Federal government agency reports have documented concerns regarding the use of school discipline and suspension indicating that Black students are referred for discipline and/or suspended at a higher rate than students of other ethnicities. Available data from the local school district involved in this study reflected similar troubling patterns of discipline referral and suspension. The purpose of this study was to determine if variables such as ethnicity, socioeconomic status, and gender predict the likelihood of receiving discipline referrals or being suspended at an affiliated charter high school in the local school district. Guided by Bandura's social learning theory, this correlational explanatory quantitative study examined archival school discipline data for 1,570 students who received at least one discipline referral or suspension during the 2013-2014 school year at the local high school. Binomial logistic regression results showed that Black male students from low socioeconomic backgrounds were significantly more likely to be suspended compared to other ethnicities. Negative binomial regression analysis indicated students who were Black, male, and were from low socioeconomic backgrounds were at significantly greater risk of receiving a referral than other ethnicities. A professional development training was designed to provide school personnel with culturally-responsive, preventative discipline strategies that meet the needs of all students including those who are at highest risk for punitive discipline and suspension. By equipping school personnel in this and similar school communities with culturally-responsive discipline strategies aimed at meeting the needs of all students, diverse student populations are likely to experience greatly needed positive social change exemplified by improved social, behavioral, and academic outcomes.

Orientador: Paulo Mazzafera / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Insituto de Biologia / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-12T18:35:16Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Andreazza_NathaliaLuiza_M.pdf: 3988387 bytes, checksum: 14f12a095b5cbb5989b090f57b961f01 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009 / Resumo: A pilocarpina é um alcalóide imidazólico, que possui como única fonte natural spécies do gênero Pilocarpus. Este alcalóide é utilizado no tratamento de glaucoma e xerostomia. O elevado custo de folhas de Pilocarpus microphyllus no mercado internacional e conseqüente extrativismo predatório resultaram na sua inclusão na lista de espécies em extinção do IBAMA. Na busca de fontes alternativas do alcalóide conseguiu-se demonstrar que suspensões celulares desta espécie podem ser um modelo para produção e estudo da biossíntese e do transporte de pilocarpina, uma vez que produz os mesmos alcalóides encontrados nas folhas. A extração de pilocarpina a partir do meio de cultura poderá minimizar a quantidade de solventes altamente poluentes utilizados na extração deste alcalóide a partir das células, assim como, reduzir a contaminação por outros constituintes celulares. Neste contexto o presente trabalho teve como objetivo inicial determinar o local e limite de acúmulo intracelular de pilocarpina e verificar se o fornecimento externo de altas doses do alcalóide causaria toxidez às células produtoras e não produtoras de pilocarpina. Em seguida, caracterizar a absorção do alcalóide pelas células submetidas a diferentes valores de pH do meio de cultura e também identificar o mecanismo de transporte do alcalóide nas suspensões procurando definir qual é a proteína de membrana responsável pelo transporte de pilocarpina entre células e meio de cultura através do uso de inibidores de transportadores da família das ATPases e ATP-binding cassete proteins (ABC). Os testes histoquímicos e o ensaio de fracionamento celular, apesar de não conclusivos, indicaram o acúmulo de pilocarpina no vacúolo, ainda que a fração correspondente a essa organela venha misturada com o conteúdo do citoplasma. As informações sobre a localização subcelular em adição aos dados de toxicidade mostraram que pilocarpina apresenta forte citotoxicidade a cultura de plantas que não apresentam sua via de biossíntese. Culturas de P. microphyllus produtoras de pilocarpina apresentaram uma clara tolerância às altas doses do alcalóide (crescimento semelhante ao controle), mesmo que não produzindo o alcalóide em altas quantidades. Isto sugere a existência de um mecanismo de detoxificação espécifico-específico nas células aqui estudadas, que evitam a toxicidade de seus alcalóides (pilocarpina e pilosina) armazenando-os no vacúolo. Nos ensaios de absorção do alcalóide em diferentes valores de pH, observou-se que quanto maior o pH, menor a absorção do alcalóide. Nos ensaios com os inibidores de proteínas transportadoras de membrana verificou-se que as menores taxas de inibição na absorção e liberação provocadas por inibidores específicos de ATPases, a bafilomicina e pelo NH4Cl, não descartam a participação destas proteínas, mas podem indicam uma menor participação, visto que a inibição provocada pela azida sódica, também um inibidor de ATPases, foi muito intensa. Contudo, os resultados de absorção e liberação de pilocarpina mostraram intensa inibição na presença dos inibidores de ABCs o que aponta para um transporte de pilocarpina mediado por esta família de proteínas, tanto para fora como para dentro da célula. Por