Climate change will pose increasing challenges to forest managers working to achieve sustainable forest management in the boreal forest. A logical starting point for climate change adaptation is to proactively identify management practices and policies that have a higher likelihood of achieving management objectives across a wide range of potential climate futures. This research implemented an approach to identifying such measures by tapping into the experiential knowledge base of local forest practitioners. The assessment was organized according to a structured decision-making (SDM) approach. Northern forest practitioners consider the goals of climate change adaptation to be synonymous with those of sustainable forest management indicating that the criteria for the conservation and sustainable management of boreal forests as defined by the Montréal Process are suitable objectives against which the performance of alternative adaptation options can be assessed. The case study area for this research was the Champagne and Aishihik Traditional Territory of southwest Yukon where a climatically-driven, large-scale spruce bark beetle disturbance has been driving forest management planning yet climate change considerations have not been directly addressed in the planning process. Twenty-four adaptation options were identified as being important to implement in forest development areas to achieve regional goals and objectives of forest management across three scenarios of climate change. In addition, the performance of alternative strategies to re-establish forests was assessed. Results indicate that the applicability of alternative forest renewal adaptation strategies is strongly related to the objectives of forest management which differed across the forest management planning area. However, since none of the strategies were judged to perform highly across any of the scenarios of climate change, additional work is needed to explore whether a threshold of acceptability can be met even with the adoption of adjustments to forest management policies and practices. If not, management objectives themselves may need to be revised. An extensive list of research and monitoring needs were also identified, an indication that climate change is providing the imperative for a more comprehensive research and monitoring program to support the sustainable management of forest resources in this region. The next steps in a SDM approach are to implement adaptation options and strategies deemed appropriate and to monitor their performance in achieving management objectives within an adaptive management context.

Climate change will pose increasing challenges to forest managers working to achieve sustainable forest management in the boreal forest. A logical starting point for climate change adaptation is to proactively identify management practices and policies that have a higher likelihood of achieving management objectives across a wide range of potential climate futures. This research implemented an approach to identifying such measures by tapping into the experiential knowledge base of local forest practitioners. The assessment was organized according to a structured decision-making (SDM) approach. Northern forest practitioners consider the goals of climate change adaptation to be synonymous with those of sustainable forest management indicating that the criteria for the conservation and sustainable management of boreal forests as defined by the Montréal Process are suitable objectives against which the performance of alternative adaptation options can be assessed. The case study area for this research was the Champagne and Aishihik Traditional Territory of southwest Yukon where a climatically-driven, large-scale spruce bark beetle disturbance has been driving forest management planning yet climate change considerations have not been directly addressed in the planning process. Twenty-four adaptation options were identified as being important to implement in forest development areas to achieve regional goals and objectives of forest management across three scenarios of climate change. In addition, the performance of alternative strategies to re-establish forests was assessed. Results indicate that the applicability of alternative forest renewal adaptation strategies is strongly related to the objectives of forest management which differed across the forest management planning area. However, since none of the strategies were judged to perform highly across any of the scenarios of climate change, additional work is needed to explore whether a threshold of acceptability can be met even with the adoption of adjustments to forest management policies and practices. If not, management objectives themselves may need to be revised. An extensive list of research and monitoring needs were also identified, an indication that climate change is providing the imperative for a more comprehensive research and monitoring program to support the sustainable management of forest resources in this region. The next steps in a SDM approach are to implement adaptation options and strategies deemed appropriate and to monitor their performance in achieving management objectives within an adaptive management context.

