Traditionally, people with Parkinson’s disease (PD) are advised to avoid performing dual-tasks while walking. Rehabilitation programs also emphasise the need to train walking under single-task conditions to improve gait and reduce risk for falls. There are findings that people with PD can walk faster and with longer strides while performing a secondary motor or cognitive task, when cued by a metronome or visual floor stripes. There are also findings that people with PD can walk faster and with longer strides while performing a secondary motor task simply by prioritising their attention to take big steps. Using attention is a convenient strategy favoured by people with PD to manage their gait difficulties. / This thesis examined the immediate and training effects of two attention-priority strategies on dual-cognitive task walking in people with mild to moderate PD. Two groups of participants received 30 minutes of training to prioritise attention to take big steps while performing serial three subtractions (gait-priority strategy) or to divide their attention between taking big steps and the cognitive task (equal-priority strategy). Control groups received no training. Measures of gait hypo-bradykinesia (stride length and gait velocity), stride variability (Coefficient of variation [CV] of stride length and CV of stride time) and cognitive task performance (accurate enumeration rate) were assessed at baseline, during training, immediately after training and 30 minutes after training. Both attention-priority strategies improved stride length and gait velocity during training. The improvement was retained for at least 30 minutes after training. Both strategies have no effect on CVs of stride length, stride time and accurate enumeration rate. / Many daily routines require our ability to overcome single-, dual- and multi-task demands while walking. Rehabilitation strategies should encompass real life demands in order to minimise functional impairments, activity limitations and participation restrictions, as recommended by the World Health Organisation. Putting together the findings of this thesis and the evidence provided by previous studies, it is concluded that traditional recommendations need qualification. Avoiding dual-tasks during walking or gait retraining in people with mild to moderate PD may not be necessary. Gait-priority and equal-priority strategies can be used as compensatory strategies to improve gait during dual-tasks. The two strategies can also be used in training programs for walking rehabilitation.

The NPF is one of the Australian Commonwealth’s most valuable fisheries. The species groups targeted include tiger, banana and endeavour prawns. The fishery is managed using input controls and, from 2001 until 2004 (the period which spans this study), the agreed target was for the level of fishing effort expended to lead to a 70% chance (or greater) that the spawning stock size of tiger prawns was at or above that corresponding to Maximum Sustainable Yield, SMSY. A key issue in the management of this fishery is that the efficiency of fishing effort is continually increasing so that past effort reductions have been fully offset by improved efficiencies. In fact, some past effort reductions did not actually lead to a real reduction in effective effort. As a consequence of this, there was no recovery in the size of the tiger prawn resource but rather, in some years, a decline, until a major effort reduction program was implemented in 2001.

The dissertation is based on the analysis of thirty episodes of the American television series Friends with the focus on the CSIs (Culture Specific Items) and how these differences have been handled by Chinese translators who produced the subtitles for the English-Chinese translation. The analysis was based on the assumption that Mainland China’s culture is different from the US culture so people in these two countries may have problems in understanding CSIs if they are translated literally and if the subtitle translation is not adapted to the target audience. Such adaptation is normally known as localisation. The cultural differences that are ingrained in CSIs might have to be handled with caution in the production of subtitles. The main objective of the dissertation has been to analyse different translation choices which are currently used by the translators in questions, dealing with CSIs where cultural differences between mainland China and the US arise. The research discovered that repetition of CSIs is a strategy which underperformed, failing to help the Chinese audience to comprehend the cultural connotations associated with the CSIs. The paper has provided some recommendations as to how the subtitle translation of such CSIs might be handled in such a way that the audience will have a better understanding of the same.

The dissertation is based on the analysis of thirty episodes of the American television series Friends with the focus on the CSIs (Culture Specific Items) and how these differences have been handled by Chinese translators who produced the subtitles for the English-Chinese translation. The analysis was based on the assumption that Mainland China’s culture is different from the US culture so people in these two countries may have problems in understanding CSIs if they are translated literally and if the subtitle translation is not adapted to the target audience. Such adaptation is normally known as localisation. The cultural differences that are ingrained in CSIs might have to be handled with caution in the production of subtitles. The main objective of the dissertation has been to analyse different translation choices which are currently used by the translators in questions, dealing with CSIs where cultural differences between mainland China and the US arise. The research discovered that repetition of CSIs is a strategy which underperformed, failing to help the Chinese audience to comprehend the cultural connotations associated with the CSIs. The paper has provided some recommendations as to how the subtitle translation of such CSIs might be handled in such a way that the audience will have a better understanding of the same.

