South Africa is one of the six southern African countries where the HIV levels for childbearing women are 20% or higher. In South Africa, like most countries, behaviours such as multiple sexual partners, unprotected sex and drug use expose individuals to the risk of HIV infection and drive the HIV epidemic. Thus, research on sexual risk behaviours associated with HIV/AIDS is vital in identifying target groups at risk for HIV. Previous research has shown a link between substance use and sexual risk behaviour however in South Africa research within this field is still evolving. Furthermore, research on substance abuse among women in South Africa is limited. In the light of increasing HIV infection in women and the possible influence substance use has on sexual risk behaviours including HIV, exploring the association between substance use and sexual risk behaviours among women would provide valuable information. Socio-cultural and situational factors are explored within substance use and sexual risk behaviours as women's lives occur with realm of individual, family and community. The sample was drawn from an Alcohol and Drug Rehabilitation Centre situated in the Durban area. Study participants included Black/African, White, Indian and Coloured women who were admitted to the treatment centre for alcohol abuse. One focus group discussion and six in-depth interviews were conducted with women to understand the socio-cultural and situational context of substance abuse and sexual risk-taking behaviours (including HIV/AIDS). Substance abuse emerged from women's lack of coping mechanisms to deal with poor relationships and lack of employment which led to financial dependence on their partners. Women reported that within their settings, alcohol can be related to sexual risk behaviours because alcohol tends to lead to unsafe sexual behaviours. Women reported that alcohol use facilitates intimacy and rapport between couples thus some women tended to consume alcohol. Women reported that knowledge of safe and unsafe sex is known however implementation is difficult because condom use requires her partner's co-operation. Women were financially and emotionally dependent on their partners, social norms which determine women's role in society and sexual relationships governed their behaviour. Partner violence was a common feature among women which impacted on women's ability to negotiate condom use. The paper discusses the intrapersonal, interpersonal and contextuall situational factors that influence substance use and sexual risk behaviours in these women's lives. / Thesis (M.Med.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 2008.

Chemical dependency as it pertains to African-American males is examined through the theoretical perspectives of critical medical anthropology and clinically applied anthropology, the synthesis of the two referred to as critical clinically applied anthropology. The major etiological models and theories of chemical dependency are reviewed as are the contemporary chemical dependency treatment services.The critical clinically applied anthropological perspective examines chemical dependency and its treatment at four levels: 1) the macrosocial, 2) intermediate, 3) the microsocial, and 4) the individual. Additional variables concerning chemical dependency such as societal or large scale, institutional, local/environmental, organizational, and small scale factors are addressed as well. The above levels of analysis and independent variables indicate that racism, in the form of economic, political, and cultural oppression is a significant etiological factor concerning AfricanAmerican male chemical dependency. It is suggested that in order to provide more effective chemical dependency treatment, racial oppression must be addressed in the treatment setting. / Department of Anthropology

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Melbourne, 1996. / Typescript (photocopy). Includes bibliographical references (leaves 422-472).

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Carleton University, 2005. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 201-228). Also available in electronic format on the Internet.

Thesis PlanB (M.S.)--University of Wisconsin--Stout, 2009. / Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (D. Min.)--Trinity Evangelical Divinity School, Deerfield, Ill., 1999. / Abstract. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 318-326).

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Ohio State University, 2005. / Title from first page of PDF file. Document formatted into pages; contains xi, 135 p. Includes bibliographical references (p. 125-132). Available online via OhioLINK's ETD Center

Thesis (Ed. D.)--Illinois State University, 1999. / Title from title page screen, viewed July 18, 2006. Dissertation Committee: Ming-Gon John Lian, Mack Bowen (co-chairs), Barbara Fulk, John Godbold, Keith Stearns. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 84-98) and abstract. Also available in print.

M.A. / The treatment of substance abuse remains a challenging process with relapse an ever-present risk. For those offering treatment within this field, such as the South African National Council on Alcoholism and Drug Dependence (SANCA), it is of cardinal importance to evaluate the outcomes of their interventions. Currently, there is no quantifiable and standardised method that SANCA can use to establish and assess how the actual outcomes of their programmes compare to their intended programme goals. Kranz and O’Hare (2006) argue for the evaluation of substance abuse treatment programmes through the use of scales to quantify various aspects of the treatment process which can then serve as a measure of its effectiveness. Effectiveness in this instance refers broadly to a patient’s maintenance of his/her sobriety for a period of 12 months or more, combined with an increase in his/her general functioning. Therefore, this study aims to demonstrate the technically complex process of developing a content valid framework for a scale on behalf of SANCA that adheres to their requirements for programme evaluation. The study is guided by an adapted model of ecometric scale development presented schematically by Faul and Hudson (1999). Through the use of a grounded theory approach, the study shows how to identify the expectations for a scale in the organisation and organise SANCA’s treatment strategy into a framework within which the areas of measurement can be placed. The study then demonstrates the construction of operational assessment areas through empirical data collection that adequately reflects such expectations. It also serves to test for content validity of the assessment areas, through the application of domain sampling theory. The study reveals the process undertaken to convert those assessment areas into constructs by conceptualising and operationalising them into working definitions. Lastly, drawing on those defined constructs, it populates a series of exemplar items designed for illustrative purposes.

