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This thesis is based on a minor field study conducted in Kagera, Tanzania, during approximately two months in 2009. In the Kagera region, agriculture is seen as the main dependent factor for the small-scale farmers' livelihoods, which is an activity challenged by environmental constraints including soil degradation and deforestation. The non-governmental organisation Vi Agroforestry has been active in Kagera since 2005, focusing on the re-establishment of a healthy and sustainable environment, while simultaneously trying to reduce the levels of poverty and food insecurity through rural-based agroforestry techniques and enterprise development. Its work is implemented with a demand-driven group approach and the small-scale farmers' self-reliance as a key element. The purpose of the field study was to investigate the socio-economic situation for small-scale farmers in Kagera and how it possibly had changed over time as well as in what ways Vi Agroforestry so far might had affected the farmers' situation. The possible diverse development between farmers that were members in groups collaborating with the organisation and non-members was also investigated. During the field study semi-structured interviews signified the main source of information and the material gathered was analysed according to the capital assets of the pentagon of the sustainable rural livelihood framework. Overall, even though the small-scale farmers still seemed to face challenges in their daily lives when this study was conducted, the general impression was that their socio-economic situation had improved over time and that Vi Agroforestry had constituted a contributing engine for this development. The main contributions by the organisation in this regard seemed to have been the education and training in agriculture and agroforestry techniques, enterprise development and micro savings and loans. Due to an apparent small-scale development with a diverse focus among the farmers on improving different capitals, as well as insufficient data on how the farmers' situation was before the organisation's arrival, no prominent differences seemed evident between the farmers who were members of groups collaborating with Vi Agroforetry and non-members.

The aim of this paper is to analyze how bullying affects Spanish education at Swedish schools. We want to know if bulling affects the process of learning Spanish as a second language, as well as if it has any other consequences for the students. With the help of previous studies and the perception of a group of students , this study aims at verifying the relationship between the perception of bullying and the difficulties of learning.  For this purpose we have designed a questionnarie so that students can inform about their perceptions and attitudes regarding bullying during the Spanish lessons. 152 pupils have been able to answer the questions. We have introduced the answers of the questionnarie to a data based so that we can be able to analyze the statistics and its correlations. We have used the Fisher test to verify if bullying has a relationship with differenr issues such as motivation, concentration and participation regarding the learning of Spanish. If students feel secure among their environment, it is assumed that the pupils' learning process in the Spanish lessons will be more effective. The conclusion of this study is that there is a relationship between bullying and the pupils' motivation, concentration and participation in the lessons, something that affects the pupils' result in a negative way. Another conclusion is that there is a difference between girls and boys perception of bullying.

This essay will show how manifestations of local identity, ethnicity and community in the terrace chants of the three football clubs West Ham United Football Club, Millwall Football Club and Tottenham Hotspurs Football Club are created. By featuring a collection of chants from each club, a connection to the clubs’ geographical areas, the home grounds and ethnic features will be described. By featuring a critical discourse analysis of the language used in the various clubs’ chants at their respective home ground, this essay will display aspects of above mentioned aspects and how these are upheld in language and interaction between people. Each club’s supporters acknowledge allegiance to various communities. West Ham United is traditionally a club of working class Londoners who often relate to themselves as ‘the cockney boys’, while Millwall (although being set in working class London) identifies more with the geographical area (South London) where they are situated, than with their heritage. Tottenham is one of the clubs in Britain most strongly influenced by religion, as many of the supporters are Jews.

El presente estudio tiene como tema principal el uso de secuencias formulaicas (SFs) en universitarios suecos que aprenden el español como L2. Queremos averiguar si haya una diferencia entre el uso de estudiantes de distintos niveles teniendo en cuenta la frecuencia de las SFs (léxicas) en textos sacados de monografías provenientes de los diferentes niveles. Principalmente hemos supuesto que un nivel más alto de estudios significaría un uso más extenso de secuencias pero nuestros resultados muestran lo contrario, no hay un desarrollo. Tampoco podemos ver un desarrollo entre distintas subcategorías de las SFs léxicas. Después de dar aspectos teóricos necesarios para el análisis hemos concluido que no se aprende las SFs léxicas por razón de la naturaleza de la enseñanza universitaria que se centra más en la gramática y las palabras simples que en el aprendizaje de las SFs y también hemos concluido por qué es tan difícil adquirirlas y que muchas veces no se va a aprenderlas hasta que se va a vivir en el extranjero cuando se necesita comunicarse con los nativos.

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This essay focuses on the genre of Chick Lit and two novels in that genre: Confessions of a Shopaholic by Sophie Kinsella and Queen of Babble by Meg Cabot. The essay examines the origins of the Chick Lit genre and discusses its influences and the typical trademarks of the Chick Lit novel. The essay also discusses how some of the current research has come to the conclusion that Chick Lit is sprung from the genre of romance novels. In the second section of the analysis, the conventional formula of the popular romance novel is presented, followed by a discussion about the ways in which the Chick Lit novels differ from that formula. The primary research question of the essay asks “Is the Chick Lit novel a new version of the romance novel or can it not be seen as a distinct literary genre?” The third section of the essay consists of a comparative reading of the two Chick Lit novels, where it is argued that they can be seen as novels about personal growth and development, and how they deal with self-discovery more than anything else.  In the conclusion, the essay discusses how although Chick Lit novels have borrowed some themes and characteristics from the romance novels, there is also more to the Chick Lit novel than just the romance theme. Friendships and family relations are as important to the two heroines as finding love is, and it is important for the protagonists to understand themselves first, and only after that do they begin thinking about love.

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To engage in environmental and social issues is getting more important for companies, and many companies have integrated environmental considerations into their business. Consumers have a strong influence on companies and their environmental awareness and willingness to pay affects the companies work within the environmental field. The consumption of clothes has grown rapidly and the average Swede spends 3.9 percent of their income on clothes. The production process of clothes can harm the environment, society and the consumers themselves. So the purpose of this thesis is to see if consumers have a willingness to pay extra for an environmentally friendly garment. The aim is also to identify what factors that may influence consumers’ decisions. A survey containing a contingent valuation has been conducted. The results show that a prominent majority, 89 percent, of the respondents stated that they would pay extra to make sure the garment they buy is eco-friendly, and the median for the amount they are willing to spend is 65 SEK extra. This indicates that there is an interest from the consumers to pay extra to make sure environmental consideration is taken in production of clothes. The awareness of the indirect harm that purchasing clothes can cause themselves, others and the environment and how intensely consumers feel that it is their own responsibility not to cause that harm, probably have an influence on peoples’ willingness to pay extra.