In this thesis we will investigate the role of diapycnal mixing on the ocean general circulation. This thesis is divided into three main parts. In the first part we show that there exists an almost infinite number of pathways to turbulence in oceanic energetic shear zones at high Reynolds number. Such a large number of accessible routes to truly chaotic motion is not typical of most of the existing body of laboratory and numerical experiments of shear-induced diapycnal mixing, but is shown to be of relevance to diapycnal mixing in geophysical flows. A key finding is that the use of generally accepted empirical relations based on laboratory experiments for the quantification of diapycnal mixing leads to large inaccuracies. In the second part we perform high resolution numerical experiments of diapycnal mixing in the oceanographically relevant high Reynolds number parameter range. Through detailed analysis of the flow energetics and mixing properties of these flows, we show that the net buoyancy flux facilitated by turbulence, the efficiency of diapycnal mixing, and the resultant effective diffusivity, all depend in non-trivial ways on the specific route to turbulence for each individual mixing event. This has important implications for practical methods of estimating an effective diapycnal mixing diffusivity from observations as well as for parametrization of mixing in ocean general circulation models. We show quantitatively that such methods can be inaccurate to the extent that they will need to be completely revised or replaced. In the third and final part of the thesis we investigate the sensitivity of the meridional overturning circulation of the abyssal ocean to the intensity and spatial variations of diapycnal mixing. We show that changes in intensity of mixing by factors well within the errors associated with practical estimates (as discussed above) lead to significant changes in ocean circulation. We show that enhanced abyssal mixing, surface winds, and meso-scale eddies play leading roles in driving the abyssal ocean circulation and in setting the stratification. As an example of the application of our analysis we show that proper parametrization of enhanced abyssal mixing leads to realization of the important role of the (often neglected) geothermal heat flux in driving the Antarctic Bottom Water circulation.

The main criterion of measuring the success of a marketing oriented company is the market share that it can achieve over its competitive rivals. The main objective of this study is to investigate the application of market share in the direction and control of the marketing activity for a brand or a product. To understand such applications.it is therefore necessary to consider the managerial use of this objective in the strategy formulation and control function at different managerial levels of an organisation. The differences of objectives, responsibilities, and type of decisions undertaken by managers at various levels require different definitions of a product's market. A higher level of market aggregation can be expected to take place at the higher managerial level to match the longer time span of the decision, and a greater responsibility. At the other end, segmenting the market by different criteria implies identifying these segments employed for measuring the share level of product. In addition, the constraints of a company's ultimate long term objective (Rol) over strategy formulation may affect the level of commitment of various marketing managers towards market share objective. A larger market share may not always produce higher profitability, and the product life cycle concept is used to identify conditions under which different results may be obtained. Finally, the study investigates the effects of factors "such as product characteristics and inflation rates on a manager's choice in selecting the marketing sales figure (sales value, or volume) for assessing the share level of a product. All the above factors generate the study hypotheses that will be tested by the postal questionnaire approach. The product/brand managers of heavily advertised fast moving consumer goods or of durable consumer products marketed by British or foreign companies in ttie UK market, will be surveyed. Since the collected data will tnko a number of forms, both non-parametric statistics, such as chi-square test, and mrametric statistics, such as Student's t-test, will be used for the purpose of analysis. In addition, to test the practical application and validity of the study findings, some of the senior marketing managers who responded to the questionnaire survey will be interviewed.

A literature review showed that social services departments use the traditional bureaucratic methods of formalisation and centralisation to control their social workers, and that social workers report this as a source of dissatisfaction. Organisation theorists identify the professional bureaucracy as an alternative organisational model, but there is no study of a social services department operating in this way. A department was found where the social workers stated that there were few rules or procedures governing their practice, and where they expressed satisfaction with their decision making powers. A research programme was designed in order to examine the department's organisation in more detail. Interviews were conducted with 27 social workers and 23 managers, up to and including the director. Detailed transcriptions were prepared and validated by the respondents as an accurate record of their views about their practice and the workings of the department. Analysis of these transcriptions revealed that the department was a variant of the professional bureaucracy model. The thesis explores the practice of the social workers and managers in detail. Whilst the social workers expressed considerable satisfaction with their freedom from rules and procedures and with their decision making powers, a number of concerns about the model are highlighted and discussed. The thesis also examines how a department organised on these professional lines dealt with the issue of accountability, and shows that there is no inevitable conflict between professional discretion and the need for accountability.

