The dissertation thesis Structures and hierarchies in professional discourse of journalists in the Czech Republic with a focus on the factor of gender deals with professional self-reflection of Czech daily news journalists from the perspective of feminist political economy. This attitude connects the field of gender media studies and the political economy of communication, stresses the intersection of gender and other factors (demographic, socio- cultural, economic, organizational) when examining the influences in the profession and poses questions about the extent of individual autonomy in both professional and extraprofessional hierarchies. The theoretical introduction defines the field of gender media studies in terms of topics and conflicting ideas, summarizes the conclusions of gender research on media institutions and focuses on the perspective of studying gender among many influences in the news such as economic, sociocultural and organizational factors. The analysis of in-depth interviews with Czech daily news journalists reveals how the importance of gender as an influence in news media is constructed in professional discourse in the context of other structural and organizational influences. Based on the collected data and its analysis, it suggests focusing in detail on the possible...

La Mauritanie est caractérisée par un climat sec et chaud, Saharien au nord et sahélien au sud. Les vents au nord-est, sont fréquents et favorisent la progression de l'ensablement. La saison des pluies est très hétérogène sur le plan spatio-temporel. Une grande partie du pays reçoit moins de 300 mm / an. Au cours des trente dernières années, trois grandes sécheresses ont été enregistrées au cours desquelles les précipitations ont été inférieures à 35 à 70% de la moyenne. Les principales ressources agro-pastorales du pays sont: l'agriculture, les ressources en terres, l'élevage, les ressources en eau et la population rurale. Au niveau macroéconomique, le secteur rural, en dehors de la pêche artisanale, occupe environ 56% de la population et joue un rôle important dans l'économie nationale : il contribue à plus de 17,5% du PIB, soit environ 68 milliards d'ouguiyas en 2011. De nombreuses contraintes, défis et opportunités peuvent être identifiées:1)En termes de contraintes, on peut inclure: pluies insuffisantes et irrégulières et inondations, faible productivité de la production agricole et pastorale, exode rural. 2)En termes d'opportunités: décentralisation, situation géographique du pays, ressources foncières du pays, une classe d'entrepreneurs ayant des capacités financières et un bon réseau de communication. Cette thèse montre que la Mauritanie dispose d'un potentiel important qui est loin d'être pleinement exploité, en dépit d'importants investissements, notamment dans le secteur irrigué. Bien que les facteurs climatiques ont une responsabilité majeure dans la situation actuelle, cette thèse évalue le poids des aspects techniques, socio-économiques, structurelles, les facteurs organisationnels. / Mauritania is characterized by a dry climate and hot Sahara to the north and Sahelian to the south. Winds dominated ortheast, are frequent and promote the progression of silting. The rainy season is very heterogeneous in the spatio-temporal plane. Much of the country receives less than 300 mm / year. During the last thirty years, three major droughts were recorded during which rainfall was less than 35 to 70% on average. The main agro-pastoral resources of the country are: Agriculture, Land resources, the breeding, Water Resources, The rural population. At the macroeconomic level, the rural sector, apart from small-scale fisheries, occupies about 56% of the population and plays an important role in the national economy and contributes more than 17.5% to the GDP, or about 68 billion of Ouguiyas in 2011. Numerous constraints, challenges and opportunities can be identified : 1) In terms of constraints, may have included: inadequate and erratic rainfall and flood inundation, the low productivity of agricultural and pastoral production, the rural exodus. 2) In terms of opportunities: discentralization, the location of the country, the land resources of the country, an entrepreneurial class with a financial capacity, the communications network. This Phd Thesis shows that Mauritania has a significant potential that is far from being fully exploited, despite significant investments, particularly in the irrigated sector. Although climatic factors have a major responsibility the current situation, this thesis evaluates the weight of technical, socio-economic, structural, organizational factors.

