA), as well as crystal matrix extract (CME), which comprises a complex mixture of soluble organic molecules remaining after demineralization of COM crystals grown in centrifuged and filtered (CF) urine. COM grown in CF urine possessed greater non-uniform strain and smaller crystallite size than COM grown in ultrafiltered (UF) urine, indicating that the majority of intracrystalline macromolecules in crystals derived from CF urine were >10kDa in molecular mass. Asp, AspAsp, GluGlu and Tamm Horsfall glycoprotein (THG) were non-occluded molecules. Proteinase treatment of COM crystals grown in CF urine produced a marked decrease in non-uniform strain and an increase in crystallite size, suggesting that smaller crystallite material, more intimately associated with proteins than the bulk COM, was liberated during the treatment. A reciprocal relationship was found between non-uniform strain and crystallite size, which was dependent upon the type of molecule(s) in which the COM crystals were grown. For a given increment in non-uniform strain, the corresponding decrease in crystallite size was found to be considerably greater for occluded macromolecules, than for amino acids. This difference was attributed to the capacity of macromolecules, once incorporated into the crystal, to disrupt a larger volume of the mineral bulk than amino acids. Alternatively, unlike amino acids, macromolecules might possibly stabilise an amorphous phase. / Amorphous contributions resulting from the occlusion of PT and molecules from CF urine and UF urine in COM were found to range between 5-9%. The SXRD data derived from the COM crystals were further analysed for anisotropy using Williamson-Hall plots and individual peak analysis (SHADOW). Crystals grown in distilled water COM (distilled water) and COM (Asp, AspAsp, GluGlu, Gla, HSA, THG and PT) were isotropic with respect to both non-uniform strain and crystallite size. Although COM (Glu) and COM (UF) were isotropic with respect to non-uniform strain, the crystallite sizes were smaller along the (100) and (001) principal axes, respectively. COM (CF urine) and COM (CME) were also anisotropic, but with respect to crystallite size, with the shortest lengths occurring along the (100) and (001) axes. The absence of anisotropy in non-uniform strain was ascribed to experimental error. The data also showed that stacking faults contributed significantly to crystal disorder. Largest stacking faults, highest non-uniform strain and lowest crystallite sizes were generally found along the (13i) plane. Computer- generated models showed that molecules as large as proteins could not effectively be incorporated along the (13i) plane in COM. It was concluded therefore, that they transmit disorder from the principal (100,010, 001) planes in the crystal to the (13i) plane by diagonal sliding of one or more rows of oxalate ions, calcium ions and water molecules. SXRD single peak and whole pattern analysis of COM crystals grown in aqueous solutions of increasing concentrations of PT, HSA, CME and Gla showed that non- uniform strain increased, crystallite size decreased and stacking faults increased, to limiting values. / This was also found for crystals grown in UF urine containing CME and HSA. When crystals with occluded proteins were treated with proteinase K, their stacking faults and non-uniform strain decreased, and crystallite size increased, indicating that the non-crystalline material is more intimately associated with the protein and is physically removed or solubilised when the protein is destroyed. FESEM observations of the internal architecture of fractured CaOx crystals grown in human urine and synthetic solutions containing PT, revealed an inhomogeneous microstructure containing low density zones not observed in COM crystals grown in water or UF urine. Proteolytic treatment of the fractured crystals, created an internal honey combed structure that replaced the “low-density” zones. A timed growth study showed the internal ultrastructure of urinary COM crystals depended to a significant extent, upon the ratio of crystal-binding proteins to the available quantities of solute ions during growth. Dissolution studies of COM crystals showed that the process obeyed the Shrinking Core model and was therefore surface area-dependent. Pure COM dissolved more rapidly than crystals derived from UF urine, which dissolved at a faster rate than crystals precipitated from CF urine. This was attributed to shielding of the exposed COM surface by occluded molecules, which would reduce the effective surface area and slow dissolution. There is also the possibility that the macromolecules would have bound to the ions and retard their release into solution. The use of proteinase inhibitors verified the presence of proteinases in fresh urine and showed that they were capable of attacking proteins occluded in COM, in particular, proteins with Mr > 10kDa. / Although COM (CF) crystals were more difficult to dissolve than COM (UF) crystals in aqueous solutions, they were far more susceptible to endogenous proteolytic degradation in urine. Collectively, these findings have formed the basis of a novel hypothesis, which proposes that the type and concentration of urinary proteins incorporated inside CaOx crystals are fundamental to the disposal of CaOx crystals precipitated and retained within the renal system, and may therefore play an important role in the prevention of urolithiasis.

No description available.