A deterioração das florestas nativas, apesar de já ter motivado preocupações relacionadas à sustentabilidade e incentivado a aplicação de práticas de Gerenciamento Sustentável na Produção de Madeira - GSPM (Sustained Yield Timber Management – SYTM), está ocorrendo a substituição desse conceito pelo conceito de Gerenciamento Florestal Sustentável - GFS (Sustainable Forest Management – SFM). O GFS se diferencia do GSPM, pois extrapola a concepção de produção. Ele é orientado para a gestão das florestas numa perspectiva global, incluindo a preocupação com as gerações futuras e integrando os aspectos sociais e ecológicos, numa ótica de “reflorestamento sustentável”. Como decorrência desses movimentos, as agroindústrias florestais vêm sendo pressionadas a tomar decisões baseadas em princípios de sustentabilidade e, em face do conceito de cadeias produtivas, impulsionam todos os demais elos da cadeia à certificação, orientada pelos mesmos princípios. No Brasil, atualmente, acontece um processo que espelha este momento no Sistema Agroindustrial de Acácia Negra, situado unicamente no Rio Grande do Sul. Porém, isso ocorre num contexto complexo, implicando em decisões ambíguas e arriscadas no âmbito dos ecossistemas florestais que, quando orientadas à sustentabilidade, devem contemplar outros valores e racionalidades, evoluindo da lógica econômica tradicional para a lógica da Economia Ecológica. Assim, parte-se da seguinte questão: existe uma pluralidade de motivações ou unicamente o auto-interesse rege os produtores florestais na tomada de decisão acerca da certificação FSC? O objetivo é analisar a tomada de decisão de acacicultores, fornecedores do Grupo SETA S.A., diante da necessidade de adaptação das unidades de manejo à certificação. Como metodologia incorpora-se a Post-normal science, a ciência que atribui à decisão um papel de extrema relevância no tratamento dos problemas atuais — onde os fatos são incertos, os valores divergentes, os riscos altos e as decisões urgentes. Como resultado identificam-se decisões fundamentadas especialmente com base na maximização do auto-interesse, mas que incluem também o empenho por objetivos desvinculados a este. / The deterioration of native forests, although having caused sustainability-related concerns and, consequently, the application of Sustained Yield Timber Management – SYTM - practices, is giving way to the replacement of such concept with that of Sustainable Forest Management – SFM. SFM differs from SYTM in that it goes beyond the concept of production. It is dedicated to forest management under a global perspective, including the concern for future generations and the integration of social and ecological aspects based on a "sustainable reforestation" viewpoint. As a result of these movements, forest agro-industries have been under pressure to make decisions based on sustainability principles and, due to the concept of production chains, led the other links in the chain towards certification guided by the same principles. In Brazil, nowadays, a process reflecting this moment happens in the Black Acacia Agro-Industrial System, located exclusively in Rio Grande do Sul. However, it takes place in a complex system that requires ambiguous, bold decisions regarding forest ecosystems which, when directed towards sustainability, must take into consideration other values and rationales, evolving from the conventional economic logic to Ecological Economics. Hence, we start with the following question: is there plurality of reasons or does self-interest alone rule over forest producers in their decision making regarding FSC certification? The purpose is to analyze decisions made by acacia planters, suppliers of the Grupo SETA S.A., in face of the need to adapt management units to certification requirements. As for methods, we incorporate the Post-normal science, a science which ascribes to decision making a highly relevant role in the handling of current problems — in which facts are uncertain, values diverge, risks are high and decisions are urgent. As a result, we have identified that decisions are made primarily based on the maximization of self-interest, but also include efforts dedicated to objectives unrelated to it.

