No description available.

The purpose of this study was first to describe the clinical findings, case management and short-term outcome of horses with septic synovial structures over the last 25 years, and to identify risk factors and treatment modalities associated with specific short-term outcomes. Secondly, we wanted to evaluate a broad range real time polymerase chain reaction (RT PCR) assay for the diagnosis of septic synovitis from synovial fluid (SF) samples of horses, and compare its performance to currently available diagnostic methods. For the retrospective study, 367 cases met the inclusion criteria. Lavage of the synovial structure and endoscopic surgery were associated with an increased likelihood of discharge from hospital, however, none of the local antimicrobial delivery modalities were associated with a significant change in outcome. No significant improvement in hospital outcome of horses with septic synovitis was identified over the past 25 years. For the RT PCR study, 48 SF samples from horses with suspected septic synovitis were included, and RT PCR and microbial culture was performed on all samples. One additional RT PCR assay was performed on samples with discordant results or identification of dissimilar organisms. Thirty-eight percent of SF samples had positive culture results, and 42% of SF samples had positive RT PCR results. Sensitivity and specificity for the RT PCR assay relative to agreement of observers on the likelihood of infection were 87% and 72%, respectively, whereas for culture they were 56% and 86%, respectively (P=0.001). The combination of culture and RT PCR assay resulted in sensitivity and specificity of 85% and 81%, respectively. The broad range RT PCR assay was more sensitive than culture for identification of horses with septic synovitis. Further refinement of the RT PCR assay technique may facilitate use in a clinical setting. / Equine Guelph, University of Guelph

The objective of this study was to determine if administering epidural ketamine before or after the induction of a sodium urate crystal synovitis provides analgesia in dogs. In Part I, sixteen dogs were anesthetized with propofol (4 mg kg-1 intravenously). A sodium urate crystal synovitis was induced in the right stifle and allowed to develop for 12 hours. These dogs were again anesthetized with propofol and an epidural injection at the lumbosacral space of either ketamine (2 mg kg-1) or placebo (saline containing not more than 0.1 mg ml-1 benzethonium chloride) was performed. Analgesia was measured with a force platform and a numerical rating scale (NRS). Assessments were performed before and at 12, 14, 16, 18, 20 and 24 hours after the induction of synovitis. Vertical ground reaction forces were significantly decreased and numerical rating scale scores of total pain were significantly increased after the induction of synovitis in all dogs (p<0.05). No significant differences in ground reaction forces or total pain scores were measured between the ketamine and the control groups at any assessment period. In Part II, synovitis was induced in the right stifle as described in Part I. Epidural injections at the lumbosacral space followed immediately. Analgesia was assessed at 2, 4, 6, 8, and 12 hours after the epidural injection and the induction of synovitis. Dogs that received ketamine had significantly lower NRS scores two hours after treatment (p < 0.05). NRS scores did not differ between the two treatment groups at any other evaluation. Vertical ground reaction forces did not significantly differ between treatment groups at any assessment period. Results of this study indicate that ketamine, when administered epidurally at a dose of 2 mg kg-1 after the induction of a chemical synovitis, does not provide a significant level of analgesia. However, administration of ketamine immediately before the induction of synovitis resulted in a significantly decreased subjective pain score at two hours, but not at later evaluation periods. / Master of Science