Part of Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Chicago, 1938. / Reproduced from type-written copy. "Private edition, distributed by the University of Chicago libraries, Chicago, Illinois." "The 'essential portion' of a doctoral dissertation, which since its presentation has been expanded and published in two editions--a limited edition by Norman W. Forgue (Chicago, 1940) and a trade edition by the University of Chicago press (Chicago, 1940). The book is entitled: A history of Stone & Kimball and Herbert S. Stone & co., with a bibliography of their publications, 1893-1905." Includes bibliographical references.

Στην περιοχή της Ελευσίνας, στη Δυτική Αττική, υπάρχει το Ιερό της Δήμητρας στο οποίο τελούνταν για αιώνες τα Ελευσίνια Μυστήρια. Η ιστορία του Ιερού χρονολογείται ότι ξεκινά ήδη από τους προϊστορικούς χρόνους, τουλάχιστον από τις αρχές της 2ης π.Χ. χιλιετηρίδας και τελειώνει τον 4ο αιώνα μ.Χ. Τα ερείπια του Ναού είδαν το φως σταδιακά μετά τις πρώτες ανασκαφές (1812). Από το 1875 και έπειτα, λόγω της θέσης της, η πόλη μετατράπηκε σε βιομηχανικό κέντρο με πολύ υψηλές τιμές ρύπανσης στο θαλάσσιο και το ατμοσφαιρικό περιβάλλον της περιοχής. Συγκεκριμένα, η ατμοσφαιρική ρύπανση αντανακλάται στα λίθινα στοιχεία του αρχαιολογικού χώρου. Σκοπός της εργασίας είναι να αναγνωρίσει και να καταγράψει τις μορφές διάβρωσης που επικρατούν στο χώρο και να τις συνδέσει με πιθανά αίτια που τις προκάλεσαν. Αρχικά, γίνεται πλήρης περιγραφή των 5 κύριων λιθοτύπων (3 ασβεστόλιθοι και 2 μάρμαρα) που χρησιμοποιήθηκαν στις διάφορες φάσεις ανέγερσης του Ιερού και των χώρων που το περιβάλλουν, μακροσκοπικά και με τη βοήθεια της οπτικής και ηλεκτρονικής μικροσκοπίας. Έτσι, προκύπτει ότι οι κυριότεροι ενδογενείς παράγοντες φθοράς των δομικών λίθων του Ιερού της Δήμητρος είναι το υψηλό πορώδες, η ορυκτολογική σύσταση και κυρίως η παρουσία αργιλικών ορυκτών. Στη συνέχεια, καταγράφονται μακροσκοπικά οι φθορές που έχουν υποστεί οι δομικοί λίθοι του μνημείου με κυριότερη τη δημιουργία τσιμεντιτικών κρουστών σε επίπεδες επιφάνειες. Σημαντικές είναι και οι διάφορες πάτινες βιολογικής και άλλης προέλευσης που αλλοιώνουν χρωματικά τα λίθινα στοιχεία καθώς και οι επιφάνειες με έντονα φαινόμενα κυψέλωσης και γυψοποίησης. Δε λείπουν περιπτώσεις εκλεκτικής διάβρωσης λόγω ορυκτολογικής ετερογένειας. Η μελέτη των διαβρωσιγενών μορφών που οφείλονται σε περιβαλλοντικούς παράγοντες συνεχίζεται μικροσκοπικά όπου παρατηρούνται αλλοιώσεις των επιφανειών βάσει της σύστασης, της μορφολογίας και της μικροδομής. Έτσι, εντοπίζονται αποθέσεις οργανικού υλικού, θραυσμάτων SiC και άλλων βιομηχανικών ρύπων με υψηλή περιεκτικότητα σε βαρέα μέταλλα, αποικίες βακτηρίων και άλλων μικροοργανισμών, πάτινες αργιλοπυριτικής σύστασης, σκληρές τσιμεντιτικές κρούστες, γύψος, οξειδωμένες σιδηρούχες φάσεις, μικροκαρστικά φαινόμενα και τέλος, φερτά αντικείμενα θαλάσσιας και ατμοσφαιρικής προέλευσης. Η ακτινογραφική μελέτη επιβεβαιώνει το φαινόμενο της γυψοποίησης σε σημεία των λίθων που δεν υπάρχει ελεύθερη ροή νερού και διαφοροποιεί τα δείγματα λάσπης ή σκόνης που προέρχονται από κοιλότητες πετρωμάτων που εγκλωβίζουν νερό και αυτά που ελήφθησαν από ωμές πλίνθους ως προς το κυρίαρχο ορυκτό που στην πρώτη περίπτωση είναι ο ασβεστίτης και ακολουθεί ο χαλαζίας, ενώ στη δεύτερη περίπτωση συμβαίνει το αντίστροφο. Η γνώση των λιθοτύπων και των διαβρωσιγενών μορφών αποτελούν κλειδιά για την επιλογή μεθόδων αποκατάστασης των φθορών που συναντώνται στο χώρο της μελέτης. Έτσι, προτείνονται μηχανικές μέθοδοι για σκληρές κρούστες, πάστες και κομπρέσες για αδιάλυτα και διαλυτά άλατα και βιοκτόνα για βιολογικές επικαθίσεις. Για ρωγμές με διάμετρο μικρότερη των 0,2mm απαιτούνται εργασίες στερέωσης και αδιαβροχοποίησης με οργανικά ή ανόργανα υλικά που εφαρμόζονται ανάλογα με το είδος του λίθου. Για μεγαλύτερα ανοίγματα τα κενά συμπληρώνονται με κονίαμα, ενώ τέλος η αισθητική αποκατάσταση περιλαμβάνει τη συγκόλληση τεμαχίων ή απωλεσθέντων κομματιών, ενίοτε με τη χρήση συνδέσμων. / In Eleusis, a town in western Attica, lies the site of the Demeter Sanctuary, the sacred