Esta dissertação aborda a análise custo-benefício (ACB) em manejo florestal sustentável (MFS) em Roraima, Unidade da Federação pertencente à Amazônia Legal que assim como os outros Estados sofrem com a falta de alternativas econômicas frente à pressão regional e internacional de não uso dos recursos da floresta. Por essa razão, este trabalho, procurou estudar a viabilidade da atividade de manejo florestal sustentável (MFS), a fim de subsidiar futuros empreendimentos que sejam ao mesmo tempo economicamente viável e ambientalmente corretos. Para alcançar tal objetivo foi necessário expor exaustivamente a corrente do desenvolvimento sustentável, tais como, sua origem, o contexto histórico, seus conceitos, tratados e convenções que asseguraram juridicamente o pensamento conservacionista. Além disso, foi preciso embasamento na Ciência Econômica, com o conteúdo transversal sobre a Curva de Kuznets, conceito de bens públicos e as implicâncias das externalidades no custo ambiental, bem como de contribuições de economistas como Pigou, Meadows e Tietenberg. Assim, também, indispensável foi inserir na discussão, dados, conceitos e o histórico da região em discussão qual seja, a Amazônia (especialmente a roraimense) bioma possuidor de apelo internacional haja vista sua indiscutível importância para o equilíbrio ambiental do Brasil e sua contribuição para todo o planeta terra. Por fim, conjugou-se a aplicação da ACB e suas ferramentas (como os método de valoração ambiental) com o manejo florestal sustentável (MFS) objetivando o alcance do desiderato inicial, qual seja, a viabilidade ou não de modelos de extração de madeira na Amazônia de Roraima. O resultado obtido foi de que, dos três modelos estudados apenas o modelo em manejo florestal sustentável (MFS) apresentou viabilidade econômica e ambiental, tendo em vista que nos dois primeiros modelos em sistema e produção convencional (um sem e outro com custo ambiental) não atenderam aos requisitos dos indicadores do estudo: valor presente líquido (VPL), taxa interna de retorno (TIR) e a razão B/C. Aliás, duas das análises que levaram em conta os custos dos impactos ambientais foram denominadas de análise custo-benefício ampliada ou ambiental (ACBA), que são variações ou alternativas ao modelo de ACB convencional ou simples. Desse modo, o benefício do modelo MFS supera seus custos o que torna atrativos para investidores privados e públicos, bem como para financiamento via fundos ambientais nacionais e internacionais ou via financiamento via Banco Mundial, Comunidade Européia, entre outros agentes de fomento. / This study approach the cost-benefit analysis (CBA) in sustainable forest management (SFM) in Roraima, Brazilian State owned by Amazon that just as other states suffer from a lack of economic alternatives facing the regional and international pressure not to use of forest resources. Therefore, this study sought to investigate the feasibility of the activity of sustainable forest management (SFM) in order to support future developments that are both economically viable and environmentally sound. To achieve this it was necessary to thoroughly expose the chain of sustainable development, such as its origin, historical context, its concepts, treaties and conventions which ensure legal thinking conservationist. Moreover, it was necessary grounding in economic science, with the content on the transverse Kuznets Curve, a concept of public goods and the implications of externalities in the environmental cost, as well as contributions from economists like Pigou, Meadows and Tietenberg. So, too, was essential to enter into the discussion, data, concepts and history of the region under discussion which is the Amazon (especially roraimense) biome possessed of international appeal has seen its unquestionable importance to the environmental balance of Brazil and its contribution to all the planet earth. Finally, conjugated to the implementation of the CBA and its tools (such as the valuation method) with sustainable forest management (SFM) in order to reach the first desideratum, namely, the feasibility or otherwise of models of logging on Amazon Roraima. The result was that the three models studied only the model in sustainable forest management (SFM) presented economic and environmental viability, given that the first two models and conventional production system (one without and one with environmental cost) is not met the requirements of the study indicators: net present value (NPV), internal rate of return (IRR) and the ratio B/C. Indeed, two of the analysis that took into account the costs of environmental impacts were identified as extended cost-benefit analysis or environmental (ACBA), which are a variation, or alternatives to the conventional model of CBA or simple. Thus, the benefit of the MFS model exceeds its cost which makes it attractive for private and public investors, as well as financing through national and international environmental funds or by funding through the World Bank, European Community, and other agents of promotion.