Objective: To evaluate epidurally administered deracoxib and its ability to mediate clinical signs and effects of a sodium urate crystal-induced stifle synovitis in dogs, and to compare the effects of epidural versus subcutaneously injected deracoxib. Study Design: Experimental, randomized, double-blinded, placebo controlled modified cross over design. Animals or Study Population: 24 random source adult mixed breed dogs, 14 males and 10 females. Methods: Sodium urate crystals were used to create a stifle synovitis model to evaluate the effectiveness of administered deracoxib. Dogs were divided into four treatment groups; 3 mg/kg epidural deracoxib, 1.5 mg/kg epidural deracoxib, 3 mg/kg subcutaneous deracoxib and a placebo group (the vehicle for deracoxib was used). Force plate and subjective evaluations were performed at Time 0, 2, 4, 8, 12, and 24 hours post treatment. A repeated measures ANOVA with Bonferroni-corrected post-hoc comparisons was used to determine treatment effects. Results: Overall, peak vertical force (PVF) and vertical impulse (VI) were both significantly higher in all deracoxib treated dogs compared to placebo. Both 3 mg/kg epidural and subcutaneous deracoxib had significantly higher PVF and VI than 1.5 mg/kg epidural deracoxib. The overall pain score for all deracoxib treated dogs was significantly lower than the placebo treated dogs. Conclusions: Epidural deracoxib is effective at providing analgesia in an acute pain model, but it does not appear to be more effective than systemic administration. Clinical Relevance: The use of injectable deracoxib is effective in providing analgesia in acute inflammatory conditions of the stifle joint in dogs. / Master of Science

A ozonioterapia consiste na aplicação de ozônio medicinal, uma mistura de ozônio e oxigênio, que através das espécies reativas de oxigênio e produtos de lipoperoxidação exercem diversos efeitos no organismo como, melhora da oxigenação e metabolismo dos tecidos, angiogênese, aumento dos mecanismos antioxidantes, melhora do sistema imune, efeito anti-inflamatório, entre outros. Esta modalidade terapêutica já é amplamente estudada na medicina humana e vem sendo aplicada na medicina esportiva equina no tratamento de osteoartrite, porém sem estudos expressivos que comprovem sua segurança e eficácia. O objetivo do presente estudo é analisar os efeitos inflamatório e oxidante do ozônio medicinal em articulações sinoviais de equinos hígidos. Para tanto foram utilizadas 24 articulações tibiotársicas distribuídas aleatoriamente em três grupos. Nos grupos tratados foram realizadas três aplicações semanais de 15 ml de ozônio medicinal na concentração de 20 (GA) e 40 &micro;g/ml (GB), no total de 10 aplicações. Já no grupo controle, as articulações receberam três aplicações semanais de 15 ml de O2 (GC), também no total de dez aplicações. Foram realizados exames físico, de claudicação e ultrassonográfico, bem como análise do líquido sinovial, incluindo contagem total de células nucleadas e quantificação de proteína total, prostaglandina E2, Substância P, interleucina-1, interleucina-6, interleucina 10, fator de necrose tumoral-&#945;, ácido hialurônico (concentração e peso molecular) e condroitim sulfato. Para avaliação antioxidante no líquido sinovial foi determinada a atividade da superóxido desmutase e o burst oxidativo. Houve aumento da temperatura em GA e GB, os animais de GB apresentaram maior claudicação comparado aos demais grupos e observou-se aumento em todos os grupos dos escores ultrassonográficos. Na análise do líquido sinovial observou-se aumento nas contagens celulares de GA e GB, acompanhado de polimorfonucleares em GB, aumento da concentração de proteína no GA e GB, da atividade da superóxido desmutase e do índice de ativação em GA e diminuição da concentração de ácido hialurônico em todos os grupos e condroitim sulfato em GB e GC. Não houve diferença nas concentrações de PGE2, substância P, IL-1, IL-6, IL-10 e TNF-&#945;. A aplicação consecutiva do ozônio medicinal intra-articular provocou alterações ultrassonográficas e no exame de claudicação, mais perceptível na dose de 40 ug/mL. Estas alterações estão mais relacionadas à distensão articular causada pela infusão de gases do que aos efeitos inflamatórios provindos do O3, uma vez que as análises de líquido sinovial não mostraram relevante inflamação. Conclui-se que a aplicação intra-articular de ozônio medicinal em equinos é segura em ambas as doses, e que experimentos devem ser realizados utilizando-se animais com diferentes doenças articulares, para que os benefícios da ozonioterapia sejam evidenciados e compreendidos. / Ozone therapy consists of the application of medicinal ozone, a mixture of ozone and oxygen, which through reactive oxygen species and products of lipoperoxidation exert various effects on the body, such as improvement of tissue oxygenation and metabolism, angiogenesis, increase of antioxidant mechanisms, improvement of the immune system, anti-inflammatory effect, among others. This therapeutic modality is already widely studied in human medicine and