A sociological approach is used to analyze incidences of extreme opportunism in financial markets. Through an analysis of arguably the most widely publicized "rogue" trader events in recent history, a determination is made of the validity of explaining these events as aberrations, attributable to the actions of "rogues". The primary focus is the role of structural factors underlying these incidences of extreme opportunism in financial markets. A diverse range of documentary and other sources is used to avoid any form of bias as far as possible. It was found that structural factors act as countervailing forces to inhibit such behavior or as motivators and facilitators acting as catalysts for extreme opportunism. The balance between these factors largely determines the level of opportunistic behavior in a particular environment. Extreme opportunism is therefore not an aberration or "rogue" occurrence but a manageable phenomenon intrinsic to the social structural context within which it occurs. By conceptualizing these factors as countervailing forces one is forced to view structural factors, like compensation structures and formal and informal restraints, relative to one another and no longer in isolation. This realization translates into the conclusion that restraints and oversight systems for example, should be designed relative to the relevant motivators and facilitators in its area of application. In an environment where traders of highly geared financial products are motivated with multimillion USD incentive packages, a low budget oversight system and inexperienced regulatory staff, is clearly not the appropriate tools to control and manage extreme opportunism. / Criminology / D.Phil. (Sociology)

Although interpersonal violence is the leading cause of nonnatural death among adolescents in South Africa, research is limited. This thesis examined homicides among adolescents (15-19 years) in the city of Johannesburg, South Africa, during the period 2001 to 2009. It aimed to describe the incidence and epidemiology; depict the situational contexts based on victim, offender and event characteristics, and to develop a situational typology of adolescent homicides; and to identify the structural factors associated with neighbourhood levels of adolescent homicide within the city. Four separate studies were conducted using data from the National Injury Mortality Surveillance System (NIMSS), police case records, and Census 2001. The results revealed an average annual homicide rate of 23.4/100 000, with firearm homicides decreasing considerably over the study period, while homicides due to sharp instruments and blunt force increased. The epidemiological results highlighted the vulnerability of male, and black and coloured adolescents. The typological analysis identified three categories of adolescent homicide, namely: 1) male victims killed by strangers during a crime-related event; 2) male victims killed by a friend/acquaintance during an argument; and 3) female victims killed by male offenders, and indicates the need for multiple and focused prevention strategies. Alcohol use was also prevalent, with 39% of the victims tested having positive blood alcohol concentrations (BAC). The characteristics found to be associated with alcohol-related homicides, specifically, male victims killed with sharp instruments in public places, over the weekends and during the evenings, and by a friend/acquaintance draw attention to both the harmful pattern of intoxication-oriented drinking and the risky situational contexts in which adolescents consume alcohol. Finally, the results also showed that the incidence of male and female adolescent homicides was greater in neighbourhoods characterised by poverty and deprivation, while female adolescent homicides were also higher in neighbourhoods marked by high concentrations of households where children were not living with their parents. Overall the results point to the urgent need for a comprehensive prevention strategy that targets adolescents, their families and communities, and also addresses weapon availability, alcohol use, and issues of masculinity and gender to reduce homicides among adolescents. / D. Litt et Phil. (Psychology)

Although interpersonal violence is the leading cause of nonnatural death among adolescents in South Africa, research is limited. This thesis examined homicides among adolescents (15-19 years) in the city of Johannesburg, South Africa, during the period 2001 to 2009. It aimed to describe the incidence and epidemiology; depict the situational contexts based on victim, offender and event characteristics, and to develop a situational typology of adolescent homicides; and to identify the structural factors associated with neighbourhood levels of adolescent homicide within the city. Four separate studies were conducted using data from the National Injury Mortality Surveillance System (NIMSS), police case records, and Census 2001. The results revealed an average annual homicide rate of 23.4/100 000, with firearm homicides decreasing considerably over the study period, while homicides