In this study, we have synthesized two families of new carbohydrate-based amphiphilic derivatives: a series of alkyl glucoside ethers varying in terms of chain length and position on the sugar, and a series of glucosteroids varying in terms of alkyl spacer and, for the disutibstuted systems, in terms of alkyl side chain length. By the means of analytical methods, such as NMR spectroscopy, mass spectroscopy and elementary analysis, the structure of all the compounds was carefully established, as well as their purity. Their liquid crystalline behaviors were studied by the means of transmission light microscopy and differential scanning calorimetry. The two families of compounds which have been studied illustrate how much the behavior can be essentially related to polar interactions (H-bonding), therefore to the sugar moiety, for the ether series, or to hydrophobic interactions (lipid-lipid) in the glucosteroid series. In this latter series, preference for either steroid-stroid or steroid alkyl packing appears as an insight in understanding the behavior of complex lipids, showing potentially more than one conformational structure with important consequences on the supramolecular level, therefore to their potential biological role. This could be regarded as "lipid denaturation" by analogy to the protein denaturation. Also, when we see that compounds like the glycosteroids having an long chain ester -CAG, BbGL-I, are found to exist in Nature, and how much glycolipid-cholesterol interactions were recently shown to be critical in some biological processes, it is hoped that our observations can provide a new vision angle for the study of complex lipids and glycolipids. As a start to develop new probes targeting the "lipid raft" microdomain in membranes, we also explored a sequence towards carbohydrate laurdan hybrids. Further development of this strategy and evaluation of the biological properties is programmed within new collaborative projects.

Cette thèse est une contribution à l’étude des relations structure propriétés dans le domaine de la glycoamphiphilie. Trois nouvelles familles de neoglycolipides ont été synthétisées, deux familles principalement destinées à apporter des éléments sur l’état liquide cristallin des glycolipides, et une troisième famille permettant d’aborder l’étude de nouvelles glycosondes fluorescentes. Plus de 50 produits finaux ont été préparés (et donc leurs très nombreux précurseurs) et caractérisés structuralement par spectroscopie RMN, de masse, et par analyse élémentaire. Les propriétés liquides cristallines de ces nouveaux produits ont été ensuite étudiées par microscopie optique et DSC. L’étude des propriétés liquides cristallines de la famille d’éthers montrent que la localisation de la chaine sur le squelette sucre modifie la répartition entre liaisons hydrogène inter- ou intra moléculaires entre têtes polaires sucres. L’analyse du comportement thermotrope des glucostéroïdes, notamment ceux qui sont disubstitués, montre que les interactions lipide-lipide sont également très importantes. Il a été observé que ces systèmes complexes pouvaient adopter deux types d’architectures au niveau supramoléculaire en fonction de la flexibilité du système, laissant plus ou moins aux trois motifs présents dans la molécule la liberté de choisir leur préférence d’autoassociation. Les glycostéroïdes étant largement rencontrés dans la Nature, on peut considérer que ces observations nouvelles qui ont été apportées signalent que le comportement supramoléculaire de telles molécules est potentiellement multiple. Enfin, une brève exploration d’une nouvelle famille de glycosondes fluorescentes a été abordée. / In this study, we have synthesized two families of new carbohydrate-based amphiphilic derivatives: a series of alkyl glucoside ethers varying in terms of chain length and position on the sugar, and a series of glucosteroids varying in terms of alkyl spacer and, for the disutibstuted systems, in terms of alkyl side chain length. By the means of analytical methods, such as NMR spectroscopy, mass spectroscopy and elementary analysis, the structure of all the compounds was carefully established, as well as their purity. Their liquid crystalline behaviors were studied by the means of transmission light microscopy and differential scanning calorimetry. The two families of compounds which have been studied illustrate how much the behavior can be essentially related to polar interactions (H-bonding), therefore to the sugar moiety, for the ether series, or to hydrophobic interactions (lipid-lipid) in the glucosteroid series. In this latter series, preference for either steroid-stroid or steroid alkyl packing appears as an insight in understanding the behavior of complex lipids, showing potentially more than one conformational structure with important consequences on the supramolecular level, therefore to their potential biological role. This could be regarded as “lipid denaturation” by analogy to the protein denaturation. Also, when we see that compounds like the glycosteroids having an long chain ester -CAG, BbGL-I, are found to exist in Nature, and how much glycolipid-cholesterol interactions were recently shown to be critical in some biological processes, it is hoped that our observations can provide a new vision angle for the study of complex lipids and glycolipids. As a start to develop new probes targeting the “lipid raft” microdomain in membranes, we also explored a sequence towards carbohydrate laurdan hybrids. Further development of this strategy and evaluation of the biological properties is programmed within new collaborative projects.