has been applied in equine sports medicine in the treatment of osteoarthritis, but without expressive studies that prove its safety and efficacy. The objective of the present study is to analyze the inflammatory and oxidizing effects of medicinal ozone on synovial joints of healthy horses. Twenty-four tibiotarsic joints were randomly distributed in three groups. In the treated groups three weekly applications of 15 ml of medicinal ozone in the concentration of 20 (GA) and 40&micro;g / ml (GB) were carried out for a total of 10 applications. Already in the control group, the joints received three weekly applications of 15 ml of O2 (GC), also in the total of 10 applications. Physical, lameness and ultrasound examinations were performed, as well as synovial fluid analysis, including total nucleated cell count and quantification of total protein, prostaglandin E2, Substance P, interleukin-1, interleukin-6, interleukin-10, tumor necrosis factor-&#945;, hyaluronic acid (concentration and molecular weight) and chondroitin sulfate. For the antioxidant evaluation in the synovial fluid, the activity of the superoxide dismutase and the oxidative burst was determined. There was an increase in temperature in GA and GB, GB animals presented greater lameness compared to the other groups and an increase was observed in all groups of ultrasound scores. In the synovial fluid analysis, GA and GB cell counts were observed, followed by polymorphonuclear cells in GB, increased protein concentration in GA and GB, superoxide desmutase activity and activation index in GA, and decrease in concentration of Hyaluronic acid in all groups and chondrocyte sulfate in GB and CG. There was no difference in the concentrations of PGE2, substance P, IL-1, IL-6, IL-10 and TNF-&#945;. The consecutive application of intra-articular medicinal ozone caused ultrasonography changes and lameness, more noticeable at 40 ug / mL. These changes related more to joint distension caused by gas infusion than to inflammatory effects from O3, since synovial fluid analyzes did not show relevant inflammation. It is concluded that the intra-articular application of medical ozone in horses is safe in both doses, and that experiments must be performed using animals with different joint diseases, so that the benefits of ozonotherapy are evidenced and understood.

Diss. (sammanfattning) Stockholm : Karol. inst., 2003. / Härtill 4 uppsatser.

Orientador: Maria Elvira Pizzigatti Correa / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas. Faculdade de Odontologia de Piracicaba / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-15T16:05:51Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Feio_PatriciadoSocorroQueiroz_M.pdf: 2401000 bytes, checksum: ec8461997196edfbdd60b22b52c1dc43 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010 / Resumo: A hemofilia é uma doença hemorrágica hereditária ligada ao cromossomo X, decorrente da ausência ou da baixa quantidade no plasma dos fatores de coagulação Fator VIII (hemofilia A) ou do Fator IX (hemofilia B). Clinicamente, a hemofilia se caracteriza por episódios recorrentes de sangramentos profundos, que podem ocorrer espontaneamente ou em decorrência de traumatismos. O sistema músculo-esquelético é freqüentemente afetado pelos eventos hemorrágicos nos pacientes portadores de hemofilia. Dentro desse sistema, as articulações são alvos de episódios recorrentes de sangramentos, resultando em hemartroses. Estes episódios estimulam a hiperplasia da membrana sinovial articular, caracterizando o quadro das sinovites hemofílicas. O ciclo vicioso típico de hemartrose-sinovite-hemartrose quando estabelecido, tem como conseqüência a cronificação das alterações agudas articulares. Histologicamente, na sinovite é observada a proliferação de fibroblastos sinoviais e a presença de um infiltrado de células inflamatórias. Apesar da articulação temporomandibular (ATM) ser uma articulação do tipo sinovial são poucos os relatos sobre o seu envolvimento na sinovite hemofílica. Portanto, o objetivo deste estudo foi o de avaliar as características morfológicas da ATM de camundongos deficientes de fator VIII. Além disso, avaliar a indução de sinovite por hiper-extensão bucal. Para isso, as ATM de 30 camundongos deficientes de Fator VIII foram avaliadas. Cinco desses animais fizeram parte do grupo controle. E os outros 25 fizeram parte do grupo experimental para indução de sinovite pelo método de hiper-extensão bucal. Os animais do grupo controle foram sacrificados e as ATMs foram preparadas para avaliação histológica