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A stratigraphic investigation of the marshland adjacent to the five main estuaries in Suffolk and offshore of the Alde estuary has been made. The results are used to establish a Holocene evolution for the Suffolk coast and are compared with coastal sequences elsewhere in East Anglia. The stratigraphy of the Blyth estuary in north Suffolk comprises four lithostratigraphic units; a basal freshwater peat overlain by estuarine Lower Clay, Middle Peat and Upper Clay representing two phases of transgressive overlap sandwiching a phase of regressive overlap. Peat formation began about 6750 yrs BP and continued until 6500 yrs BP when the sequence was inundated and eroded by marine waters during the initial phases of transgressive overlap. Estuarine silt/clay deposition (both low and high intertidal flat) persisted until about 4500 yrs, BP when a transition to further peat growth occurred. The second phase of estuarine sedimentation (predominantly high intertidal flat) began at about 4300 yrs BP. These dates correlate well with dates for similar tendencies of sea-level movement in the Fens, north Norfolk and Broadland. The Blyth sequence contrasts with the Holocene sequence in the Deben, Orwell and Stour estuaries in south Suffolk which comprises a continuous estuarine clastic sequence without an intermediate peat. Estuarine conditions are believed to have begun about 8000 yrs BP and a high subsidence rate combined with low'sediment accumulation rates caused the estuaries to remain flooded throughout the Holocene. The onshore data, plus data offshore from the Alde estuary has been used to evaluate the position of the coast after 8700 yrs BP. The coastal evolution is interpreted to have been controlled by the movement of coastal barrier or spit systems. A significant barrier breaching episode is believed to have occurred post-7000 yrs BP causing erosional contacts and development of higher energy-estuarine environments. After, this time, the, Blyth estuary was significantly affected by further spit or barrier growth. The Alde, Deben, Orwell and Stour estuaries, however, were essentially barrier (spit) free during the Holocene and protected from southerly longshore drift by a land barrier north of the Alde estuary. The land barrier was eventually breached and subsequent formation of Orford Ness and Landguard Spit began. The present-day inland saline penetration up the river Blyth is the maximum achieved at any time during the Holocene. This contrasts with Broadland and Fenland where the maximum penetration occurred about 2000 years earlier. The main reason for the differences appears to be a higher coastal erosion rate in Suffolk compared to Norfolk (Fenland is actively prograding).

Thesis (M.A.)--State University of New York at Binghamton, Department of Geography, 2008. / Includes bibliographical references.

From c1035, when Worlingworth was given to the Abbey of St. Edmund, the documentary evidence is both abundant and varied in nature. A map of 1605-6 makes possible, inter alia, a reconstruction of the village plan c1355 or earlier. The court-rolls 1301-13 were 'coded' for use with a computer. Before the Conquest, Worlingworth owed food-rents to the Abbey. The ending of these payments by c1200 brought fundamental economic and topographical changes to the village, notably an expansion in the number of "Free" and "Mollond" tenancies. Both the population and the commercial life of the area generally were growing rapidly from the early 13th century onwards. That the Famines of 1315-17 brought significant change to the village is not convincing. But the Revolt at Bury St. Edmunds of 1327 and the belated introduction at Worlingworth of demesne sheep-farming from 1333-4 both appear to have altered the direction of the village's development. To examine the relationship between the archaeological and the documentary evidence, an excavation of a medieval tenement was organised and a documentary profile prepared of its tenants. Studies on subjects outside the broad narrative of the village's history were undertaken, including "Fauna and Flora", "Medieval Buildings and their Contents", "The Medieval Clergy" and "Medieval Women". Such chapters introduce the local evidence for such topics as money-lending, patterns of crime, household furnishings and educational opportunities. Worlingworth suffered badly during the First Pestilence in 1349 with mortality as high as 40%. The population c1400 was half that in 1348. On present evidence, the involvement of the villagers in the Insurrection of 1381 was minimal. In common with many other Suffolk manors, the end of high demesne farming came remarkably quickly, in 1390.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Ohio State University, 1986. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 118-128). Available online via OhioLINK's ETD Center.