due to sharp instruments and blunt force increased. The epidemiological results highlighted the vulnerability of male, and black and coloured adolescents. The typological analysis identified three categories of adolescent homicide, namely: 1) male victims killed by strangers during a crime-related event; 2) male victims killed by a friend/acquaintance during an argument; and 3) female victims killed by male offenders, and indicates the need for multiple and focused prevention strategies. Alcohol use was also prevalent, with 39% of the victims tested having positive blood alcohol concentrations (BAC). The characteristics found to be associated with alcohol-related homicides, specifically, male victims killed with sharp instruments in public places, over the weekends and during the evenings, and by a friend/acquaintance draw attention to both the harmful pattern of intoxication-oriented drinking and the risky situational contexts in which adolescents consume alcohol. Finally, the results also showed that the incidence of male and female adolescent homicides was greater in neighbourhoods characterised by poverty and deprivation, while female adolescent homicides were also higher in neighbourhoods marked by high concentrations of households where children were not living with their parents. Overall the results point to the urgent need for a comprehensive prevention strategy that targets adolescents, their families and communities, and also addresses weapon availability, alcohol use, and issues of masculinity and gender to reduce homicides among adolescents. / D. Litt et Phil. (Psychology)

Nello studio del Disturbo da Deficit di Attenzione e Iperattività (DDAI) si riconosce la multifattorialità della sua eziologia: si presuppone una componente genetica o neurobiologica e l'intervento di fattori ambientali. Il mondo familiare e scolastico sono i due sistemi in cui il bambino vive. Questi sistemi sono caratterizzati da ambienti, attività, stili educativi, ritmi di vita quotidiana, che possono essere connotati da un certo grado di disordine . Per rilevare il grado di disordine strutturale e personale della famiglia e della scuola sono stati costruiti alcuni questionari. L'indagine è stata condotta su un campione di oltre 600 soggetti, maschi e femmine, della classe 1^-3^-5^ della scuola primaria elementare.Il campione è stato reclutato in tre circoli didattici, che comprendono sei scuole del territorio metropolitano della città di Torino. Dai risultati dell'indagine si evince che i fattori del disordine strutturale e personale, familiare e scolastico, sono correlati con i deficit dell'attenzione e l'iperattività dei bambini. Alcuni fattori del disordine strutturale, dell'ambiente familiare e scolastico, come un elevato grado di disordine della casa e della classe e il caos relativo al non rispettare le attività fissate per la giornata, sono correlate con il deficit di attenzione dei bambini; il caos derivato dalla numerosità di alunni in una classe e dalla elevata presenza di allievi vivaci sono in relazione con il deficit di iperattività. Le condizioni educative incoerenti, una presenza discontinua dei genitori, troppe attività extrascolastiche, l'inadeguatezza dello stile educativo familiare e scolastico, l'atteggiamento distratto e frettoloso dei genitori sono alcuni dei fattori che fanno aumentare i livelli sia della disattenzione che della iperattività. / In the study of Attention Deficit Hyperactive Disorder (ADHD) the multifactor model of its aetiology is acknowledged. It supposes a genetic or neurobiological component and environmental factors. The family and school are the two systems in which the child lives. These systems are characterized by a different environment, activities, educational methods, daily life rhythms that can show a degree of disorder . The disorder has been evaluated using some survey questionnaires designed for this purpose. The survey questionnaires measure the degree of familiar and scholastic structural and personal disorder. The inquiry has been carried out on a sample of more than 600 subjects, males and females, of 1st, 3rd and 5th grade. The sample has been recruited in three comprehensive didactic circles of six schools of the metropolitan area of Turin. The results of data report show that the both family and school structural and personal factors are related to children's attention deficit and hyperactive disorder. Some factors of familiar and scholastic structural disorder such as a high degree of house and classroom environmental chaos and the familiar and scholastic unperformed daily activities are related to students' attention deficit. Furthermore the children's hyperactivity is related to the high amount of students in the class and the presence of lively children. The incoherent educational conditions, the discontinuous parents' presence, too many extra-scholastic activities, the inadequacy of the familiar and scholastic educational methods, the distracted and hurried attitude of the parents, are some of the factors that increase the child's attention deficit and hyperactive disorder.