The thesis defines a profession as a group of workers who have been authorised by the state to determine aspects of their own work, training and organisation,usually,but not necessarily,as a result of their specialist expertise. It argues that knowledge about professions would be advanced by examining the social structures and processes of regulation and management of different professions, rather than by concentrating on the particular characteristics of the work or of the workers. Following this approach the thesis presents research into the different national regulatory structures, and local management structures of five "welfare service" professions in the U.K. In explaining the differences in structure the thesis shows how each occupation exploited characteristics which provided power in particular situations to establish organisation and control advantageous to its interests,and how characteristics such as specialist knowledge, status, and income were stabilised and further developed as a result. It also examines the complex involvement of the state in legitimating, advancing and limiting professional power. The main contribution of the thesis is to develop Freidson's theory of professions through logical critique and by reference to empirical evidence about five U.K. welfare professions, and by, - showing that national regulatory structures do not define a division of labour or provide the absolute autonomy which Freidson proposed, - showing that different types of professional autonomy are institutionalised in local management structures, usually on central government recommendation, and by providing a typology of professional autonomy based on empirical research, - showing that characteristics of professions are related to, but not, as proposed by Freidson, determined by professional autonomy, - developing Freidson's general perspective to accommodate the empirical evidence by reconceptualising the nature of professions in terms of professional authority, rather than autonomy, and by developing a model of the authorisation of professional power. In developing Freidson's theory the thesis also contributes, - to knowledge about professional organisation within state welfare bureaucracies, mainly by providing detailed descriptions of differences and changes in management structures, - to the methodology of action research by developing the theoretical basis of a method for investigating the legitimation of authority in establishing management structures, - to knowledge about the details of the relationship between the state and welfare professions, mainly by providing evidence of the involvement of the state at national and local levels in decisions and structures which profoundly shape the nature of practice, relationships with clients, and futures of welfare occupations.

This collection of work examines: the concept of youth; the social situation of young people; the nature and adequacy of the institution designed to attend to young people's general needs and problems - the Youth Service; and the training provided for the youth workers who staff that Service. It is made up of one book, chapters contributed to four other books, two occasional papers, and two papers published in scholarly journals. Several types of research are included: conceptual and theoretical analysis which seeks to evaluate assumptions, arguments, models, and plans concerning youth and the Youth Service; historical and documentary analysis aimed at providing an accurate account of the development of the Service and of the various attempts to improve its effectiveness; and empirical investigations involving field research with young people and with youth workers. My conclusions are as follows:- First that the concept of youth is a valid and important component of sociological analysis, recent criticisms not withstanding. Second that the Youth Service, as a result of fundamental structural and cultural changes implicit in modernization, has an important role to play in the social education of young people. Third that there is scope for considerable strengthening of the Youth Service, as much in terms of its underlying conceptual and philosophical foundations as in terms of practical issues such as policy, organisation, management and training.

No description available.

Current stoichiometric spark-ignited engine technologies require costly catalytic converters for reductions in tailpipe emissions. Load control is achieved by using a throttle, which is a leading contributor to reductions in efficiency. Spark-ignited lean burn natural gas engines have been proven to be more efficient and emit fewer pollutants than their stoichiometric counterparts. Load reduction in these engines can be achieved by regulating the air/fuel ratio of the intake charge thereby reducing the efficiency penalties inherent to throttling. Partially stratified charge (PSC) can provide further reductions in emissions and improvements in efficiency by extending the lean limit of operation. PSC is achieved by the ignition of a small quantity of natural gas in the vicinity of the spark plug. This creates an easily ignitable mixture at the spark plug electrodes, thereby providing a high energy ignition source for the ultra-lean bulk charge. Stratified charge engine operation using direct injection (DI) has been proposed as a method of bridging the throttleless load reduction gap between idle and ultra-lean conditions. A previous study was conducted to determine if PSC can provide a high-energy ignition source in a direct injected stratified charge engine. Difficulties with igniting the PSC injections in an air-only bulk charge were encountered. This study focuses on a fundamental Schlieren image-based analysis of PSC combustion. Natural gas was injected through a modified spark plug located in an optically accessible combustion bomb. The relationships between PSC injection timing, fuel supply pressure and spark timing were investigated. Spark timing is defined as the duration between commanded start of injection and the time of spark. As the fuel supply pressure was increased, the minimum spark timing that lead to successful combustion also increased. The largest spark timing window that led to successful combustion was determined to be 80 ms wide at an injection fuel supply pressure of 300 psi. The amount of unburned natural gas increased with increasing spark timing. A cold flow study of the PSC injection system was also conducted. The PSC injection solenoid was found to have a consistent average injection delay of 1.95 ms. The slope of the linear response region of observed injection duration to commanded injection duration was 8.4. Due to plenum effects, the average observed injection duration of the entire PSC system was an order of magnitude longer than the commanded injection duration and was found to vary significantly with fuel supply pressure.

The purpose of this research is the development of a method for studying a two-dimensional semi-linear elliptic partial differential equation in an infinite stripe with slow variations of one of the boundaries. The problem is reformulated as a boundary value problem for a semi-linear elliptic equation with a small parameter at one higher derivative (the singular perturbation parameter). The method is based on the boundary function of Tikhonov, shaped by Vasil'eva and Butuzov for a one-dimensional case. The developed method has clear parallels with the one-dimensional boundary function method. / Thesis (PhD)--University of South Australia, 2006.

The purpose of this research is the development of a method for studying a two-dimensional semi-linear elliptic partial differential equation in an infinite stripe with slow variations of one of the boundaries. The problem is reformulated as a boundary value problem for a semi-linear elliptic equation with a small parameter at one higher derivative (the singular perturbation parameter). The method is based on the boundary function of Tikhonov, shaped by Vasil?eva and Butuzov for a one-dimensional case. The developed method has clear parallels with the one-dimensional boundary function method.

Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Western Australia, 2006.