Este trabalho avaliou a utilização de níveis crescentes de Nutri Energia® (T0=0; T1=10; T2=20 e T3=30), em substituição a polpa cítrica (35; 23; 12 e 0), ocasionando níveis crescentes de gordura (1,5; 3,7; 5,9 e 8,0%), em dietas para cordeiros, em recria e terminação, no sistema de confinamento, sobre o desempenho produtivo, digestibilidade dos nutrientes, ambiência e características de carcaça. O experimento foi realizado na FZEA/USP. Foram utilizados 40 cordeiros machos Suffolk com 60 dias de idade e 22 kg em média, que foram abatidos após um período experimental de 77 dias. Todos os tratamentos foram isoproteícos e isoenergéticos. A partir da inclusão de 10% de Nutri Energia® na dieta, a ingestão de matéria seca, a digestibilidade da fibra em detergente ácido e neutro diminuíram; a partir de 20%, o ganho de peso e a digestibilidade de fibra bruta diminuíram e a partir de 30% a eficiência alimentar e a digestibilidade da proteína bruta diminuíram. Não foi significativa (P>0,05), a variação da digestibilidade do extrato etéreo e do extrativo não nitrogenado. Assim observamos que o uso de Nutri Energia® em dietas para cordeiros em terminação em confinamento, tem seu limite de inclusão em torno de 10%, para alcançar boas características de carcaça e desempenho animal. Elevando o nível de inclusão acima de 10%, obtém-se alto teor de extrato etéreo, o que irá prejudicar o desempenho produtivo dos animais. / Alternative sources of energy for feedlot animals have been tested to improve the animal performance and decrease the production expenses. In this way, this research evaluated the use of increasing Nutri Energy® levels (T0=0; T1=10; T2=20 e T3=30) in the citric pulp substitution. (35; 23; 12 and 0%) as the main energy source, causing an increasing fat levels (1,5; 3,7; 5,9 e 8,0) in lambs diet during rearing and finishing phases in feedlot system, over the performance, nutrients digestibility , environment and carcass characteristics. The experiment was conducted in FZEA/USP. 40 Suffolk breed male lambs were used with 60 day old and an average of 22Kg weight that were slaughtered after a 52 day experimental period. All the treatments were isoprotein and isoenergy. Starting from the inclusion of 10% of Nutri Energy® in the diet, the ingestion of dry matter, the fiber\'s digestibility in acid and neutral detergent decreased; starting from 20%, the weight earnings and the digestibility of rude fiber decreased; starting from 30% the alimentary efficiency and the digestibility of the rude protein decreased. It was not significant (P>0,05), the digestibility variation of ethereal extract and of the extractive no nitrogen. Like this, we observed that the use of Nutri Energy® in diets for lambs, in ending in confinement, it inclusion limit around 10%, to reach good carcass characteristics and animal acting. Elevating the inclusion level above 10%, it is obtained high tenor of ethereal extract, what will harm the productive acting of the animals.

Este trabalho avaliou a utilização de níveis crescentes de Nutri Energia® (T0=0; T1=10; T2=20 e T3=30), em substituição a polpa cítrica (35; 23; 12 e 0), ocasionando níveis crescentes de gordura (1,5; 3,7; 5,9 e 8,0%), em dietas para cordeiros, em recria e terminação, no sistema de confinamento, sobre o desempenho produtivo, digestibilidade dos nutrientes, ambiência e características de carcaça. O experimento foi realizado na FZEA/USP. Foram utilizados 40 cordeiros machos Suffolk com 60 dias de idade e 22 kg em média, que foram abatidos após um período experimental de 77 dias. Todos os tratamentos foram isoproteícos e isoenergéticos. A partir da inclusão de 10% de Nutri Energia® na dieta, a ingestão de matéria seca, a digestibilidade da fibra em detergente ácido e neutro diminuíram; a partir de 20%, o ganho de peso e a digestibilidade de fibra bruta diminuíram e a partir de 30% a eficiência alimentar e a digestibilidade da proteína bruta diminuíram. Não foi significativa (P>0,05), a variação da digestibilidade do extrato etéreo e do extrativo não nitrogenado. Assim observamos que o uso de Nutri Energia® em dietas para cordeiros em terminação em confinamento, tem seu limite de inclusão em torno de 10%, para alcançar boas características de carcaça e desempenho animal. Elevando o nível de inclusão acima de 10%, obtém-se alto teor de extrato etéreo, o que irá prejudicar o desempenho produtivo dos animais. / Alternative sources of energy for feedlot animals have been tested to improve the animal performance and decrease the production expenses. In this way, this research evaluated the use of increasing Nutri Energy® levels (T0=0; T1=10; T2=20 e T3=30) in the citric pulp substitution. (35; 23; 12 and 0%) as the main energy source, causing an increasing fat levels (1,5; 3,7; 5,9 e 8,0) in lambs diet during rearing and finishing phases in feedlot system, over the performance, nutrients digestibility , environment and carcass characteristics. The experiment was conducted in FZEA/USP. 40 Suffolk breed male lambs were used with 60 day old and an average of 22Kg weight that were slaughtered after a 52 day experimental period. All the treatments were isoprotein and isoenergy. Starting from the inclusion of 10% of Nutri Energy® in the diet, the ingestion of dry matter, the fiber\'s digestibility in acid and neutral detergent decreased; starting from 20%, the weight earnings and the digestibility of rude fiber decreased; starting from 30% the alimentary efficiency and the digestibility of the rude protein decreased. It was not significant (P>0,05), the digestibility variation of ethereal extract and of the extractive no nitrogen. Like this, we observed that the use of Nutri Energy® in diets for lambs, in ending in confinement, it inclusion limit around 10%, to reach good carcass characteristics and animal acting. Elevating the inclusion level above 10%, it is obtained high tenor of ethereal extract, what will harm the productive acting of the animals.

