The demand for hydrogen as a clean energy carrier has increased greatly. The Cu-Cl cycle is a promising thermochemical cycle that is currently being developed to be the large-scale method of hydrogen production. The lifetime of materials for the pipes transporting molten CuCl is an important parameter for an economic design of a commercial thermochemical Cu-Cl hydrogen plant. This research is an examination of candidate materials following an immersion test in molten CuCl at 500 °C for 100 h. Two alloys, Ni based super-alloy (Inconel 625) and super austenitic stainless steel (AL6XN) were selected as the base metal. There were two types of coating applied to improve the corrosion resistance of the base metals during molten CuCl exposure. A metallic of Diamalloy 4006 and two ceramic of yttria stabilized zirconia and alumina coatings were applied to the base metal using thermal spray methods. An immersion apparatus was designed and constructed to perform an immersion test that has a condition similar to those in a hydrogen plant. After the immersion test, the materials were evaluated using an electrochemical method in combination with ex-situ surface analysis. The surface condition including elemental composition, film structure and resistivity of the materials were examined and compared. The majority of the coatings were damaged and fell off. Cracks were found in the original coated specimens indicating the sample geometry may have affected the integrity of the sprayed coating. When the coating cracked, it provided a pathway for the molten CuCl to go under the coating and react with the surface underneath the coating. Copper deposits and iron chloride that were found on the sample surfaces suggest that there were corrosion reactions that involved the metal dissolution and reduction of copper during immersion test. The results also suggest that Inconel 625 performed better than stainless steel AL6XN. Both Diamalloy 4006 and YSZ (ZrO2 18TiO2 10Y2O3) coatings seemed to provide better protection to the underlying base metal than alumina (Al2O3 3TiO2) coating. / UOIT

The virtual worlds of Computer Graphics are populated by geometric objects, called models. Researchers have addressed the problem of synthesizing models automatically. Traditional modeling approaches often require a user to guide the synthesis process and to look after the geometry being synthesized, but user attention is expensive, and reducing user interaction is therefore desirable. I present a scheme for the automatic creation of geometry by deforming surfaces. My scheme includes a novel surface representation; it is an explicit representation consisting of points and edges, but it is not a traditional polygonal mesh. The novel surface representation is paired with a resampling policy to control the surface density and its evolution during deformation. The surface deforms with velocities assigned to its points through a set of deformation operators. Deformation operators avoid the manual computation and assignment of velocities, the operators allow a user to interactively assign velocities with minimal effort. Additionally, Petri nets are used to automatically deform a surface by mimicking a user assigning deformation operators. Furthermore, I present an algorithm to translate from the novel surface representations to a polygonal mesh. I demonstrate the utility of my model generation scheme with a gallery of models created automatically. The scheme's surface representation and resampling policy enables a surface to deform without requiring a user to control the deformation; self-intersections and hole creation are automatically prevented. The generated models show that my scheme is well suited to create organic-like models, whose surfaces have smooth transitions between surface features, but can also produce other kinds of models. My scheme allows a user to automatically generate varied instances of richly detailed models with minimal user interaction.