Esta dissertação aborda a análise custo-benefício (ACB) em manejo florestal sustentável (MFS) em Roraima, Unidade da Federação pertencente à Amazônia Legal que assim como os outros Estados sofrem com a falta de alternativas econômicas frente à pressão regional e internacional de não uso dos recursos da floresta. Por essa razão, este trabalho, procurou estudar a viabilidade da atividade de manejo florestal sustentável (MFS), a fim de subsidiar futuros empreendimentos que sejam ao mesmo tempo economicamente viável e ambientalmente corretos. Para alcançar tal objetivo foi necessário expor exaustivamente a corrente do desenvolvimento sustentável, tais como, sua origem, o contexto histórico, seus conceitos, tratados e convenções que asseguraram juridicamente o pensamento conservacionista. Além disso, foi preciso embasamento na Ciência Econômica, com o conteúdo transversal sobre a Curva de Kuznets, conceito de bens públicos e as implicâncias das externalidades no custo ambiental, bem como de contribuições de economistas como Pigou, Meadows e Tietenberg. Assim, também, indispensável foi inserir na discussão, dados, conceitos e o histórico da região em discussão qual seja, a Amazônia (especialmente a roraimense) bioma possuidor de apelo internacional haja vista sua indiscutível importância para o equilíbrio ambiental do Brasil e sua contribuição para todo o planeta terra. Por fim, conjugou-se a aplicação da ACB e suas ferramentas (como os método de valoração ambiental) com o manejo florestal sustentável (MFS) objetivando o alcance do desiderato inicial, qual seja, a viabilidade ou não de modelos de extração de madeira na Amazônia de Roraima. O resultado obtido foi de que, dos três modelos estudados apenas o modelo em manejo florestal sustentável (MFS) apresentou viabilidade econômica e ambiental, tendo em vista que nos dois primeiros modelos em sistema e produção convencional (um sem e outro com custo ambiental) não atenderam aos requisitos dos indicadores do estudo: valor presente líquido (VPL), taxa interna de retorno (TIR) e a razão B/C. Aliás, duas das análises que levaram em conta os custos dos impactos ambientais foram denominadas de análise custo-benefício ampliada ou ambiental (ACBA), que são variações ou alternativas ao modelo de ACB convencional ou simples. Desse modo, o benefício do modelo MFS supera seus custos o que torna atrativos para investidores privados e públicos, bem como para financiamento via fundos ambientais nacionais e internacionais ou via financiamento via Banco Mundial, Comunidade Européia, entre outros agentes de fomento. / This study approach the cost-benefit analysis (CBA) in sustainable forest management (SFM) in Roraima, Brazilian State owned by Amazon that just as other states suffer from a lack of economic alternatives facing the regional and international pressure not to use of forest resources. Therefore, this study sought to investigate the feasibility of the activity of sustainable forest management (SFM) in order to support future developments that are both economically viable and environmentally sound. To achieve this it was necessary to thoroughly expose the chain of sustainable development, such as its origin, historical context, its concepts, treaties and conventions which ensure legal thinking conservationist. Moreover, it was necessary grounding in economic science, with the content on the transverse Kuznets Curve, a concept of public goods and the implications of externalities in the environmental cost, as well as contributions from economists like Pigou, Meadows and Tietenberg. So, too, was essential to enter into the discussion, data, concepts and history of the region under discussion which is the Amazon (especially roraimense) biome possessed of international appeal has seen its unquestionable importance to the environmental balance of Brazil and its contribution to all the planet earth. Finally, conjugated to the implementation of the CBA and its tools (such as the valuation method) with sustainable forest management (SFM) in order to reach the first desideratum, namely, the feasibility or otherwise of models of logging on Amazon Roraima. The result was that the three models studied only the model in sustainable forest management (SFM) presented economic and environmental viability, given that the first two models and conventional production system (one without and one with environmental cost) is not met the requirements of the study indicators: net present value (NPV), internal rate of return (IRR) and the ratio B/C. Indeed, two of the analysis that took into account the costs of environmental impacts were identified as extended cost-benefit analysis or environmental (ACBA), which are a variation, or alternatives to the conventional model of CBA or simple. Thus, the benefit of the MFS model exceeds its cost which makes it attractive for private and public investors, as well as financing through national and international environmental funds or by funding through the World Bank, European Community, and other agents of promotion.