Thesis (Ph.D)--University of Adelaide, Dept. of Animal Sciences, 1991? / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 166-195).

The aim of this thesis was to evaluate the level of husbandry and economy of Suffolk sheep in the selected company.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of increasing levels of substitution of sorghum silage by wet brewers grains (WBG) as forage food on nutrients intake, performance, economic viability, carcass characteristics, components non-carcass and feeding behavior of lambs finished in feedlot. Twenty four non-castrated male lambs, Suffolk breed, single birth were maintained in individual stalls. The treatments consisted of four substitution levels of sorghum silage by RUC (0; 33.5; 66.5 or 100% substitution). It was used roughage and concentrate at 50:50 ratio, based on dry matter. The concentrate was composed of ground corn, soybean meal and mineral mixture. The diets were isoproteic containing 18.81% CP. The animals were slaughtered when they reached the body condition score of 3 (1 to 5 range). Dry matter intakes, organic matter, crude protein, neutral detergent fiber, total carbohydrates, non-fibrous carbohydrates and total digestible nutrients were not influenced by the level of inclusion on WBG in diets. The ether extract intake increased and the acid detergent fiber decreases linearly (P≤0.05) with increasing inclusion level in the diet of WBG. The daily weight gain average increased and feed conversion was lineararly increased (P≤0.05), while in vivo body measurements have not been influenced by the wet brewers grains on the diets. The lamb daily profit (R$/lamb/day) increased linearly (p≤0,05) with elevated WBG content, reflected by reduction in the daily cost with food, from R$ 1,02/lamb/day to R$ 0,58/lamb/day, in the levels 0% and 100% of substitution, respectively. Carcass traits and proportions of commercial cuts were not influenced by replacing sorghum silage by WBG. The proportions of non-carcass components to body weight at slaughter were not affected significantly by substitution sorghum silage per WBG, except diaphragm and omasum (full and empty) that decreased linearly. Concerning ingestive behavior, increased WBG content of diets linearly reduced time expended in feeding, rumination and total chewing, resulting in a linear increase of idle times. The use of WBG for finishing feedlot lambs is an effectively viable alternative and also provides better economic results. / O objetivo desse estudo foi avaliar o efeito de níveis crescentes de substituição da silagem de sorgo por resíduo úmido de cervejaria (RUC), como alimento volumoso, sobre o consumo de nutrientes, o desempenho, a viabilidade econômica, as características da carcaça, os componentes não carcaça e o comportamento ingestivo de cordeiros terminados em confinamento. Foram utilizados 24 cordeiros, machos não castrados, da raça Suffolk, oriundos de parto simples e mantidos em baias individuais. Os tratamentos foram constituídos por quatro níveis de substituição de silagem de sorgo por RUC sendo: 0; 33,5; 66,5 ou 100% de substituição. Utilizou-se uma relação volumoso:concentrado de 50:50, com base na matéria seca. O concentrado era constituído por milho desintegrado, farelo de soja e mistura mineral. As dietas eram isoprotéicas contendo 18,81% de PB. Os animais foram abatidos quando atingiram o escore de condição corporal estabelecido em 3 (escala de 1 a 5). Os consumos de matéria seca, matéria orgânica, proteína bruta, fibra em detergente neutro, carboidratos totais, carboidratos não fibrosos e nutrientes digestíveis totais não foram influenciados pelo nível de inclusão de RUC nas dietas. O consumo de extrato etéreo aumentou e o de fibra em detergente ácido diminui linearmente (P≤0,05) com o aumento do nível de inclusão de RUC na dieta. O ganho de peso médio diário aumentou e a conversão alimentar melhorou linearmente (P≤0,05) enquanto que as medidas corporais in vivo não foram influenciadas pelo teor de resíduo de cervejaria nas dietas. O lucro diário obtido por cordeiro, em R$/cordeiro/dia, aumentou linearmente (P≤0,05) com a elevação do teor de RUC, sendo um reflexo da redução do custo diário com alimentação, que passou de R$ 1,02/cordeiro/dia para R$ 0,58/cordeiro/dia, para os níveis de 0% e 100% de substituição, respectivamente. As características de carcaça como também as proporções dos cortes comerciais analisados não foram influenciados pela substituição de silagem de sorgo por RUC. As proporções dos componentes não carcaça, em relação ao peso vivo ao abate dos cordeiros, não foram influenciados significativamente pela substituição de silagem de sorgo por RUC, exceto o diafragma, omaso cheio e omaso vazio que diminuíram linearmente. Quanto ao comportamento ingestivo, o aumento do teor de RUC das dietas promoveu redução linear dos tempos despendido em alimentação, ruminação e de mastigação total, o que resultou em aumento linear do tempo de ócio. O uso de RUC para terminação de cordeiros em sistema de confinamento é uma alternativa viável do ponto de vista produtivo, como também proporciona melhores resultados econômicos.