A sociological approach is used to analyze incidences of extreme opportunism in financial markets. Through an analysis of arguably the most widely publicized "rogue" trader events in recent history, a determination is made of the validity of explaining these events as aberrations, attributable to the actions of "rogues". The primary focus is the role of structural factors underlying these incidences of extreme opportunism in financial markets. A diverse range of documentary and other sources is used to avoid any form of bias as far as possible. It was found that structural factors act as countervailing forces to inhibit such behavior or as motivators and facilitators acting as catalysts for extreme opportunism. The balance between these factors largely determines the level of opportunistic behavior in a particular environment. Extreme opportunism is therefore not an aberration or "rogue" occurrence but a manageable phenomenon intrinsic to the social structural context within which it occurs. By conceptualizing these factors as countervailing forces one is forced to view structural factors, like compensation structures and formal and informal restraints, relative to one another and no longer in isolation. This realization translates into the conclusion that restraints and oversight systems for example, should be designed relative to the relevant motivators and facilitators in its area of application. In an environment where traders of highly geared financial products are motivated with multimillion USD incentive packages, a low budget oversight system and inexperienced regulatory staff, is clearly not the appropriate tools to control and manage extreme opportunism. / Criminology and Security Science / D.Phil. (Sociology)

<p>U ovoj doktorskoj disertaciji izloženi su rezultati&nbsp;analize eksperimentalno i teorijski dobijene&nbsp;raspodele gustine naelektrisanja dva derivata&nbsp;tiosemikarbazida, 4-metil-3-tiosemikarbazida&nbsp;(MeTSC) i 4-metil-3-tiosemikarbazon 2-piridinformamida (TSC4). &nbsp;Analiza&nbsp;eksperimentalno dobijene gustine naelektrisanja je&nbsp;zasnovana&nbsp; na preciznim &nbsp;podacima dobijenim&nbsp;difrakcijom rendgenskog zračenja visoke&nbsp;rezolucije. Teorijska istraživanja bazirana su na&nbsp;teorijskim strukturnim faktorima dobijenim&nbsp;primenom programa CRYSAL09 polazeći od&nbsp;geometrije&nbsp; molekula određene nakon multipol&nbsp;utačnjavanja eksperimentalno dobijene gustine&nbsp;naelektrisanja. Za opisivanje eksperimentalne i&nbsp;teorijske ukupne elektronske gustine kori&scaron;ćen je&nbsp;Hansen-Coppens-ov multipol-model.&nbsp; Takođe je&nbsp;urađena i topolo&scaron;ka analizahemijskih veza i&nbsp;interakcija &nbsp;i ispitivana su elektrostatička svojstva&nbsp;atoma sumpora.</p><p>Analizom eksperimentalne gustine&nbsp;naelektrisanja kristalnih struktura MeTSC i TSC4&nbsp;uočeno je da deformaciona gustina slobodnih&nbsp;elektronskih parova S atoma ima &nbsp;oblik torusa, da&nbsp;je unutar njega raspodela elektronske gustine&nbsp;nehomogena i da položaj samog torusa može biti&nbsp;ortogonalan (SalTSC) ili pod uglom (MeTSC,&nbsp;<br />TSC4).&nbsp; Na osnovu raspodele deformacione&nbsp;gustine i elektrostatičkog potencijala, kao &nbsp;i na&nbsp;osnovu topolo&scaron;ke analize ukupne eksperimentalne&nbsp;gustine naelektrisanja &rho;_ktv&nbsp; i njenog Laplasijana &nabla;²&rho;_ktv zaključeno je da atom sumpora ima izrazitu&nbsp;fleksibilnost i sposobnost da prilagodi svoju&nbsp;elektronsku gustinu slobodnih elektronskih &nbsp;parova&nbsp;prostornom rasporedu donornih grupa koje&nbsp;učestvuju u interakcijama sa S akceptorom.&nbsp; U&nbsp;kristalnim strukturama MeTSC i TSC4 utvrđeno&nbsp;je da S atom istovremeno gradi četiri, odnosno&nbsp;prosečno &scaron;est međumolekulskih interakcija.</p><p>U cilju upotpunjavanja eksperimentalnih&nbsp;rezultata analizirana je teorijski dobijena gustina&nbsp;naelektrisanja oba molekula, a zatim su ispitivane&nbsp;karakteristike sumpora kao akceptora i to u&nbsp;sistemima različite složensti polazeći od&nbsp;izolovanih monomera, preko izdvojenih dimer do&nbsp;kristalnogokruženja. Ovom analizom je utvrđeno&nbsp;da se simultanim angažovanjem S atoma u vi&scaron;e&nbsp;interakcija ne umanjuje njegova akceptorska&nbsp;sposobnost.