The aim of this study were two fold. First, the study investigated whether the reading speed and reading distance changed depending on which device was used. The other part of this study evaluated whether there was any correlation between the reading distance and the participants refractive errors. This was accomplished by measuring reading speed and reading distance during reading on different devices; smartphone, tablet and an A4-paper. The participants (n=26) first went through an eye examination and additional measurements to see if they met the criteria that was required for taking part in this study. After that the participants read six texts from the Swedish version of the standardized reading test IReST on three different devices; smartphone, tablet and paper. They read two texts per device where the first round tested the reading speed and the second round tested the reading distance. Later the reading distance for the different devices were compared with the participants refractive errors. There was a statistical significant difference for the reading distance between smartphone and tablet (p=0,026) and smartphone and paper (p=0,004). However there was no statistical significant difference in reading distance between tablet and paper (p=0,60). The study showed no statistical significant difference in reading speed between the different devices (p>0,05). A completed comparison between the reading distance of the different devices and the participants refractive error showed no statistical significant correlation (r<0,80). The study showed that there was an impact in reading distance due to which device that were used. There was a statistical significant difference in reading distance between smartphone and tablet and smartphone and paper. However, there was no difference in reading speed between the different devices. The correlation between the reading distance for the different devices and the participants refractive error was not statistically significant.

Purpose: Understanding how pupil size changes under different light conditions is important for refractive surgery, in contact lens fitting, as well as in the development of multifocal contact lenses. It is therefore of great value to have good measurement results and trustworthy methods. The accuracy and repeatability of the instruments used for these measurements are also critical.The purpose of this study was to investigate whether there was a potential relationship between the pupil diameter and the eye's refractive error with the use of the pupilometer incorporated within Sirius. A secondary purpose arose during the study, to evaluate the repeatability of the instrument Sirius. The null hypothesis of this study was; that pupil diameter is greater in myopes than hyperopes and emmetropes - that one would see a decrease in pupil diameter from myopes to emmetropes and also a decrease in pupil diameter from emmetropes to hyperopes. Method: There were 64 participants who took part in this study, aged between 20 to 36 years. Of these, three were excluded because they did not fit the inclusion criteria. The participants were divided into three different groups according to their spherical equivalent refractive errors: there were 26 myopes (range -7.75 D to -0.75 D), 17 emmetropes (range -0.50 D to +0.50 D), and 18 hyperopes (range + 0.75 D to + 5.75 D). Both eyes was measured. Pupil diameter was first measured in Sirius in a darkened room, where the computer was the only light source and the screen's brightness was dimmed. An objective refraction was done with the use of an autorefractor to get an estimated refractive value. Thereafter, retinoscopy was performed in a trial frame with a retinoscopy rack or loose trial lenses. The participants with higher astigmatism were also controlled with the use of the Jackson cross-cylinder. The pupil response was checked in all participants following pupil diameter measurements, to ensure that both eyes did not exhibit pupil defects. The result was analyzed with Excel and GraphPad Prism. Results: Since this study did not find any difference between the right and left eye, the data analysis was performed for right eye only. The mean and standard deviation (SD) of spherical equivalent power for myopes was -2.75 ±1.95 D, emmetropes -0.06 ±0.37 D and hyperopes +1.51 ±1.37 D. This study showed a weak trend between refractive error and pupil diameter, but no significant correlation between pupil diameter and the refractive state of the eye was evident, irrespective of lighting conditions; scotopic (p = 0.38), mesopic (p = 0.17) or photopic (p = 0.16). As expected, a clear decrease in pupil diameter with increased illumination intensity was found. A variance analysis (one-way, repeated measures ANOVA) was performed on the three different measurement in each illumination level, to confirm the repeatability of Sirius. The ICC values were 0.94 for scotopic, 0.87 for mesopic and 0.95 for photopic lighting conditions. Conclusuion: The study shows no significant correlation between pupil diameter and the refractive state of the eye over the range of -7.75 D to + 5.75 D. In this study, we also investigated the repeatability of the measurements values obtained with Sirius using the ICC; this showed that Sirius has a good repeatability in measuring pupil diameter in all three light levels.