Kombinationen höga krav, låg kontroll och lågt socialt stöd leder, enligt krav-kontroll-stöd modellen, till de högsta stressnivåerna. Självledarskap ger individen möjligheten att, genom en inre kontroll, återta kontrollen och minska stressnivåerna. Genom att använda sig av självledarskapsstrategier kan individen förändra sina tankemönster och ageranden för att på så vis förhoppningsvis förbättra sin stresshantering. Studiens syfte var att studera relationen mellan självledarskap, stress och arbetets uppbyggnad. Med arbetets uppbyggnad menas här kombinationen av krav, kontroll, stöd samt tydlighet. Totalt besvarade 107 deltagare, varav 69 kvinnor, en enkät. Analyserna visade på samband mellan stress och samtliga 4 arbetsmiljövariabler (krav, kontroll, stöd samt tydlighet), vidare på positivt samband mellan självledarskapsvariabeln självbestraffning och stress samt positiva samband mellan strategigruppen naturliga belöningar och 2 av arbetsmiljövariablerna. Hypotesen, att goda självledarskapskunskaper medför bättre stresshantering, fick dock inte stöd. Det behövs ytterligare forskning för att tydliggöra sambanden mellan självledarskap, stress och arbetsmiljö, exempelvis genom experimentella studier.

<p><strong>Aim:</strong> The aim of this study was to investigate if there are associations between job stress in terms of demand, control, and support and physical inactivity.</p><p><strong>Method:</strong> A cross-sectional design was used in this study which is based on the “Swedish Longitudinal Occupational Survey of Health” (SLOSH) from 2006. SLOSH includes men and women, between 19-68 years old and from all labor markets sectors. A total of 5 141 participants sent in their survey. Indices of the components in the demand-control-support model were created and multiple regression analyses with physical inactivity as the dependent variable were performed. Adjustment for possible confounders (age, sex, marital status, children, education, physical work, computer work, working hours, shift work, smoking, alcohol consumption, sleep quality and BMI) were made.</p><p><strong>Result:</strong> The main result showed an association between passive work (low demands and low control) in combination with poor support and physical inactivity. This result was statistically significant both unadjusted (OR: 1.38, CI: 1.12-1.71) and adjusted (OR: 1.28, CI: 1.03-1.59) for several covariates.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This study suggests that especially passive work (low demands and low control) in combination with poor support from supervisors and colleagues are associated to physical inactivity. Further research needs to establish causality.</p>

Aim: The aim of this study was to investigate if there are associations between job stress in terms of demand, control, and support and physical inactivity. Method: A cross-sectional design was used in this study which is based on the “Swedish Longitudinal Occupational Survey of Health” (SLOSH) from 2006. SLOSH includes men and women, between 19-68 years old and from all labor markets sectors. A total of 5 141 participants sent in their survey. Indices of the components in the demand-control-support model were created and multiple regression analyses with physical inactivity as the dependent variable were performed. Adjustment for possible confounders (age, sex, marital status, children, education, physical work, computer work, working hours, shift work, smoking, alcohol consumption, sleep quality and BMI) were made. Result: The main result showed an association between passive work (low demands and low control) in combination with poor support and physical inactivity. This result was statistically significant both unadjusted (OR: 1.38, CI: 1.12-1.71) and adjusted (OR: 1.28, CI: 1.03-1.59) for several covariates. Conclusion: This study suggests that especially passive work (low demands and low control) in combination with poor support from supervisors and colleagues are associated to physical inactivity. Further research needs to establish causality.

No description available.