através da microscopia óptica. Os animais do grupo de estudo foram sacrificados após 2 e 5 dias e 2,4 e 6 semanas do procedimento. A seguir, as ATM foram preparadas para análise em microscopia e a membrana sinovial anterior inferior foi avaliada segundo os critérios descritos por Muto et al (1998b). Como resultado, as ATMs do grupo controle não apresentaram nenhuma alteração anatômica e a membrana sinovial anterior inferior apresentou entre 2-5 camadas de células sinoviais. No grupo de estudo o número de camadas de células sinoviais foram semelhantes ao grupo controle. Não foi observada dilatação capilar, adesão sinovial nem a presença de sangue na cavidade articular. Portanto, nossos resultados caracterizaram histologicamente a membrana sinovial anterior inferior de camundongos deficientes de Fator VIII e a metodologia empregada de hiper-extensão bucal não foi capaz de provocar sinovite na membrana sinovial avaliada / Abstract: Hemophilia is a hereditary hemorrhagic disease linked to chromosome X due to the deficiency of the activity of coagulation Factor VIII in hemophilia A, or Factor IX in hemophilia B. Clinically, hemophilia is characterized by recurrent severe bleedings, mostly in the musculoskeletal system. When the hemorrhage occurs inside the joint, it is called hemarthosis. Hemarthosis can stimulate the synovial membrane which results in synovial hyperplasia that can characterize the hemophilic synovitis. The typical vicious cycle haemartrosis-synovitis-haemarthrosis when established produces as a consequence, the chronification of joint acute changes. Histologically, synovitis is characterized by proliferation of the sinovial cells surrounded by an inflammatory infiltrate. Despite the fact that temporomandibular joint (TMJ) is a synovial joint there are few clinical reports in the literature regarding its involvement in hemophilic synovitis. Therefore, the goal of this study was to evaluate the morphological characteristics of TMJ in Factor VIII deficient mice. In addition, the second goal was to induce a TMJ synovitis using a forced jaw opening model. For this purpose, 30 Factor VIII deficient mice were enrolled in this study. Five of these animals were included in the control group and their TMJ was evaluated using light microscopy to establish the regular morphology of this joint. The other 25 were submitted to a forced jaw opening, for 5 minutes per day, during 10 days. These animals were sacrificed after 2 and 5 days and 2, 4 and 6 weeks of the procedure. TMJ was prepared for optical microscopy analysis and the anterior inferior synovial membrane was studied using Muto et al (1998) criteria. As a result, the anatomic characteristic of the TMJ was similar with other mice and the anterior inferior synovial membrane of this group presented 2-5 cell layers. In the study group, no anatomic changes were observed. No difference was observed regarding the thickness of sinovial cell layer of the studied group and the control group. Capillaries dilatation, synovial adhesion and blood in the joint chambers were not observed. Therefore, our results have histologically characterized the anterior inferior synovial membrane of TJM in Factor VIII deficient mice. The methodology used for inducing sinovites was not capable of inducing sinovites in the TMJ of Factor VIII deficient mice / Mestrado / Estomatologia / Mestre em Estomatopatologia

A ozonioterapia consiste na aplicação de ozônio medicinal, uma mistura de ozônio e oxigênio, que através das espécies reativas de oxigênio e produtos de lipoperoxidação exercem diversos efeitos no organismo como, melhora da oxigenação e metabolismo dos tecidos, angiogênese, aumento dos mecanismos antioxidantes, melhora do sistema imune, efeito anti-inflamatório, entre outros. Esta modalidade terapêutica já é amplamente estudada na medicina humana e vem sendo aplicada na medicina esportiva equina no tratamento de osteoartrite, porém sem estudos expressivos que comprovem sua segurança e eficácia. O objetivo do presente estudo é analisar os efeitos inflamatório e oxidante do ozônio medicinal em articulações sinoviais de equinos hígidos. Para tanto foram utilizadas 24 articulações tibiotársicas distribuídas aleatoriamente em três grupos. Nos grupos tratados foram realizadas três aplicações semanais de 15 ml de ozônio medicinal na concentração de 20 (GA) e 40 &micro;g/ml (GB), no total de 10 aplicações. Já no grupo controle, as articulações receberam três aplicações semanais de 15 ml de O2 (GC), também no total de dez aplicações. Foram realizados