A deterioração das florestas nativas, apesar de já ter motivado preocupações relacionadas à sustentabilidade e incentivado a aplicação de práticas de Gerenciamento Sustentável na Produção de Madeira - GSPM (Sustained Yield Timber Management – SYTM), está ocorrendo a substituição desse conceito pelo conceito de Gerenciamento Florestal Sustentável - GFS (Sustainable Forest Management – SFM). O GFS se diferencia do GSPM, pois extrapola a concepção de produção. Ele é orientado para a gestão das florestas numa perspectiva global, incluindo a preocupação com as gerações futuras e integrando os aspectos sociais e ecológicos, numa ótica de “reflorestamento sustentável”. Como decorrência desses movimentos, as agroindústrias florestais vêm sendo pressionadas a tomar decisões baseadas em princípios de sustentabilidade e, em face do conceito de cadeias produtivas, impulsionam todos os demais elos da cadeia à certificação, orientada pelos mesmos princípios. No Brasil, atualmente, acontece um processo que espelha este momento no Sistema Agroindustrial de Acácia Negra, situado unicamente no Rio Grande do Sul. Porém, isso ocorre num contexto complexo, implicando em decisões ambíguas e arriscadas no âmbito dos ecossistemas florestais que, quando orientadas à sustentabilidade, devem contemplar outros valores e racionalidades, evoluindo da lógica econômica tradicional para a lógica da Economia Ecológica. Assim, parte-se da seguinte questão: existe uma pluralidade de motivações ou unicamente o auto-interesse rege os produtores florestais na tomada de decisão acerca da certificação FSC? O objetivo é analisar a tomada de decisão de acacicultores, fornecedores do Grupo SETA S.A., diante da necessidade de adaptação das unidades de manejo à certificação. Como metodologia incorpora-se a Post-normal science, a ciência que atribui à decisão um papel de extrema relevância no tratamento dos problemas atuais — onde os fatos são incertos, os valores divergentes, os riscos altos e as decisões urgentes. Como resultado identificam-se decisões fundamentadas especialmente com base na maximização do auto-interesse, mas que incluem também o empenho por objetivos desvinculados a este. / The deterioration of native forests, although having caused sustainability-related concerns and, consequently, the application of Sustained Yield Timber Management – SYTM - practices, is giving way to the replacement of such concept with that of Sustainable Forest Management – SFM. SFM differs from SYTM in that it goes beyond the concept of production. It is dedicated to forest management under a global perspective, including the concern for future generations and the integration of social and ecological aspects based on a "sustainable reforestation" viewpoint. As a result of these movements, forest agro-industries have been under pressure to make decisions based on sustainability principles and, due to the concept of production chains, led the other links in the chain towards certification guided by the same principles. In Brazil, nowadays, a process reflecting this moment happens in the Black Acacia Agro-Industrial System, located exclusively in Rio Grande do Sul. However, it takes place in a complex system that requires ambiguous, bold decisions regarding forest ecosystems which, when directed towards sustainability, must take into consideration other values and rationales, evolving from the conventional economic logic to Ecological Economics. Hence, we start with the following question: is there plurality of reasons or does self-interest alone rule over forest producers in their decision making regarding FSC certification? The purpose is to analyze decisions made by acacia planters, suppliers of the Grupo SETA S.A., in face of the need to adapt management units to certification requirements. As for methods, we incorporate the Post-normal science, a science which ascribes to decision making a highly relevant role in the handling of current problems — in which facts are uncertain, values diverge, risks are high and decisions are urgent. As a result, we have identified that decisions are made primarily based on the maximization of self-interest, but also include efforts dedicated to objectives unrelated to it.

Esta dissertação aborda a análise custo-benefício (ACB) em manejo florestal sustentável (MFS) em Roraima, Unidade da Federação pertencente à Amazônia Legal que assim como os outros Estados sofrem com a falta de alternativas econômicas frente à pressão regional e internacional de não uso dos recursos da floresta. Por essa razão, este trabalho, procurou estudar a viabilidade da atividade de manejo florestal sustentável (MFS), a fim de subsidiar futuros empreendimentos que sejam ao mesmo tempo economicamente viável e ambientalmente corretos. Para alcançar tal objetivo foi necessário expor exaustivamente a corrente do desenvolvimento sustentável, tais como, sua origem, o contexto histórico, seus conceitos, tratados e convenções que asseguraram juridicamente o pensamento conservacionista. Além disso, foi preciso embasamento na Ciência Econômica, com o conteúdo transversal sobre a Curva de Kuznets, conceito de bens públicos e as implicâncias das externalidades no custo ambiental, bem como de contribuições de economistas como Pigou, Meadows e Tietenberg. Assim, também, indispensável