A 7104-year tree-ring chronology has been developed for bristlecone pine, Pinus aristata Englem., in the White Mountains of east-central California, U.S.A. The chronology was extended backward in time by incorporating tree-ring series from living trees up to 4600 years old, as well as from standing snags, fallen trees, large remnants, and eroded fragments. The availability of datable wood in the 9000-year range has been indicated by radiocarbon analysis. Aspects of chronology development are described. Substantiating evidence, for both age and chronology, is derived from the bristlecone pine of east-central Nevada, where a 5000-year series has been developed. Dated bristlecone pine has been used in radiocarbon studies; approximately 500 samples of dated wood have been sent to various laboratories.

Diss. (sammanfattning) Alnarp : Sveriges lantbruksuniv. / Härtill 5 uppsatser.

Thesis (doctoral)--Københavns Universitet. / Summary in Danish.

Os tocos, remanescentes da colheita florestal, causam um impedimento físico às operações com máquinas para o preparo do solo para um próximo plantio, ou mesmo quando a área onde estava sendo cultivado o eucalipto vai ser usada para o plantio de uma nova cultura ou estabelecer pastagem para pecuária. O objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar e avaliar o desempenho de uma serra tubular para a extração de tocos de eucalipto remanescentes da colheita. Este implemento, montado em uma grua hidráulica acoplada a um trator agrícola, é constituído de um tubo metálico com borda serrilhada, com diâmetro de 65 cm e altura interna de 70 cm, realizando o corte do sistema radicular e a extração apenas do toco e raízes próximas. O processo de extração com serra tubular foi comparado à extração de tocos com uma escavadora hidráulica equipada com destocador. Para a comparação entre o desempenho da serra tubular com a escavadora, foram realizadas extrações em quatro parcelas, com 108 tocos cada, sendo duas parcelas para cada sistema. Foram mensurados o tempo de extração para cada toco e o tempo de deslocamento das máquinas em cada parcela. O processo de extração pela serra tubular causou menos alterações na estrutura do solo, nas linhas e nas entrelinhas de plantio, se comparado ao uso da escavadora, porém o tempo de extração da serra foi superior em mais de 8 vezes ao tempo da escavadora. Foram realizadas extrações de tocos com DAB (diâmetros a altura da base) variando entre 12 e 31 cm, sendo que o tempo de extração não apresentou diferenças significativas entre os diferentes diâmetros para ambos os tratamentos. A serra tubular apresentou pouca mobilidade e pouca área de atuação em cada parada, contrariando as expectativas do projeto inicial. As análises econômicas mostraram custo operacional superior para a escavadora hidráulica, porém com maior produtividade comparado à serra tubular, resultando em menor custo de extração por unidade de toco. / The stumps, remained from forest harvesting, cause a physical impediment to operations with machinery for soil preparation to the next plantation, or even when the area that had eucalyptus plantation will be used to plant a new crop or establish pasture for livestock. This paper aim to study and evaluate the performance of a tubular saw for the extraction of Eucalyptus stumps remaining after the harvesting. This accessory mounted on a hydraulic crane, attached to a farm tractor, consists of a metal tube with a serrated edge, with a diameter of 65 cm. and internal height of 70 cm., making the cut root and extract only the stump and close roots. The extraction process with tubular saw was compared with an excavator equipped with a stump remover. The extractions were performed in two plots and two parcels with 108 stumps on each for both systems. It was measured the extraction time for each stump and moving time during the extractions. The extraction process by tubular saw caused less soil disturbance on its structure on planting lines and between the planting lines, compared with the excavator use, but the extraction time with the tubular saw was more than five times compared to the excavators extraction. The extractions were performed on stumps with different DAB (diameter at base height), ranging between 12 to 31 cm, and the extraction time showed no significant differences between the different diameters for both treatments. The tubular saw had little mobility and low operating area at each stop, contrary to the expectations of the initial Project. Economic analyzes showed higher operational cost for the hydraulic excavator, but higher productivity compared to tubular saw on a farm tractor, resulting in lower extraction cost per stump.

Thesis (B.S.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering; and (B.S.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Chemical Engineering, 1977. / MICROFICHE COPY AVAILABLE IN ARCHIVES AND ENGINEERING. / Bibliography: leaves 60-62. / B.S.

