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This essay examines middle school students’ understanding of a text read aloud to them in English and the connection between the degree of listening comprehension and the expected increase of vocabulary throughout middle school. The same listening comprehension test was carried out in grades 4, 5 and 6 in a middle school in order to survey differences in English listening comprehension in regard to the ability to reproduce the content of an oral text. The result shows that there was a progression from level to level when it comes to comprehension and the number of words reproduced and that this progression was most noticeable between grades 4 and 5. / Detta arbete undersöker om mellanstadieelever förstår en högläst engelsk text och om det finns ett samband mellan grad av hörförståelse och den förmodade ökade ordkunskapen i engelska under mellanstadiet. Samma hörförståelseövning genomfördes i en klass vardera från åk 4, 5 och 6 på en mellanstadieskola för att kartlägga skillnader i engelsk hörförståelse när det gäller förmågan att återge innehållet i en avlyssnad berättelse. Resultatet visar att det var en progression från nivå till nivå när det gäller förståelse och antal ord som återgivits och att denna progression var mest markant mellan åk 4 och 5.

Abstract Title: From To-infinitives to Gerunds – an Essay on the Translation of Non-finite Clauses Author: Sanna Evaldsson The aim of this study is to find out how non-finite clauses are translated into Swedish and what translation strategies are applied in the process of translation. Non-finite clauses are very effective stylistic devises providing condensed and concise language, which is useful in academic texts. Even though English and Swedish are both languages of Germanic origin and share similarities, the translation of these clauses into can be difficult due to the languages’ different uses of non-finites. To provide with material for this essay, a translation of a text written by Nicholas Cook has been made by the author of the essay and the two texts have been compared in order to make generalizations. The to-infinitive, the present participle, the past participle clauses and the gerund are features which are treated in this study. They are treated separately and their translations are compared with the secondary literature, which include grammars and books on translation theory. The results for this study show that the translation strategies used for these types of clauses are ‘equivalence’, ‘structural shift’, ‘correspondence’, ‘transposition’ and ‘level shift’. The former three seem to be the most common, while the latter two are less frequently used.   Keywords: non-finite clauses, to-infinitive, present participle, past participle, gerund, translation.

This essay is about metaphors of time, mortality and transience in William Shakespeare’ssonnets. Exploring these metaphors, I examine sonnets nr. 60, 64 and 65 more closely, since Ithink they are particularly representative as regards the metaphors of time. Unlike the rest ofthe sonnets, these three deal with the subject throughout the sonnets, focusing on theinevitable degeneration of material things. The image of time in the sonnets is depicted in avaried way constructed by several metaphors that add to the depth and paint imagesinfluenced by the beliefs and knowledge of Shakespeare’s time. I put these images in relationto the English Renaissance and its concepts of time using sources from, for example, JohnSpencer Hill, Katherine Duncan-Jones and Dympna Callaghan, who all have made their ownanalyses of Shakespeare’s sonnets. In my close reading of the sonnets I analyse the variousmetaphors Shakespeare uses to make us experience the passage of time as in, for example,sonnet number 60, where the ongoing passage of time is described in a cyclical way by theuse of the metaphor of the waves rolling in and out of a pebbled shore. In a repetitive way thewaves are in constant motion. We can recognise ourselves as being the pebbles, affected bythe constant motion in our lives, slowly turning into sand by time’s cruel hand.

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This essay investigates how students become motivated and if there is any difference between a teacher’s and a student’s viewpoint concerning motivation. In order to carry out this investigation a survey was carried out. To get even greater knowledge of this subject, four interviews with two teachers and two students were also carried out. A total of 60 individuals took part in the survey. The result shows that motivation is an important factor in school. Many students thought of motivation as the feeling of doing something without being forced. The reasons for students being motivated were many, but they could all be traced back to the teacher. How the teacher acts in the classroom is the biggest motivational factor.

Syftet med uppsatsen är att genom intervjuer med tvåspråkiga gymnasieelever undersöka hur de ser på sin egen tvåspråkighet, när de växlar språk och vilka fördelar de ser med att vara tvåspråkiga. Grosjean (1982:268) hävdar att en majoritet av hans tvåspråkiga informanter uppger att de inte har några problem med att vara tvåspråkiga, en hypotes jag testar i uppsatsen. Resultatet visar att mina informanter, liksom Grosjeans, ser många fördelar med att vara tvåspråkiga och att modersmålet är starkast kopplat till hemmiljön och då framförallt föräldrarna, ett resultat som överensstämmer med tidigare svenska studier.