foi inserir na discussão, dados, conceitos e o histórico da região em discussão qual seja, a Amazônia (especialmente a roraimense) bioma possuidor de apelo internacional haja vista sua indiscutível importância para o equilíbrio ambiental do Brasil e sua contribuição para todo o planeta terra. Por fim, conjugou-se a aplicação da ACB e suas ferramentas (como os método de valoração ambiental) com o manejo florestal sustentável (MFS) objetivando o alcance do desiderato inicial, qual seja, a viabilidade ou não de modelos de extração de madeira na Amazônia de Roraima. O resultado obtido foi de que, dos três modelos estudados apenas o modelo em manejo florestal sustentável (MFS) apresentou viabilidade econômica e ambiental, tendo em vista que nos dois primeiros modelos em sistema e produção convencional (um sem e outro com custo ambiental) não atenderam aos requisitos dos indicadores do estudo: valor presente líquido (VPL), taxa interna de retorno (TIR) e a razão B/C. Aliás, duas das análises que levaram em conta os custos dos impactos ambientais foram denominadas de análise custo-benefício ampliada ou ambiental (ACBA), que são variações ou alternativas ao modelo de ACB convencional ou simples. Desse modo, o benefício do modelo MFS supera seus custos o que torna atrativos para investidores privados e públicos, bem como para financiamento via fundos ambientais nacionais e internacionais ou via financiamento via Banco Mundial, Comunidade Européia, entre outros agentes de fomento. / This study approach the cost-benefit analysis (CBA) in sustainable forest management (SFM) in Roraima, Brazilian State owned by Amazon that just as other states suffer from a lack of economic alternatives facing the regional and international pressure not to use of forest resources. Therefore, this study sought to investigate the feasibility of the activity of sustainable forest management (SFM) in order to support future developments that are both economically viable and environmentally sound. To achieve this it was necessary to thoroughly expose the chain of sustainable development, such as its origin, historical context, its concepts, treaties and conventions which ensure legal thinking conservationist. Moreover, it was necessary grounding in economic science, with the content on the transverse Kuznets Curve, a concept of public goods and the implications of externalities in the environmental cost, as well as contributions from economists like Pigou, Meadows and Tietenberg. So, too, was essential to enter into the discussion, data, concepts and history of the region under discussion which is the Amazon (especially roraimense) biome possessed of international appeal has seen its unquestionable importance to the environmental balance of Brazil and its contribution to all the planet earth. Finally, conjugated to the implementation of the CBA and its tools (such as the valuation method) with sustainable forest management (SFM) in order to reach the first desideratum, namely, the feasibility or otherwise of models of logging on Amazon Roraima. The result was that the three models studied only the model in sustainable forest management (SFM) presented economic and environmental viability, given that the first two models and conventional production system (one without and one with environmental cost) is not met the requirements of the study indicators: net present value (NPV), internal rate of return (IRR) and the ratio B/C. Indeed, two of the analysis that took into account the costs of environmental impacts were identified as extended cost-benefit analysis or environmental (ACBA), which are a variation, or alternatives to the conventional model of CBA or simple. Thus, the benefit of the MFS model exceeds its cost which makes it attractive for private and public investors, as well as financing through national and international environmental funds or by funding through the World Bank, European Community, and other agents of promotion.

A deterioração das florestas nativas, apesar de já ter motivado preocupações relacionadas à sustentabilidade e incentivado a aplicação de práticas de Gerenciamento Sustentável na Produção de Madeira - GSPM (Sustained Yield Timber Management – SYTM), está ocorrendo a substituição desse conceito pelo conceito de Gerenciamento Florestal Sustentável - GFS (Sustainable Forest Management – SFM). O GFS se diferencia do GSPM, pois extrapola a concepção de produção. Ele é orientado para a gestão das florestas numa perspectiva global, incluindo a preocupação com as gerações futuras e integrando os aspectos sociais e ecológicos, numa ótica de “reflorestamento sustentável”. Como decorrência desses movimentos, as agroindústrias florestais vêm sendo pressionadas a tomar decisões baseadas em princípios de sustentabilidade e, em face do conceito de cadeias produtivas, impulsionam todos os demais elos da cadeia à certificação, orientada pelos mesmos princípios. No Brasil, atualmente, acontece um processo que espelha este momento no Sistema Agroindustrial de Acácia Negra, situado unicamente no Rio Grande do Sul. Porém, isso ocorre num contexto complexo, implicando em decisões ambíguas e arriscadas no âmbito dos ecossistemas florestais que, quando orientadas à sustentabilidade, devem contemplar outros valores e racionalidades, evoluindo da