fim, os ensaios de cinética apontam para uma inibição do tipo competitiva gerada pelos dois inibidores utilizados, sendo que os menores valores da Constante de Inibição (Ki), encontrados para a nifedipina indicam que este composto possue uma ação inibitória mais intensa que o vanadato de sódio. / Abstract: Leaves of species from Pilocarpus genus are the only known source of pilocarpine, an imidazole alkaloid, which has been used for the treatment of glaucoma and xerostomy. Because the leaves of jaborandi are collected from plants living in the wild and the high price of pilocarpine in the international market, jaborandi was included in the endangered species list of IBAMA. Looking for alternative sources of this alkaloid, it has been shown that cell suspension cultures of Pilocarpus microphyllus can be a model to study the production of pilocarpine as well as a model to study its biosynthesis and metabolism, as it produces the same alkaloids that are found in leaves. Previous studies showed that high concentrations of nitrogen and the medium pH resulted in higher production and release of pilocarpine to the medium culture. Therefore, the objective of this study was to define the cell intracellular accumulation of pilocarpine and verify if exogenous by supplied pilocarpine to jaborandi cell suspensions is toxic to the cells. Moreover, the absorption of pilocarpine by cells treated with exogenous by supplied pilocarpine at different medium pH, as well as, the alkaloid transport mechanism through the cell membrane, using inhibitors of the protein families ATPases and ATP-Binding Cassette, were studied. The histochemical tests and the cell fractionation assays showed the accumulation of pilocarpine in the vacuole. This, together with the results of experiments that showed that pilocarpine was not toxic to jaborandi cells, suggests that vacuolar transport may be one of the mechanisms for the detoxification of pilocarpine in this species. In the absorption assays with different medium pH, the higher the pH, the lower absorption of pilocarpine by the cells. Bafilomicin and NH4Cl, which are ATPase inhibitors, were the least effective inhibitors among all the inhibitors tested for absorption and release of pilocarpine. This result does not discard the participation of these proteins in the process but indicate that they are less important, in view of the fact that inhibition by sodium azide which affects both ABC and ATPases, was very effective. The results on absorption and release of pilocarpine by the jaborandi cells showed strong inhibition by specific ABC inhibitors, which indicates an important participation of this protein family in the transport of the alkaloid through the cell membranes. Kinetics assays showed that inhibition was a reversible competitive type in the presence of nifedipine and sodium vanadate. The lowest Inhibition Constant (Ki) was observed for nifepidine. / Mestrado / Mestre em Biologia Vegetal

La dynamique des matières en suspension joue un rôle primordial au sein de la zone côtière en étant le principal vecteur de matière particulaire depuis les sources (rivières) vers les puits (marges continentales, canyons sous-marins, océan profond). Le suivi de cette dynamique, notamment pendant les évènements de crues des fleuves et des tempêtes, est primordial afin d’estimer les budgets sédimentaires des marges continentales, de suivre l’évolution des habitats benthiques et de déterminer le rôle de cette dynamique dans le transport de contaminants. Cette thèse a pour objet l’étude des impacts de tels évènements sur la dynamique des particules en suspension au sein du Golfe du Lion (Méditerranée). Une approche multiplateforme, couplant les différentes plateformes de mesures existantes (campagne en mer, glider, satellite, mouillage, bouée côtière) et basée sur la mesure de la turbidité en terme quantitatif et qualitatif a été adoptée. Les résultats ont permis de décrire 1) la dynamique des néphéloïdes en fonction des forçages (vents, vagues, courants) durant des évènements de crue du Rhône et de tempête marine, 2) la variabilité spatiale et temporelle de l’assemblage particulaire lors de ces mêmes évènements par une caractérisation in situ et 3) de montrer le rôle des plateformes autonomes du type gliders dans le suivi de la dynamique des matières en suspension en zone côtière. / Coastal suspended particulate matter dynamics play a main role in the fate of land-derived material from the source (rivers) to sink (continental margins, submarine canyons, deep sea). The monitoring of this dynamic, especially during flooding and storm conditions, is decisive to understand factors impacting sedimentary budgets of continental margins, health of benthic habitats and spread of contaminants. The aim of this PhD is to study the impacts of such events on the suspended particles dynamics over the shelf of the Gulf of Lions (NW Mediteranean). A multi-platform approach, combining existing observation platforms (survey, glider, satellite, mooring and coastal buoy) and based on the measurement of the turbidity was adopted. Results enabled to describe 1) the impacts of forcings (winds, waves, currents) on the dynamics of nepheloid layers during flooding and storm conditions, 2) the variability of the particle assemblage during such events through an in situ characterization and 3) the role of gliders in the monitoring of suspended particles dynamics within the coastal zone.