</p><p>Vodonične vezekoje uključuju S akceptor su&nbsp;ispitivane sa aspekta &nbsp;energijskih svojstava dimera&nbsp;koji suprisutni u MeTSCi TSC4, kaoi u dodatno&nbsp;konstruisanim&nbsp; sistemima&nbsp; MeTSC/MeOH&nbsp; i&nbsp;aceton/MeOH. Energijske&nbsp; karakteristike&nbsp; su&nbsp;proučavane u pogledu elektrostatičke energije&nbsp;interakcije (E_es) i kohezione energije(E_coh). Za&nbsp;<br />dva odabrana&nbsp; MeTSC/MeOH i aceton/MeOH&nbsp;sistema je primenjena metoda &nbsp;kuplovanih klastera&nbsp;kao&scaron;to&nbsp; je&nbsp;<em> ab initio</em>&nbsp; CCSD(T)&nbsp; metod.&nbsp; Za&nbsp;MeTSC/MeOH sistem je &nbsp;urađena potpuna&nbsp;optimizacija i za tako dobijenu ravnotežnu&nbsp;geometriju je izračunata energija sistema&nbsp;∆E_CCSD(T),CBS.</p> / <p>In this dissertation the analysis of the experimental and theoretically obtained electron &nbsp;density of two derivatives of thiosemicarbasides, 4-methyl-3-thiosemicarbaside (MeTSC) and 4-methyl-3-thiosemikabazone 2-piridinformamide (TSC4) are presented.&nbsp; The analysis of experimentally obtained electron density is based on &nbsp;accurate X-ray diffraction data of high resolution. Theoretically calculated electron densities are obtained from periodic quantum mechanical calculation using CRYSTAL09 and the accurate structural parameters from high resolution X-ray&nbsp;experiment. For the description of the theoretical and experimental electron density the Hansen-Coppens multipol model was used. Further topological analysis of chemical bonds and interactions was performed in order to explain the electrostatic properties of sulfur.</p><p>In this work it has been observed that in the experimentally obtained electron density of the MeTSC and TSC4 crystal structures, the deformational electron density of sulfur free electron pairs forms a toroidal shape. Further, this torus is not homogeneously filled but shows pronounced local accumulations and its position can be either orthogonal (like in SalTSC) or tilted (MeTSC, TSC4). Based on the distribution of the&nbsp;deformational electron&nbsp; density and electrostatic potential, as well as the topological analysis of the total electron density &rho;_ktv and its Laplasian &nabla;²&rho;_ktv&nbsp;it can be concluded that the S atom has a remarkable flexibility and ability to adapt his deformation electron density of free electron pairs into toruses corresponding to the position of donor groups surrounding him. In the crystal structures of MeTSC and TSC4 it was determined that the S atom participates in four and six interactions, respectively.</p><p>In order to supplement&nbsp; the experimentally obtained results a theoretically calculated electron density of both molecules (MeTSC and TSC4) was performed and the properties of the S atom as a hydrogen acceptor have been studied. The analysis was &nbsp;performed on systems of various complexity, starting with isolated monomers, then on &nbsp;dimers and up to the whole crystal packing. From this work it has been concluded that &nbsp;the acceptor capabilities of the S atom are not diminished with the increasing number &nbsp;of interactions.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</p><p>The hydrogen bonding involving thioureido S&nbsp;acceptor is also investigated in terms of the energetic properties of the MeTSC and TSC4 dimers existing in the crystal structure, and additional MeTSC/MeOH and acetone/MeOH systems. Energetic features were thoroughly studied through electrostatic interactions energies (E_es) and &nbsp;cohesive energies (E_coh). For two selected MeTSC/MeOH and acetone/MeOH systems an ab initio approach&nbsp;employing the coupled-cluster singles and doubles augmented by a perturbational correction for connected triple excitations (CCSD(T)) method were applied. Finaly, for MeTSC/MeOH system full geometry optimization was &nbsp;performed and for resulting equilibrium geometry the energy of the system (∆E_CCSD(T),CBS) was calculated.</p>