lógica econômica tradicional para a lógica da Economia Ecológica. Assim, parte-se da seguinte questão: existe uma pluralidade de motivações ou unicamente o auto-interesse rege os produtores florestais na tomada de decisão acerca da certificação FSC? O objetivo é analisar a tomada de decisão de acacicultores, fornecedores do Grupo SETA S.A., diante da necessidade de adaptação das unidades de manejo à certificação. Como metodologia incorpora-se a Post-normal science, a ciência que atribui à decisão um papel de extrema relevância no tratamento dos problemas atuais — onde os fatos são incertos, os valores divergentes, os riscos altos e as decisões urgentes. Como resultado identificam-se decisões fundamentadas especialmente com base na maximização do auto-interesse, mas que incluem também o empenho por objetivos desvinculados a este. / The deterioration of native forests, although having caused sustainability-related concerns and, consequently, the application of Sustained Yield Timber Management – SYTM - practices, is giving way to the replacement of such concept with that of Sustainable Forest Management – SFM. SFM differs from SYTM in that it goes beyond the concept of production. It is dedicated to forest management under a global perspective, including the concern for future generations and the integration of social and ecological aspects based on a "sustainable reforestation" viewpoint. As a result of these movements, forest agro-industries have been under pressure to make decisions based on sustainability principles and, due to the concept of production chains, led the other links in the chain towards certification guided by the same principles. In Brazil, nowadays, a process reflecting this moment happens in the Black Acacia Agro-Industrial System, located exclusively in Rio Grande do Sul. However, it takes place in a complex system that requires ambiguous, bold decisions regarding forest ecosystems which, when directed towards sustainability, must take into consideration other values and rationales, evolving from the conventional economic logic to Ecological Economics. Hence, we start with the following question: is there plurality of reasons or does self-interest alone rule over forest producers in their decision making regarding FSC certification? The purpose is to analyze decisions made by acacia planters, suppliers of the Grupo SETA S.A., in face of the need to adapt management units to certification requirements. As for methods, we incorporate the Post-normal science, a science which ascribes to decision making a highly relevant role in the handling of current problems — in which facts are uncertain, values diverge, risks are high and decisions are urgent. As a result, we have identified that decisions are made primarily based on the maximization of self-interest, but also include efforts dedicated to objectives unrelated to it.

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No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Mayara Cristina Gomes de Faria - 2016.pdf: 8381719 bytes, checksum: e21b1409155b638b13959bc6c5c60f9e (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-04-25 / Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPq / In Cerrado there are about 6.500 species of woody flora, more than 40% are endemic, little known and poorly studied from the point of wood quality. The objective of this study is to determine timber potential from tree species that belongs to Cerrado biome, aiming the correct utilization to support sustainable forest management. Twenty two (22) woody species were selected for sampling, when radial trunk nondestructive samples (at diameter at breast height - DBH) were taken, using a increment probe and a motorized extractor metal probe. In the collected samples, the following variables were evaluated: wood density by x-ray densitometry and anatomical characteristics (dimensions of the vessels and fibers) and energy (carbon, ash and volatiles). Minimum wood density ranged from 0,36 to 0,72 g / cm³, while the maximum from 0,75 to 1,21 g / cm³. Radial profiles of density variation of the species showed two different patterns, being them crescent or stable in the direction of pith-bark. Studied species showed a variation of 900,5 to 2052,9 μm to length; 18,1 to 27,7 μm for width; 4,4 to 9,4 μm for the wall thickness and from 3,5 to 16,3 μm for the lumen diameter of the fibers. The species show between them, a common model of radial variation to the length and thickness of the fibers while the lumen diameter and width of the fibers have no common models between the species. For vessels the variation ranged from 29,2 to 155,6 μm for their diameter; 17,7 to 32,5% of occupied area and 2,6 to 165 vessels/mm². Density showed correlation with cell wall thickness of fibers, vessel diameter and percentage of area occupied by these. For the energy characteristics, the species show a variation of 74,0 to 83,7% for volatile materials content, 0,1 to 1,8% for ash content and 15,5 to 25,5% for fixed carbon content. Energy characteristics ash content, fixed carbon and volatiles are responsible for 70% of the data variance from principal component analysis data. Technological characterization of the wood were important tools for directing possible uses of the species and it can be considered