[Abstract]: The traditional approach to training novice programmers has been to provide explicit programming knowledge instruction but to rely on implicit instruction of programming strategies. Studies, reported in literature, have discovered universally poor results on standardised tests for novices studying under this traditional approach.This dissertation describes the explicit integration of programming strategies into instruction and assessment of novice programmers, and the impact of this change ontheir learning outcomes.An initial experiment was used to measure the performance of students studying under a traditional curriculum with implicitly taught programming strategies. Thisexperiment uncovered common flaws in the strategy skills of novices and revealed weaknesses in the curriculum. Incorporation of explicit strategy instruction wasproposed.To validate a model of strategies as being authentic and appropriate for novice instruction, an experiment with experts was conducted. Experts were asked to solvethree problems that a novice would typically be expected to solve at the end of an introductory programming course. Experts‟ solutions were analysed using Goal/PlanAnalysis and it was discovered that experts consistently applied plans, the subalgorithmic strategies suggested by Soloway (1986). It was proposed that plans could be adapted for explicit inclusion in an introductory programming curriculum.Initially a curriculum incorporating explicit strategy instruction was tested in an artificial setting with a small number of volunteers, divided into control andexperimental groups. The control group was taught using a simplified traditional curriculum and the experimental group were exposed to a curriculum which explicitly included programming strategies. Testing revealed that experimental group participants applied plans more than control group participants, who had been expected to learn these strategies implicitly. In interviews, experimental participants used strategy-related terminology and were more confident in the solutions they had created. These results justified a trial of the curriculum in an actual introductory programming course.When explicit instruction of programming strategies was incorporated into an actual introductory programming curriculum, novices achieved superior results whencompared to results from the initial experiment. Novices used strategies significantly more when these strategies were incorporated explicitly into instructional materialsand assessment items.This series of experiments focussed on explicitly teaching specific programming strategies rather than teaching problem-solving more generally. These experimentalresults demonstrate that explicit incorporation of programming strategies may improve outcomes for novices and potentially improve the potential of expertprogrammers in future.

Prior research about wayfinding has found that females tend to employ a single strategy based on landmarks, where males are more versatile, using a dual strategy of landmarks and global orientation information such as cardinal directions (Lawton, 2010). It was proposed that this difference occurs due to males’ better sense of direction, which would deliver more trustworthy indications of current heading. Since males’ versatility has often been linked with better navigation performance (for example Sandstrom, Kaufman, & Huettel, 1998; Saucier et al., 2002) this study sought to contribute to the growing body of literature on methods of training to increase sense of direction (such as Hund and Minarik, 2006; Hund & Nazarczuk, 2009). An experimental procedure was used to investigate the possibility that the provision of reliable cardinal direction heading updates to participants would lead to a dual strategy for orientation in those that usually use a single strategy based on landmarks. This was done in an urban navigation context, with the main dependent variable being level of recall for route structure. Using the Santa Barbara Sense of Direction Scale, the study revealed that males had a higher self-reported sense of direction than females. / Additionally, no sex differences in performance were found on the route structure recall tasks. Rather than being due to females’ use of a dual wayfinding strategy, however, this was interpreted as an artefact of the use of a video in the procedure, which involved watching someone else navigating along a route. This is supported by another finding, that conditions containing cardinal directions or landmark spatial references did not produce higher route structure recall than the control condition. Since the procedure did not require participants to navigate through a real, or virtual, environment, it may not have been perceived as a disorientation threat. Due to this, they may not have employed wayfinding strategies, accounting for the poor influence of the spatial reference conditions and the lack of sex difference. The study is therefore viewed as an ideal candidate for replication by future investigators, who may wish to compare performance using a task where participants are required to deploy wayfinding strategies.

Thesis PlanB (M.S.)--University of Wisconsin--Stout, 2008. / Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis PlanB (M.S.)--University of Wisconsin--Stout, 2008. / Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (M. A.)--University of Hong Kong, 2007. / Title proper from title frame. Also available in printed format.

Thesis (Th. M.)--Dallas Theological Seminary, 2006. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves [64]-69).