Phnom Penh’s sanitation system is a combination of the drainage system and sewage system.Storm water, household wastewater, and industrial wastewater all flow together out of the city tothe detriment of the natural environment and the humans that depend on it. This continuedpersistence of an inefficient and harmful system is explored using path dependency theory. Pathdependency constrains the system to linear development and reflects the historical context inwhich decisions were made. Phnom Penh’s sanitation system is used to exemplify components ofpath dependence and their effect on implementing change.To incorporate room for change into Phnom Penh’s sanitation system, the inherent longevity inbuilt infrastructure must be overcome. Building infrastructure is expensive and the learning andcoordination that is associated with it is not easily replaced. The social context is ultimatelyresponsible for the investments made and the type of system expressed. Phnom Penh’s sanitationsystem reflects a historical legacy of colonial rule, decades of war, political chaos, and an influxof international aid contributing to an inefficient system being developed. The presence ofunpredictability and inflexibility in the system can result in an inefficient system being sustained.

West African fisheries, considered as one of the most productive in the world, have been subjected to stress by distant fishing fleets since the 1950’s. The introduction of Exclusive Economic Zones by the United Nations in the 1970’s made it possible for these fleets to fish only under fishing agreements signed with a hosting land, provided that they will harvest the surplus left by the local fishing fleet. In the last two decades, China has emerged as an important fishing nation in West Africa. Although there is clear evidence that Chinese vessels operate in the area, information on Chinese fishing agreements with West African countries is often missing. The implications on local fisheries are considerable. Lack of data regarding fish landings in the region may result in an increase of unsustainable fishing. The results of this study show considerable involvement of Chinese fishing vessels in illegal fishing in West Africa. In addition to the substantial loss of revenues to local nations, the negative impacts of illegal fishing on the marine ecosystem are likely to affect human populations that rely on these ecosystems. As the vulnerability of these people, many of them living in poor rural communities, is already high, unsustainable fisheries and a potential shift in the state of the marine ecosystem is likely to worsen their situation even more. Most West African countries lack capital resources to invest in monitoring, control and surveillance authorities, making illegal fishing relatively effortless. A better capacity to deter this type of activities is likely to have a significant improvement on West African fisheries. In addition, Chinese authorities, committed to the United Nations Law of the Sea, have the responsibility to take action against Chinese vessels that perform illegal activities in other parts of the world. A decrease in Chinese illegal fishing activities in West Africa, assessed to be considerable based on the studies’ results, will improve the possibility for achieving sustainable fisheries in the region.

Abstract. Parrotfish, a herbivorous reef fish, is considered to play an important role within coral reef ecosystems, enhancing coral reef resilience by keeping algal growth in check, allowing slower-growing coral recruits to settle. The functional performance of parrotfish species has been indicated to be dependent on body size. Albeit increasing size selective fishing pressure maintains, leading to immense effects on the dynamics of coral reefs, with consequences often much larger than changes in biomass and abundance of the targeted stock itself. The relative importance of the relationship between function (grazing) and body-size was tested in two parrotfish species (Scarus niger and Chlorurus sordidus) in the Red Sea. A non-linear relationship was found between functional performance and body size, with function found to increase notably as fishes reach a size of 15-20 cm At a regional level, parrotfish function was found to be low. These findings support the idea of a generalized ecological pattern of functional performance in parrotfishes. Demographic skewness within parrotfish species populations could easily be incorporated in routine monitoring schemes, thus act as a comparatively cheap and easily monitored indicator for assessing coral reef resilience, especially useful for managers in areas of limited budgets. Other alternative stable states than macroalgae, are speculated to be the case in the Red Sea.

Cultural landscapes provide goods and services that humans depend on. Managingsuch landscapes requires an institutional context that is safeguarding its functions.Collaboration among various stakeholders, organizations and authorities for establishingecosystem- based management is considered to be a major challenge and often transformationin governance is required. While governance that is integrating agencies across multiplespatial and institutional levels is increasingly suggested in trans-disciplinary research onsocial-ecological systems, processes on how to achieve this are poorly understood.Social learning is acknowledged for enhancing collaboration among multiplestakeholders, to increase actors’ capacity to deal effectively with the plurality of perceptions,to take collective decisions and to learn from experience. This case study is arguing that aninternational organization can trigger social learning. Emphasizing the role of guidance, thesense of prestige and creation of a common platform, specifically, it is exploring learningconditions, procedures and outcomes within a stakeholder group that is carrying out theWorld Heritage nomination of a cultural landscape in Bali. It exemplifies the challenge formanagement of a social-ecological system, in which no longer only the local resource usersand authorities have interest concerning the cultural landscape they are living in, but alsoglobal agencies are influencing management and hence the ecosystem itself.In that sense, the study is supporting the need of multi-scale governance dealing withglobal changes in natural resource management. It provides an example of a global actorsupporting self- organized learning processes. Though a structural social learning analysis, theunderstanding for this concept is deepened. Results reveal the potential and limits of aninternational organization in triggering sense making for a common vision, integratingstakeholders across vertical and horizontal scales and changing institutional frameworks thatenhance further learning and collaboration.

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Denna uppsats syfte är att undersöka vilken inställning och attityd ungdomar har till användandet av svordomar och det som klassificeras som ”fult språk”. Den undersökningsmetod som användes var en enkätundersökning som delades ut till en gymnasieklass på en central gymnasieskola i en mellanstor svensk stad. Den grupp som eftersträvades skulle vara så homogen och ha en så jämn könsfördelning som möjligt. Det ordinarie antalet elever i klassen uppgick normalt till strax över trettio men vid tillfället närvarade endast 24 – 8 flickor och 16 pojkar. Resultatet visar på att ungdomarna använder sig ganska frekvent av svordomar men också att de är medvetna om att det inte är något bra att göra, men anser samtidigt att det inte finns något som skulle vara fel med det. Den vanligaste svordomen som dessa ungdomar använder sig av är personbenämningen ”hora” som används frekvent bland både killarna och tjejerna och det är också den som båda grupperna anser vara en av de grövre svordomarna som man kan använda sig av.

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