<p>Finns det någon skillnad i upplevd stress hos förskolepedagoger och grundskollärare? Stress hos lärare kan definieras som en känsla av ilska, spändhet, frustration eller depression. Enligt Krav- kontroll-stödmodellen mår de som har jobb med höga krav, låg kontroll och dåligt socialt stöd sämst på jobbet. En kvantitativ studie har gjorts där enkäter delats ut till lärare på förskolan och grundskolan i en mindre ort i Sverige. Data jämfördes sedan med data från en större ort i Sverige. Resultatet visar att det inte finns någon skillnad i upplevd stress mellan förskolepedagoger och grundskollärare. Det finns olika faktorer, såsom krav, kontroll, stöd, socialt klimat och roller, inom skolan och förskolan som påverkar stress.</p> / <p>Is there a difference in perceived stress between pre-school teachers and compulsory school teachers? Teacher stress is defined as emotions such as anger, tension, frustration or depression. According to the Demand-Control- Support Model, individuals working with high demands, low control, and poor social support, are experiencing the lowest well-being at work. A quantitative study was conducted where questionnaires were handed out to teachers in pre-school and compulsory school in a minor town in Sweden. Data was later compared to data from a larger town in Sweden. Results show that there are no differences in perceived stress between pre-school and compulsory school teachers. There are different factors, such as demand, control, support, social environment and roles, within school and pre-school that has impact on stress.</p>

Finns det någon skillnad i upplevd stress hos förskolepedagoger och grundskollärare? Stress hos lärare kan definieras som en känsla av ilska, spändhet, frustration eller depression. Enligt Krav- kontroll-stödmodellen mår de som har jobb med höga krav, låg kontroll och dåligt socialt stöd sämst på jobbet. En kvantitativ studie har gjorts där enkäter delats ut till lärare på förskolan och grundskolan i en mindre ort i Sverige. Data jämfördes sedan med data från en större ort i Sverige. Resultatet visar att det inte finns någon skillnad i upplevd stress mellan förskolepedagoger och grundskollärare. Det finns olika faktorer, såsom krav, kontroll, stöd, socialt klimat och roller, inom skolan och förskolan som påverkar stress. / Is there a difference in perceived stress between pre-school teachers and compulsory school teachers? Teacher stress is defined as emotions such as anger, tension, frustration or depression. According to the Demand-Control- Support Model, individuals working with high demands, low control, and poor social support, are experiencing the lowest well-being at work. A quantitative study was conducted where questionnaires were handed out to teachers in pre-school and compulsory school in a minor town in Sweden. Data was later compared to data from a larger town in Sweden. Results show that there are no differences in perceived stress between pre-school and compulsory school teachers. There are different factors, such as demand, control, support, social environment and roles, within school and pre-school that has impact on stress.

Förändringar på arbetsmarknaden på grund av nedskärningar och effektiviseringar har för individen inneburit mer ansvar, tyngre arbetsbörda och högre krav i arbetsuppgiften. Med denna utveckling har stressrelaterade sjukdomar ökat i Sverige de senaste åren. Det framkommer att det sociala stödet kan fungera som en hälsofrämjande resurs i förhållande till graden av arbetsrelaterad stress. Vidare kan en hög belastning i arbetslivet och i privatlivet kan ha en negativ effekt och bidra till en högre skadlig stressnivå. Syftet med studien är därefter att undersöka i vilken utsträckning socialt stöd och dubbelbelastning kan kopplas till arbetsrelaterad stress. Resultatet har analyserats med teoretisk ansats utifrån Krav-kontroll-stödmodellen och socialt stöd som hälsofrämjande resurs. För att undersöka sambandet mellan socialt stöd och dubbelbelastning i förhållande till arbetsrelaterad stress tillämpades en kvantitativ enkätstudie. Insamlad data analyserades i univariata samt multivariata linjära regressionsanalyser. Analysen visade inte att arbetsrelaterad stress hade något signifikant samband med socialt stöd i arbetslivet, i privatlivet och dubbelbelastning. Dock framkom det att kön var associerat med graden av arbetsrelaterad stress. / Changes in the labor market because of downsizing and efficiency improvements for the individual meant more responsibility, workload and the increasing demands of the job. With this development, stress-related diseases have increased in Sweden in recent years. It appears that social support can serve as a health resource in relation to the degree of work-related stress. Furthermore, a high load at work and in private life may have an adverse effect and contribute to a higher distress levels. The purpose of this study is then to examine the extent to which social support and the double burden can be linked to work-related stress. The results have been analyzed with the theoretical approach based on the Demand-Control-Support model and social support that health promotion resource. To examine the relationship between social support and the double burden in relation to work-related stress a quantitative survey has been applied. Collected data were analyzed in univariate and multivariate linear regression analyzes. The analysis revealed that work-related stress had no significant correlation with social support at work, in private and double load. However, it emerged that gender was associated with the rate of work-related stress.