exames físico, de claudicação e ultrassonográfico, bem como análise do líquido sinovial, incluindo contagem total de células nucleadas e quantificação de proteína total, prostaglandina E2, Substância P, interleucina-1, interleucina-6, interleucina 10, fator de necrose tumoral-&#945;, ácido hialurônico (concentração e peso molecular) e condroitim sulfato. Para avaliação antioxidante no líquido sinovial foi determinada a atividade da superóxido desmutase e o burst oxidativo. Houve aumento da temperatura em GA e GB, os animais de GB apresentaram maior claudicação comparado aos demais grupos e observou-se aumento em todos os grupos dos escores ultrassonográficos. Na análise do líquido sinovial observou-se aumento nas contagens celulares de GA e GB, acompanhado de polimorfonucleares em GB, aumento da concentração de proteína no GA e GB, da atividade da superóxido desmutase e do índice de ativação em GA e diminuição da concentração de ácido hialurônico em todos os grupos e condroitim sulfato em GB e GC. Não houve diferença nas concentrações de PGE2, substância P, IL-1, IL-6, IL-10 e TNF-&#945;. A aplicação consecutiva do ozônio medicinal intra-articular provocou alterações ultrassonográficas e no exame de claudicação, mais perceptível na dose de 40 ug/mL. Estas alterações estão mais relacionadas à distensão articular causada pela infusão de gases do que aos efeitos inflamatórios provindos do O3, uma vez que as análises de líquido sinovial não mostraram relevante inflamação. Conclui-se que a aplicação intra-articular de ozônio medicinal em equinos é segura em ambas as doses, e que experimentos devem ser realizados utilizando-se animais com diferentes doenças articulares, para que os benefícios da ozonioterapia sejam evidenciados e compreendidos. / Ozone therapy consists of the application of medicinal ozone, a mixture of ozone and oxygen, which through reactive oxygen species and products of lipoperoxidation exert various effects on the body, such as improvement of tissue oxygenation and metabolism, angiogenesis, increase of antioxidant mechanisms, improvement of the immune system, anti-inflammatory effect, among others. This therapeutic modality is already widely studied in human medicine and has been applied in equine sports medicine in the treatment of osteoarthritis, but without expressive studies that prove its safety and efficacy. The objective of the present study is to analyze the inflammatory and oxidizing effects of medicinal ozone on synovial joints of healthy horses. Twenty-four tibiotarsic joints were randomly distributed in three groups. In the treated groups three weekly applications of 15 ml of medicinal ozone in the concentration of 20 (GA) and 40&micro;g / ml (GB) were carried out for a total of 10 applications. Already in the control group, the joints received three weekly applications of 15 ml of O2 (GC), also in the total of 10 applications. Physical, lameness and ultrasound examinations were performed, as well as synovial fluid analysis, including total nucleated cell count and quantification of total protein, prostaglandin E2, Substance P, interleukin-1, interleukin-6, interleukin-10, tumor necrosis factor-&#945;, hyaluronic acid (concentration and molecular weight) and chondroitin sulfate. For the antioxidant evaluation in the synovial fluid, the activity of the superoxide dismutase and the oxidative burst was determined. There was an increase in temperature in GA and GB, GB animals presented greater lameness compared to the other groups and an increase was observed in all groups of ultrasound scores. In the synovial fluid analysis, GA and GB cell counts were observed, followed by polymorphonuclear cells in GB, increased protein concentration in GA and GB, superoxide desmutase activity and activation index in GA, and decrease in concentration of Hyaluronic acid in all groups and chondrocyte sulfate in GB and CG. There was no difference in the concentrations of PGE2, substance P, IL-1, IL-6, IL-10 and TNF-&#945;. The consecutive application of intra-articular medicinal ozone caused ultrasonography changes and lameness, more noticeable at 40 ug / mL. These changes related more to joint distension caused by gas infusion than to inflammatory effects from O3, since synovial fluid analyzes did not show relevant inflammation. It is concluded that the intra-articular application of medical ozone in horses is safe in both doses, and that experiments must be performed using animals with different joint diseases, so that the benefits of ozonotherapy are evidenced and understood.