Interfacial tension provides valuable information about polymer processes such as foaming, particle (pigment) suspension, wetting, and blending. Among the methods commonly used to measure surface tension, drop shape methods entail several advantages such as simplicity and versatility. The profile of the drop, which is determined by the balance between gravity and surface forces, is easily defined. The surface tension is obtained from the profile of the drop. Recent progress in image analysis and data acquisition systems makes it possible to digitalize drop images directly using a video frame grabber with a digital camera. The digital signals are easily analyzed using different algorithms to determine the surface/interfacial tension from the drop profile. This study concentrates on one of the drop methods, the pendant drop method, which involves the determination of a drop profile of one dense liquid suspended in another liquid at mechanical equilibrium. Despite theoretical simplicity of using sessile and pendant drops for determining the surface tension of polymer melts, research in this area is limited because of the experimental difficulty associated with maintaining equilibrium of highly viscous melts. This paper examines the surface tension of polystyrene melts using Axisymmetric Drop Shape Analysis (ADSA) at high temperatures. This thesis focuses on attaining a stable pendant drop during experiments and modifying experimental designs. The method is verified by experiments in the air and nitrogen, where reproducibility tests and statistical analyses are performed. The surface tension of polystyrene (PS) that melts in supercritical carbon dioxide is obtained while the gas solubility is correlated with the surface tension value determined under various conditions. The Sanchez-Lacombe (S-L) equation of state (EOS) is applied to estimate the Pressure-Volume-Temperature (PVT) data of the PS/supercritical-carbon-dioxide mixtures, which gives density data. The relationship between surface tension and density is described by the empirical Macleod equation. To characterize the stability of pendant drops formed by the polymer melt, the Bond number is found to be useful; in particular, a stable pendant drop is obtained when the Bond number is between 0.4 and 0.8. This thesis presents experimental results of the surface tension of polystyrene in supercritical carbon dioxide, together with theoretical calculations for a corresponding system. The surface tension is determined by Axisymmetric Drop Shape Analysis-Profile (ADSA-P), where a high pressure and temperature cell is designed and constructed to facilitate the formation of a pendant drop of polystyrene melt. Self-consistent field theory (SCFT) calculations are applied to simulate the surface tension of a corresponding system, and a good agreement with the experiment is obtained. The physical mechanisms for three main experimental trends are explained using SCFT, and none of the explanations depend on the configurational entropy of the polymer constituents. These calculations therefore rationalize the use of simple liquid models for the quantitative prediction of surface tensions of polymers. As pressure and temperature increase, the surface tension of polystyrene decreases. A linear relationship is found between surface tension and temperature, and between surface tension and pressure; the rate of surface tension change with temperature is dependent on pressure. A linear relationship is found between surface tension and temperature, and between surface tension and pressure within a temperature range of 170-210C and a pressure range of 500-2,000 psi. Two monodisperse polystyrenes of Mw ~ 100,000 and Mw ~400,000 and a polydisperse polystyrene were investigated to show the temperature and pressure effect on the surface tension in supercritical nitrogen. Regardless of the molecular weight and polydispersity, the surface tension of polystyrenes decreases as the pressure and temperature increase. Monodisperse polystyrene of a higher molecular weight has a higher surface tension by 6-9 mJ/m2 at each experimental condition. The surface tension dependence on temperature and on pressure is more significant for the higher molecular weight polystyrene; the surface tension has been varied more in the higher molecular weight polystyrene than in the lower molecular weigh polystyrene. For a polydisperse polystyrene, high surface tension values seem to be determined predominantly by its high molecular weight portion of polystyrene molecules. An empirical equation was generated to relate surface tension to the density difference between the polymer and supercritical nitrogen. This research should have implications in understanding polymer foaming processes and have application in various polymer engineering fields including polymer characterizations, polymer synthesis, and surface modifications.

This work approaches the problem of triangulating algebraic curves/surfaces with a subdivision-style algorithm using A-Patches. An implicit algebraic curve is converted from the monomial basis to the bivariate Bernstein-Bezier basis while implicit algebraic surfaces are converted to the trivariate Bernstein basis. The basis is then used to determine the scalar coefficients of the A-patch, which are used to find whether or not the patch contains a separation layer of coefficients. Those that have such a separation have only a single sheet of the surface passing through the domain while one that has all positive or negative coefficients does not contain a zero-set of the surface. Ambiguous cases are resolved by subdividing the structure into a set of smaller patches and repeating the algorithm. Using A-patches to generate a tessellation of the surface has potential advantages by reducing the amount of subdivision required compared to other subdivision algorithms and guarantees a single-sheeted surface passing through it. This revelation allows the tessellation of surfaces with acute features and perturbed features in greater accuracy.

Nowadays, the polishing process is one of the most important steps of the manufacturing of moulds and dies. Occupying up to 40% of the total production time and cost, it is decisive for the final appearance and quality of a surface. Because of its complexity, the polishing is mainly carried out manually; and the final quality depends of the expertise of the operator. That is why an automation of the polishing process is necessary. The purpose of this project was to find out the optimized sequence of polishing for a Mirrax ESR steel (Uddeholm Tooling AB) using the Strecon RAP-200 (robot assisted polishing equipment). Using a Design of Experiment, the machine parameters were tested in order to better understand their influences and interactions. The report starts with a description of general polishing knowledge and ends up with the results from a Design of Experiment. The information from this test are a first step in the evaluation of the Strecon RAP-200. Even if many results have been found out, only four parameters have been tested, and to be able to optimize the polishing sequence, further studies need to be carried out.

Examensarbetets mål är att rengöra en diamantkomposit med en ytrengöringsmetod. Metoden skulle vara mera effektiv än den manuella sandblästring som används idag för att ytrengöra detaljen. Detaljen är liten och har ett vitalt spår som ska rengöras. Detta ställer höga krav på effektiva metoder. De metoder som tas upp teoretiskt i examensarbetet är bland annat blästring, trumling och laserrengöring. Ett urval av metoderna testades. Den metod som utmärkte sig främst I testerna var automatisksandblästring. Det gav lika bra resultat som manuell sandblästring men på en bråkdel av tiden som det tog för manuellsandblästring. Det gjordes även en investeringsberäkning i examensarbetet och den gav att trumling var den billigaste metoden. Slutsatsen är att automatisk sandblästring bör användas som metod. Metoden gav ett bättre resultat än övriga metoder och var mindre arbetskrävande än manuell sandblästring. / This goal of the thesis´ is to surface finish a diamond with an appropriate method. The method should be more effective than manual sandblasting, the current method in use. The part is small and it has a vital track that must be surface cleaned. This puts great demands on effective methods. The methods that are mentioned theoretically in the thesis are automatic sandblasting, tumbling and laser cleaning. A couple of methods were tested and evaluated. Automatic sandblasting was found to be most effective. That method gave an equal result compared to the manual sandblasting but with a fraction of the time compared to manual sandblasting. Within the thesis a capital budgeting have been done. The conclusion of the thesis was that the automatic sandblasting machine should be used.