This dissertation formulates and develops models and solution approaches for plug-in electric vehicle (PEV) charging station installation. The models are formulated in the form of bilevel programming and stochastic programming problems, while a meta-heuristic method, genetic algorithm, and Monte Carlo bounding techniques are used to solve the problems. Demand for PEVs is increasing with the growing concerns about environment pollution, energy resources, and the economy. However, battery capacity in PEVs is still limited and represents one of the key barriers to a more widespread adoption of PEVs. It is expected that drivers who have long-distance commutes hesitate to replace their internal combustion engine vehicles with PEVs due to range anxiety. To address this concern, PEV infrastructure can be developed to provide re-fully status when they are needed. This dissertation is primarily focused on the development of mathematical models that can be used to support decisions regarding a charging station location and installation problem. The major parts of developing the models included identification of the problem, development of mathematical models in the form of bilevel and stochastic programming problems, and development of a solution approach using a meta-heuristic method. PEV parking building problem was formulated as a bilevel programming problem in order to consider interaction between transportation flow and a manager decisions, while the charging station installation problem was formulated as a stochastic programming problem in order to consider uncertainty in parameters. In order to find the best-quality solution, a genetic algorithm method was used because the formulation problems are NP-hard. In addition, the Monte Carlo bounding method was used to solve the stochastic program with continuous distributions. Managerial implications and recommendations for PEV parking building developers and managers were suggested in terms of sensitivity analysis. First, in the planning stage, the developer of the PEV parking building should consider long-term changes in future traffic flow and locate a PEV parking building closer to the node with the highest destination trip rate. Second, to attract more parking users, the operator needs to consider the walkability of walking links.

Enligt arbetsmiljölagen ska arbetsgivare undersöka, genomföra och följa upp verksamheten, enligt det systematiska arbetsmiljöarbetet ska detta arbete ske naturligt i det dagliga. Den mest använda modellen inom kartläggningen av psykosocial arbetsmiljö var krav-kontroll-stöd modellen, det har dock föreslagits att det var viktigt att ta hänsyn till ledningsförfaranden för att kunna förstå arbetsrelaterade risker bättre. Forskningsfrågorna i denna studie var hur ledare arbetade med den psykosociala arbetsmiljön och hur det arbetet förmodades påverka medarbetarnas hälsa. Syftet med studien är att ta reda på detta. I denna studie deltog 8 personer med arbetsledarbefattning, erfarenheten varierade mellan 4-20 år, antalet personer de ansvarade över varierade mellan 1-42 personer. En kvalitativ metod genom intervjuer genomfördes, en egenkonstruerad intervjuguide användes. Huvudresultaten var att cheferna arbetade med en nära dialog och hälsofrämjande insatser, enligt cheferna ledde det till bättre mående hos medarbetarna och att arbetet var individanpassat. Denna studie ligger i linje med tidigare forskning.

The purpose of this thesis was to look at the relationship between the experiences of work related stress among male bank employees and how they dealt with potential stress. The thesis focused on male bank employee’s experiences and management of work related stress with the control requirements and support model as a starting point. Work related stress is a phenomenon that has become a serious problem with economic impact for both the individual and organizations. Increased absence from work due to medical issues is one example of such consequences. The study is based on a field survey at a bank office located in a municipality in the middle part of Sweden. Four male bank employees were interviewed. The result of the study showed that working conditions affected how the men experienced and dealt with work related stress. The conclusion was that a lack of demands, control and support in the workplace affected the personal life, and this imbalance could lead to stress. In order to deal with the work related stress, the bank employees tried to take control over their work situation and after work they dealt with the stress by exercising and dog-walks to name a few examples.