temple where the Mysteries of Eleusis took place in the antiquity. The history of the Sanctuary starts in the beginning of the 2nd millennium B.C. and ends during the 4th century A.C. The first time that some of the ruins came into light was in 1812, the year when the excavations started. Since 1875 the town got industrialized because of its geographical position with very high levels of marine and atmospheric pollution. In particular, atmospheric pollution reflects on the weathered stones of the ruins. This work aims to recognize and record the weathering forms that exist in the Demeter Sanctuary and to connect them with possible causes that engendered them. Primarily, 5 lithotypes (3 limestones and 2 marbles) got described macroscopically and microscopically (optical and electronic microscopy). From that, one can conclude that high pororsity, mineralogical composition and mostly clay minerals are the main intrinsic factors that play an important role in stone weathering. Thereinafter, the weathering forms that are observed macroscopically on the stones of the monument are written down. The most important of those forms is the case of the cementitious crusts in horizontal surfaces. Also important are the different patinas of biological or other origin as well as surfaces with intense phenomena of alveolization and gypsum formation. Preferential deterioration attributed to mineralogical heterogeneity can’t be omitted. The research on the weathering forms is continued microscopically where one can observe alterations due to composition and due to morphology or microstrusture. Thus, we note depositions of organic matter, SiC and other industrial pollutants such as heavy metals, biological activity attributed to bacterial and other microorganisms colonies, patinas rich in Al and Si, hard cementitious crusts, gypsum, oxidized ferrous phases, microcarstic phenomena and specific objects imported from the nearby marine environment or the atmpsphere (shells or rounded particulate matter). The study of the X-ray diffraction results confirms the gypsum formation in places protected against rainfall, and also demarcates the samples that were collected from water enclaving stone cavities and those that were picked from raw plinths, as far as their mineralogical composition is concerned˙ in the first case calcite is the main mineral and quartz follows, while in the second case, quartz is in abundance and calcite happens in a smaller percentage. Recognizing the lithotypes and the weathering forms and combining them, constitutes the key to choose the conservation methods for the treatment of the decay patterns that are encountered in the ruins of the Demeter Sanctuary. Thus, mechanical and chemical methods can be proposed for the hard crusts, different pastes and compresses for soluble and isoluble salts and biocides for biological deposits. Ultimately, consolidation with organic or inorganic material and water repellents applying is proposed for application in cracks with diameter less than 0,2mm, always taking the lithotype into consideration. For larger gaps, the voids are supplemented with mortars.

Dado um espaço localmente compacto Hausdorff K e um espaço de Banach X, Co(K,X) representa o espaço de Banach das funções contínuas em K com valores em X que se anulam no infinito com a norma do supremo. No presente trabalho, unificaremos e melhoraremos várias generalizações do teorema clássico de Banach-Stone para os espaços Co(K,X) devidas a Cambern, Amir, Behrends e Jarosz. No caso em que X=lp com $ 2 p, nossos resultados são maximais. / Let K be a locally compact Hausdor space and X a Banach space. By Co(K,X) we denote the Banach space of all X-valued continuous functions dened on K which vanish at innity, provided with the supremum norm. In the present work, we unify and strengthen several generalizations obtained in recent years of the classical Banach-Stone theorem for Co(K,X) spaces. In the case where X = lp such that 2 p < 1, our results are optimal.

No description available.

No description available.