The surface tension of an interface separating two bulk phases is one of the most widely studied properties in surface science research. The importance of surface or interfacial tension is reflected in the diverse number of applications which are influenced by surface tension related effects. This thesis represents a comprehensive experimental and theoretical investigation on molecular adsorption and surface tension from a class of organic compounds in aqueous solutions. The research illustrates the effect of both liquid and vapor phase adsorption on the interfacial properties. Adsorption from both sides of the vapor/liquid interface is considered simultaneously rather than exclusive of one another, which has been the conventional practice. In the experimental study, the surface tension of a number of different volatile organic compounds is measured using the Axisymmetric Drop Shape Analysis-Profile (ADSA-P) method. The experiments were performed in a controlled environment under conditions where the surface tension can be affected by both vapor and liquid phase adsorption. The vapor phase was exerted by the presence of an environment solution containing the same organic component as in the drop solution. The results show that initially the surface tension is influenced by the organic concentration in both the liquid and the vapor phase. At the final steady-state the liquid phase becomes less important and the primary factor influencing the surface tension is the vapor phase concentration. The ADSA-P technique is verified by reproducing a select number of cases using the Wilhelmy plate method. A possible consequence of the surface tension phenomenon is illustrated through time-dependent contact angle experiments. The behavior of the interface at steady-state conditions is investigated by measuring the surface tension response to a change in drop volume. It is concluded that the organic compounds considered in the current study may represent a rather general group of molecules whose surface behavior is unique to that of many conventional surfactants. In the theoretical study an empirical model is proposed to describe the relation between the steady-state surface tension and the concentration of the environment and drop solutions. The results confirm the experimental observation that the final steady-state surface tension is determined primarily by the organic concentration in the vapor phase. In addition, a modified adsorption isotherm is developed to account for simultaneous adsorption from both sides of the vapor/liquid interface at steady-state conditions. The derivation is based upon the classic Langmuir analysis, and the new equation is consistent with the Langmuir isotherm under traditional conditions where adsorption occurs from one side of the interface. The modified isotherm is shown to be consistent with the experimental data and is used to generate the equilibrium parameters for three of the systems studied in this research. The adsorption isotherm is then extended to model the dynamic adsorption process through the creation of a new kinetic transfer equation. As with the adsorption isotherm, the transfer equation is based on Langmuir kinetics and is capable of simulating adsorption from both sides of the interface during surface equilibration. The kinetic transfer equation is validated against experimental data from two systems which exhibit a transfer-controlled adsorption mechanism. The theoretical predictions from the transfer equation fit well with the experimental data for both systems. However, significant variability is observed in the least squares estimates of the kinetic rate constants. The variability is attributed to the limitations of empirical models that utilize adjustable fitting parameters to optimize the model predictions, and the wide range of surfactant concentrations studied. Specific concentration regions are identified where the variability in the rate constants is minimal and thus, where the model is most appropriate.