Bacterial infection within a joint, septic arthritis, is a serious condition in horses that can lead to long-term joint disease if the infection is not resolved quickly. Equine septic arthritis is diagnosed primarily based on clinical signs and synovial fluid cytology. Septic synovial fluid is characterized by significant elevations in total protein (TP) and total nucleated cell count (TNCC). However, in some cases it can be difficult to distinguish between septic arthritis and non-septic joint inflammation (synovitis) based on clinical signs and synovial fluid cytology alone. A rapid assay to help confirm septic arthritis would be advantageous. A new assay to quantify the major equine acute phase protein, serum amyloid A (SAA) may fulfill this need. Serum amyloid A increases in the body in response to injury, infection, and inflammation and shows promise as a useful tool in confirming a diagnosis of sepsis, as inflammation causes mild increases in SAA and infection causes marked elevations. In our study, serial serum and synovial fluid samples were collected from horses with experimental models of synovitis and septic arthritis, synovial fluid cytology was performed, and serum and synovial fluid SAA were quantified. Synovial fluid TNCC and TP concentrations increased significantly following induction of both models. Serum and synovial fluid SAA concentrations remained normal in synovitis horses and increased significantly in septic arthritis horses. Any elevation in serum or synovial fluid SAA above normal values may be supportive of synovial sepsis since synovial inflammation alone did not result in SAA elevations in our model. / Master of Science

Osteoarthritis (OA) can be debilitating and career-ending for horses. Current treatments offer temporary and symptomatic relief, but potentially deleterious side effects. Bone marrow mononuclear cells (BMNC) are a rich source of macrophage progenitors that are anti-inflammatory and promote inflammation resolution. The objective of this study was to evaluate the ability of intra-articular BMNC therapy to improve clinical signs of naturally occurring equine OA. Horses presenting with clinical and radiographic evidence of moderate OA in a single joint were randomly assigned to 1 of 3 treatments: saline (negative control), triamcinolone (positive control), or BMNC (treatment group). Horses were subjectively and objectively evaluated for lameness and synovial fluid collected (cytology and cytokine/growth factor quantification) at 0, 7, and 21 days post-injection. Data were analyzed using General Estimating Equations with significance set at P<0.05. There were no adverse effects noted in any treatment group. No significant differences in synovial fluid cytology parameters, objective/subjective lameness scores, nor joint circumference were found between treatment groups at any time point. Within treatment groups, joint circumference did not change over time for saline- and triamcinolone-treated horses. However, joint circumference and objective lameness decreased significantly within BMNC-treated horses between Days 0 and 21 and Days 7 and 21. Lameness improved in saline-treated horses from 0 to 21 days, but did not improve in triamcinolone-treated horses. The decreased lameness and lack of adverse effects in the BMNC-treated horses in our study support a larger clinical trial using BMNC. / Master of Science / Osteoarthritis (OA) is a common source of joint pain in people and horses. Current treatments provide only partial and/or temporary relief. As a result, there is an urgent need for more effective and long-lasting treatment options. Arthritis is characterized by uncontrolled joint inflammation and progressive cartilage and bone destruction. Macrophages are cells within normal joints that function to resolve mild inflammation, maintaining joint health. However, when physiologic functions are overwhelmed, macrophages perpetuate inflammation through the recruitment of additional cell types to cope with the increased demands for repair. If this process is appropriately accomplished, macrophages resolve the inflammation, thereby enabling recovery and repair within the joint. Bone marrow aspirate is an excellent source of bone marrow-derived macrophage precursors (bone marrow mononuclear cells or BMNC) that have been shown to reduce joint inflammation and lameness in people and horses. The objective of our clinical trial was to evaluate the ability of intra-articular BMNC to improve clinical signs of naturally occurring OA in horses. BMNC treatment was compared to a placebo injection of saline and a standard-of-care in horses, corticosteroids. There were no adverse effects of BMNC treatment and BMNC-treated horses had significantly reduced joint circumference and lameness after 21 days. Synovial fluid cytology parameters did not differ significantly between treatment groups at any time point. In summary, BMNC are exciting because a horse can be treated with its own cells without the need for specialized equipment, and have the potential to naturally benefit thousands of people and horses suffering from arthritis.