<p>The aim of this thesis is to investigate how material surfaces are affected by various surface treatments and how this relates to the adhesion of the coating. The materials that were studied were WC-Co and Cermets and the surface treatments used were polishing, grinding with coarser and finer abrasive grains, and finally wet blasting and dry blasting. Focus was on deformations and residual stresses in the surface, surface roughness and cracks. The test methods used for examining the samples included surface roughness measurements, residual stress measurements, adhesion tests using Rockwell indentation and SEM images of the surface and the cross section.<br /><br />The results concluded that polishing gives very good adhesion. Additionally, the adhesion for ground surfaces was good for WC-Co but very poor for Cermets. Furthermore, it was observed that finer abrasive grains did not result in better adhesion. In fact, the coarser grains gave slightly better results. Finally, it was concluded that wet blasting has a clear advantage over dry blasting and results in much better adhesion, especially for the Cermets. The results for the WC-Co were a bit inconsistent and so further research is required.</p>

The aim of this thesis is to investigate how material surfaces are affected by various surface treatments and how this relates to the adhesion of the coating. The materials that were studied were WC-Co and Cermets and the surface treatments used were polishing, grinding with coarser and finer abrasive grains, and finally wet blasting and dry blasting. Focus was on deformations and residual stresses in the surface, surface roughness and cracks. The test methods used for examining the samples included surface roughness measurements, residual stress measurements, adhesion tests using Rockwell indentation and SEM images of the surface and the cross section.<br /><br />The results concluded that polishing gives very good adhesion. Additionally, the adhesion for ground surfaces was good for WC-Co but very poor for Cermets. Furthermore, it was observed that finer abrasive grains did not result in better adhesion. In fact, the coarser grains gave slightly better results. Finally, it was concluded that wet blasting has a clear advantage over dry blasting and results in much better adhesion, especially for the Cermets. The results for the WC-Co were a bit inconsistent and so further research is required.

La turbine Pelton est une turbine hydraulique dont le fonctionnement se caractérise par l’interaction d’un jet d’eau avec les augets d’une roue. Cette étude a pour but de comprendre les phénomènes influençant le jet et son interaction avec les augets. Pour cela deux actions différentes ont été menées. Une première a visé à caractériser expérimentalement la fragmentation d’un jet de turbine Pelton. La seconde s’est attachée à développer une méthode numérique pouvant mener`à la simulation précise de jets réels de turbines Pelton. La partie expérimentale a permis de déterminer le mode de fragmentation de ces jets (atomisation turbulente), mais aussi l’influence de la rugosité des parois de l’injecteur sur les performances de la turbine. La participation de ce travail à un projet expérimental a permis de montrer l’influence de l’écoulement en sortie d’injecteur sur la fragmentation du jet. Les phénomènes physiques influençant principalement l’évolution du jet ont ainsi été déterminés. La partie numérique a eu pour but de mettre en place une méthode permettant de simuler l’évolution d’un jet de turbine Pelton (fragmentation) et son interaction avec un auget. Etant donnés les progrès de la méthode SPH-ALE pour la simulation d’impact de jets pour les turbines Pelton, il a été décidé d’adapter cette méthode pour les simulations visées. Ainsi une étude du choix de la vitesse des interfaces de problème de Riemann a permis de réaliser un modèle multiphase stable pour les forts rapports de densité (eau-air). Cette méthode s’est avérée garantir les propriétés de continuité de vitesse normale et de pression à l’interface entre les fluides. L’ajout des phénomènes de tension de surface s’est fait par l’adaptation du modèle CSF (Continuum Surface Force) et le développement d’un second modèle nommé Laplace Law Pressure Correction (LLPC).L’intégration du saut de pression dans le solveur de Riemann a nécessité une étude précise du calcul de la courbure et a permis d’améliorer la simulation de loi de Laplace. La méthode numérique a été ensuite validée sur les cas académiques d’onde gravitaire, de rupture de barrage et d’oscillation de goutte. Les ressources en mémoire et le temps de calcul associé à cette méthode ont nécessité la parallélisation du code de calcul. Le caractère lagrangien de la méthode a très largement influencé la méthode de découpe de domaine pour permettre une bonne répartition de la charge de calcul entre les différents processeurs. En conclusion les phénomènes physiques influençant la fragmentation de jets issus d’injecteurs de turbine Pelton sont désormais mieux connus et ils ont pu être introduits dans la méthode numérique. Les prochains développements porteront sur la simulation de jets dont la condition d’entrée s’attachera à être représentative des caractéristiques d’un écoulement en sortie d’un injecteur de turbine Pelton. / A Pelton turbine is characterized by a water jet which is impacting rotating buckets. The main goal of this study is to understand the phenomena which are impacting the jet and its interaction with the bucket. This study was considering two main works. One is considering experiments which allow determining the jet fragmentation. The second part considers development of a numerical code able to reproduce phenomena linked to Pelton jet fragmentation. The experimental part succeeds to associate Pelton jet behavior with mode of jet fragmentation (turbulent dispersion) and shows the impact of hydraulic roughness on Pelton turbine performances. The access to experimental results from a project involving this PhD work, demonstrates the role of the inlet velocity/turbulence profile on the jet fragmentation. The numerical part used the SPH-ALE (Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics - Arbitrary Lagrange Euler) method to implement physical models linked with jet fragmentation. This choice was done because of its ability to predict pressure fields resulting of the interaction of a water jet and a rotating bucket. A multiphase model was developed based on a modification of the velocity of the interface of Riemann problem. This model does not diffuse the interface and recovers continuity of normal velocity and pressure at the interface between both fluids. Surface tension effect was implemented through an adaptation of the CSF (Continuum Surface Force) model and through amodel called LLPC for Laplace Law Pressure Correction. A study of the computational methods to determine the interface curvature was performed for the integration of the pressure jump in the Riemann solver. Validation was done on academicals test cases as gravity waves, dam breakor droplet oscillations. The numerical code was parallelized to perform large numerical simulations.To conclude, the numerical code integrates physical phenomena which were shown as important in the experiments. The developments will try to perform jet simulation with inlet condition which will be representative of flow conditions at the outlet of a Pelon turbine injector.