Interfacial tension provides valuable information about polymer processes such as foaming, particle (pigment) suspension, wetting, and blending. Among the methods commonly used to measure surface tension, drop shape methods entail several advantages such as simplicity and versatility. The profile of the drop, which is determined by the balance between gravity and surface forces, is easily defined. The surface tension is obtained from the profile of the drop. Recent progress in image analysis and data acquisition systems makes it possible to digitalize drop images directly using a video frame grabber with a digital camera. The digital signals are easily analyzed using different algorithms to determine the surface/interfacial tension from the drop profile. This study concentrates on one of the drop methods, the pendant drop method, which involves the determination of a drop profile of one dense liquid suspended in another liquid at mechanical equilibrium. Despite theoretical simplicity of using sessile and pendant drops for determining the surface tension of polymer melts, research in this area is limited because of the experimental difficulty associated with maintaining equilibrium of highly viscous melts. This paper examines the surface tension of polystyrene melts using Axisymmetric Drop Shape Analysis (ADSA) at high temperatures. This thesis focuses on attaining a stable pendant drop during experiments and modifying experimental designs. The method is verified by experiments in the air and nitrogen, where reproducibility tests and statistical analyses are performed. The surface tension of polystyrene (PS) that melts in supercritical carbon dioxide is obtained while the gas solubility is correlated with the surface tension value determined under various conditions. The Sanchez-Lacombe (S-L) equation of state (EOS) is applied to estimate the Pressure-Volume-Temperature (PVT) data of the PS/supercritical-carbon-dioxide mixtures, which gives density data. The relationship between surface tension and density is described by the empirical Macleod equation. To characterize the stability of pendant drops formed by the polymer melt, the Bond number is found to be useful; in particular, a stable pendant drop is obtained when the Bond number is between 0.4 and 0.8. This thesis presents experimental results of the surface tension of polystyrene in supercritical carbon dioxide, together with theoretical calculations for a corresponding system. The surface tension is determined by Axisymmetric Drop Shape Analysis-Profile (ADSA-P), where a high pressure and temperature cell is designed and constructed to facilitate the formation of a pendant drop of polystyrene melt. Self-consistent field theory (SCFT) calculations are applied to simulate the surface tension of a corresponding system, and a good agreement with the experiment is obtained. The physical mechanisms for three main experimental trends are explained using SCFT, and none of the explanations depend on the configurational entropy of the polymer constituents. These calculations therefore rationalize the use of simple liquid models for the quantitative prediction of surface tensions of polymers. As pressure and temperature increase, the surface tension of polystyrene decreases. A linear relationship is found between surface tension and temperature, and between surface tension and pressure; the rate of surface tension change with temperature is dependent on pressure. A linear relationship is found between surface tension and temperature, and between surface tension and pressure within a temperature range of 170-210C and a pressure range of 500-2,000 psi. Two monodisperse polystyrenes of Mw ~ 100,000 and Mw ~400,000 and a polydisperse polystyrene were investigated to show the temperature and pressure effect on the surface tension in supercritical nitrogen. Regardless of the molecular weight and polydispersity, the surface tension of polystyrenes decreases as the pressure and temperature increase. Monodisperse polystyrene of a higher molecular weight has a higher surface tension by 6-9 mJ/m2 at each experimental condition. The surface tension dependence on temperature and on pressure is more significant for the higher molecular weight polystyrene; the surface tension has been varied more in the higher molecular weight polystyrene than in the lower molecular weigh polystyrene. For a polydisperse polystyrene, high surface tension values seem to be determined predominantly by its high molecular weight portion of polystyrene molecules. An empirical equation was generated to relate surface tension to the density difference between the polymer and supercritical nitrogen. This research should have implications in understanding polymer foaming processes and have application in various polymer engineering fields including polymer characterizations, polymer synthesis, and surface modifications.

This work approaches the problem of triangulating algebraic curves/surfaces with a subdivision-style algorithm using A-Patches. An implicit algebraic curve is converted from the monomial basis to the bivariate Bernstein-Bezier basis while implicit algebraic surfaces are converted to the trivariate Bernstein basis. The basis is then used to determine the scalar coefficients of the A-patch, which are used to find whether or not the patch contains a separation layer of coefficients. Those that have such a separation have only a single sheet of the surface passing through the domain while one that has all positive or negative coefficients does not contain a zero-set of the surface. Ambiguous cases are resolved by subdividing the structure into a set of smaller patches and repeating the algorithm. Using A-patches to generate a tessellation of the surface has potential advantages by reducing the amount of subdivision required compared to other subdivision algorithms and guarantees a single-sheeted surface passing through it. This revelation allows the tessellation of surfaces with acute features and perturbed features in greater accuracy.

The virtual worlds of Computer Graphics are populated by geometric objects, called models. Researchers have addressed the problem of synthesizing models automatically. Traditional modeling approaches often require a user to guide the synthesis process and to look after the geometry being synthesized, but user attention is expensive, and reducing user interaction is therefore desirable. I present a scheme for the automatic creation of geometry by deforming surfaces. My scheme includes a novel surface representation; it is an explicit representation consisting of points and edges, but it is not a traditional polygonal mesh. The novel surface representation is paired with a resampling policy to control the surface density and its evolution during deformation. The surface deforms with velocities assigned to its points through a set of deformation operators. Deformation operators avoid the manual computation and assignment of velocities, the operators allow a user to interactively assign velocities with minimal effort. Additionally, Petri nets are used to automatically deform a surface by mimicking a user assigning deformation operators. Furthermore, I present an algorithm to translate from the novel surface representations to a polygonal mesh. I demonstrate the utility of my model generation scheme with a gallery of models created automatically. The scheme's surface representation and resampling policy enables a surface to deform without requiring a user to control the deformation; self-intersections and hole creation are automatically prevented. The generated models show that my scheme is well suited to create organic-like models, whose surfaces have smooth transitions between surface features, but can also produce other kinds of models. My scheme allows a user to automatically generate varied instances of richly detailed models with minimal user interaction.