AFRIKAANS: Hierdie navorsingstudie het ten doel gehad om 'n nasorgprogram te ontwikkel vir die benutting deur maatskaplike werkers in die hantering en behandeling van substansafhanklike adolessente. Die misbruik van afhanklikheidsvormende middels word erken as een van die grootste gesondheids- en maatskaplike probleme in Suid¬Afrika. Die eskalerende patrone van dwelmmisbruik en die impak daarvan op die individu en ook op die groter samelewing benodig gespesialiseerde vaardighede om die probleem te verstaan en aan te spreek. Met hierdie behoefte in gedagte is daar besluit om hierdie studie te doen en 'n nasorgprogram te ontwikkel om aan die maatskaplike werker in die praktyk 'n hulpmiddel te verskaf om eff'ektiewe nasorgdienste aan die substansafhanklike adolessent te lewer. Die doel van hierdie ondersoek is om verkennende- en beskrywende navorsing uit te voer na substansafhanklikheid by adolessente. Die kwantitatiewe navorsingsproses is gevolg in die navorsing, alhoewel navorsingsmetodes uit beide die kwantitatiewe- en kwalitatiewe benaderings gebruik is. Daar is twee stellings vir die navorsingstudie geformuleer, naamlik: Daar bestaan 'n leemte aan bestaande bruikbare nasorgprogramme vir die benutting deur maatskaplike werkers in die praktyk vir hulpverlening aan die substansafhanklike adolessent; en dwelmmisbruik neem toe onder adolessente en moet dringend aangespreek word. Die stellings was deur middel van die verkennende navorsingsontwerp en met behulp van persoonlike vraelyste (kwantitatiewe data¬insamelingsmetode) en semi-gestruktuurde aangesig-tot-aangesig onderhoudsvoering (kwalitatiewe data-insamelingsmetode) ondersoek. AIle kwalitatiewe- asook kwantitatiewe data het 'n ooreenkomstige bevestiging op die stellings verskaf. Hierdie data het aangedui dat daar 'n groot leemte aan effektiewe nasorgdienste ten opsigte van die substansafhanklike adolessent bestaan en dat substansafhanklike adolessente as gevolg van oneffektiewe hulpverlening telkens 'n terugval beleef. Verdere navorsing deur middel van die benutting van narratiewe terapie met 'n gesin waar 'n adolessent dwelms gebruik is gedoen. 'n Suid-Mrikaans geformuleerde meetinstrument wat substansafhanklikheid binne die adolessente kultuur en leefwyse, asook eietydse eise en probleme kan vervat en meet, word gevolglik aanbeveel. ENGLISH: The purpose of this research study is the development of an aftercare programme for social workers to use in the handling and treatment of substance dependant adolescents. The abuse of dependant substances is recognised as one of the greatest health and social problems in South Africa. The escalating patterns of drug abuse and the impact thereof on the individual as well as the greater community asks for specialised skills to understand and solve these problems. With this need in mind the researcher decided to develop an aftercare programme, which would serve as a practical guideline for social workers in practice in order to supply effective aftercare services to the substance dependant adolescent. The aim of the study was to investigate substance dependency by adolescents through exploratory- and descriptive studies. The quantitative research process was followed although both the qualitative and quantitative methods were used. Two suppositions were formulated for the research study: A huge gap currently exists for aftercare programs for the assistance of social workers in practice to substance dependant adolescents. These suppositions were investigated through the use of exploratory research design and with the assistance of personal questionnaires (quantitative date gathering method) and semi-structured face-to-face interviewing (qualitative data gathering method). Both quantitative and qualitative data confirmed the formulated suppositions. The data clearly indicated the need for effective aftercare services for substance dependant adolescents, which frequently experience a relapse due to the lack of assistance. Further research can be done through the use of narrative therapy within a family in which an adolescent used drugs. A South African formulated measurement scale, which is able to measure substance dependency within the adolescent culture and way of life, are recommended. / Dissertation (MA (SW))--University of Pretoria, 2006. / Social Work and Criminology / unrestricted