Ensemble techniques have recently been used to enhance the performance of machine learning methods. However, current ensemble techniques for classification require both positive and negative data to produce a result that is both meaningful and useful. Negative data is, however, sometimes difficult, expensive or impossible to access. In this thesis a learning framework is described that has a very close relationship to boosting. Within this framework a method is described which bears remarkable similarities to boosting stumps and that does not rely on negative examples. This is surprising since learning from positive-only data has traditionally been difficult. An empirical methodology is described and deployed for testing positive-only learning systems using commonly available multiclass datasets to compare these learning systems with each other and with multiclass learning systems. Empirical results show that our positive-only boosting-like method learns, using stumps as a base learner and from positive data only, successfully, and in the process does not pay too heavy a price in accuracy compared to learners that have access to both positive and negative data. We also describe methods of using positive-only learners on multiclass learning tasks and vice versa and empirically demonstrate the superiority of our method of learning in a boosting-like fashion from positive-only data over a traditional multiclass learner converted to learn from positive-only data. Finally we examine some alternative frameworks, such as when additional unlabelled training examples are given. Some theoretical justifications of the results and methods are also provided.

Diss. (sammanfattning) Alnarp : Sveriges lantbruksuniv., 2007. / Härtill 4 uppsatser.

Diss. (sammanfattning) Uppsala : Sveriges lantbruksuniv., 2004. / Härtill 4 uppsatser.

Diss. (sammanfattning) Uppsala : Sveriges lantbruksuniv., 2007. / Härtill 4 uppsatser.

Os tocos, remanescentes da colheita florestal, causam um impedimento físico às operações com máquinas para o preparo do solo para um próximo plantio, ou mesmo quando a área onde estava sendo cultivado o eucalipto vai ser usada para o plantio de uma nova cultura ou estabelecer pastagem para pecuária. O objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar e avaliar o desempenho de uma serra tubular para a extração de tocos de eucalipto remanescentes da colheita. Este implemento, montado em uma grua hidráulica acoplada a um trator agrícola, é constituído de um tubo metálico com borda serrilhada, com diâmetro de 65 cm e altura interna de 70 cm, realizando o corte do sistema radicular e a extração apenas do toco e raízes próximas. O processo de extração com serra tubular foi comparado à extração de tocos com uma escavadora hidráulica equipada com destocador. Para a comparação entre o desempenho da serra tubular com a escavadora, foram realizadas extrações em quatro parcelas, com 108 tocos cada, sendo duas parcelas para cada sistema. Foram mensurados o tempo de extração para cada toco e o tempo de deslocamento das máquinas em cada parcela. O processo de extração pela serra tubular causou menos alterações na estrutura do solo, nas linhas e nas entrelinhas de plantio, se comparado ao uso da escavadora, porém o tempo de extração da serra foi superior em mais de 8 vezes ao tempo da escavadora. Foram realizadas extrações de tocos com DAB (diâmetros a altura da base) variando entre 12 e 31 cm, sendo que o tempo de extração não apresentou diferenças significativas entre os diferentes diâmetros para ambos os tratamentos. A serra tubular apresentou pouca mobilidade e pouca área de atuação em cada parada, contrariando as expectativas do projeto inicial. As análises econômicas mostraram custo operacional superior para a escavadora hidráulica, porém com maior produtividade comparado à serra tubular, resultando em menor custo de extração por unidade de toco. / The stumps, remained from forest harvesting, cause a physical impediment to operations with machinery for soil preparation to the next plantation, or even when the area that had eucalyptus plantation will be used to plant a new crop or establish pasture for livestock. This paper aim to study and evaluate the performance of a tubular saw for the extraction of Eucalyptus stumps remaining after the harvesting. This accessory mounted on a hydraulic crane, attached to a farm tractor, consists of a metal tube with a serrated edge, with a diameter of 65 cm. and internal height of 70 cm., making the cut root and extract only the stump and close roots. The extraction process with tubular saw was compared with an excavator equipped with a stump remover. The extractions were performed in two plots and two parcels with 108 stumps on each for both systems. It was measured the extraction time for each stump and moving time during the extractions. The extraction process by tubular saw caused less soil disturbance on its structure on planting lines and between the planting lines, compared with the excavator use, but the extraction time with the tubular saw was more than five times compared to the excavators extraction. The extractions were performed on stumps with different DAB (diameter at base height), ranging between 12 to 31 cm, and the extraction time showed no significant differences between the different diameters for both treatments. The tubular saw had little mobility and low operating area at each stop, contrary to the expectations of the initial Project. Economic analyzes showed higher operational cost for the hydraulic excavator, but higher productivity compared to tubular saw on a farm tractor, resulting in lower extraction cost per stump.