as subsidies for future work and for sustainable forest management of timber forest resources, contributing to the diversification of exploited species and decrease the pressure on those who are at risk of extinction. / No Cerrado existem cerca de 6.500 espécies da flora lenhosa, sendo mais de 40% endêmicas e que são pouco conhecidas e estudadas do ponto de vista da qualidade da madeira. O objetivo da pesquisa é determinar o potencial madeireiro de espécies arbóreas do bioma Cerrado, visando a utilização correta para subsidiar o manejo florestal sustentável. Foram selecionadas 22 espécies arbóreas para a retirada de amostras radiais do tronco na altura do DAP (1,30 m) de forma não destrutiva, utilizando-se a sonda de incremento e a sonda metálica com extrator motorizado. Nas amostras coletadas foram avaliadas a densidade aparente por densitometria de raios X e as características anatômicas (dimensões dos vasos e fibras) e energéticas (teores de carbono, cinzas e voláteis). A densidade aparente mínima variou de 0,36-0,72 g/cm³, enquanto a máxima de 0,75-1,21 g/cm³. Os perfis radiais de variação da densidade aparente das espécies apresentaram dois diferentes padrões, sendo eles crescente ou estável na direção medula-casca. As espécies estudadas apresentaram uma variação de 900,5-2052,9 μm para o comprimento; 18,1-27,7 μm para a largura; 4,4-9,4 μm para espessura da parede e 3,5-16,3 μm para o diâmetro do lume das fibras. As espécies possuem entre elas um modelo de variação radial comum para o comprimento e espessura das fibras enquanto que o diâmetro do lume e largura das fibras não apresentam modelos comuns entre as espécies. Para os vasos a variação foi de 29,2-155,6 μm para o diâmetro; 17,7-32,5 % de área ocupada e 2,6-165 vasos/mm². A densidade apresentou correlações com a espessura da parede celular das fibras, diâmetro dos vasos e porcentagem de área ocupada por estes. Para as características energéticas as espécies apresentaram uma variação de 74,0-83,7% para o teor de materiais voláteis, 0,1-1,8% para o teor de cinzas e 15,5-25,5% para o teor de carbono fixo. As características energéticas teor de cinzas, carbono fixo e materiais voláteis são responsáveis por 70% da variância do conjunto de dados da análise de componentes principais. As caracterizações tecnológicas da madeira foram ferramentas importantes para o direcionamento de possíveis utilizações das espécies e serão subsídios para trabalhos futuros e para o manejo florestal sustentável dos recursos florestais madeireiros, contribuindo com a diversificação das espécies exploradas e diminuição da pressão sobre aquelas que estão em risco de extinção.

Climate change will pose increasing challenges to forest managers working to achieve sustainable forest management in the boreal forest. A logical starting point for climate change adaptation is to proactively identify management practices and policies that have a higher likelihood of achieving management objectives across a wide range of potential climate futures. This research implemented an approach to identifying such measures by tapping into the experiential knowledge base of local forest practitioners. The assessment was organized according to a structured decision-making (SDM) approach. Northern forest practitioners consider the goals of climate change adaptation to be synonymous with those of sustainable forest management indicating that the criteria for the conservation and sustainable management of boreal forests as defined by the Montréal Process are suitable objectives against which the performance of alternative adaptation options can be assessed. The case study area for this research was the Champagne and Aishihik Traditional Territory of southwest Yukon where a climatically-driven, large-scale spruce bark beetle disturbance has been driving forest management planning yet climate change considerations have not been directly addressed in the planning process. Twenty-four adaptation options were identified as being important to implement in forest development areas to achieve regional goals and objectives of forest management across three scenarios of climate change. In addition, the performance of alternative strategies to re-establish forests was assessed. Results indicate that the applicability of alternative forest renewal adaptation strategies is strongly related to the objectives of forest management which differed across the forest management planning area. However, since none of the strategies were judged to perform highly across any of the scenarios of climate change, additional work is needed to explore whether a threshold of acceptability can be met even with the adoption of adjustments to forest management policies and practices. If not, management objectives themselves may need to be revised. An extensive list of research and monitoring needs were also identified, an indication that climate change is providing the imperative for a more comprehensive research and monitoring program to support the sustainable management of forest resources in this region. The next steps in a SDM approach are to implement adaptation options and strategies deemed appropriate and to monitor their performance in achieving management objectives within an adaptive management context. / Forestry, Faculty of / Graduate