This dissertation studies the prosodic structure of the variety of Jordanian Arabic that is spoken in the rural areas of the Governorate of Irbid (IA) by investigating the role of syntactic structure in the formation of prosodic domains. It empirically explores the word-level, phrase-level and clause-level prosody of IA and attempts to account for these empirical results in a framework based on the standard syntactic-prosodic interface principles developed in Match Theory (Selkirk 2011) and formulated as OT constraints (Prince & Smolensky 1993). The basic hypotheses in this dissertation are that the prosodic word (ω), phonological phrase (Φ) and intonational phrase (ι) are present in IA, and that they are anchored in syntactic constituents. Relying on hypotheses derived from the MATCH constraints (Selkirk 2011) that ensure the syntactic-prosodic correspondence, ω, Φ and ι should respectively match the grammatical word, syntactic phrase and clause and should recursively match embedded syntactic constituents. A series of experiments was designed to test the hypotheses. Twenty native speakers (ten males and ten females) of Jordanian Arabic living in Irbid participated in the tasks. Each pair of participants performed several tasks in one session. Two game-based tasks were designed to explore intonational and temporal cues to Φ and ι boundaries and examine their relation to XPs and clauses, respectively. Two additional reading tasks were designed to determine the application domain of post-lexical segmental processes in IA (the coarticulation of pharyngealization and vowel hiatus resolution). The collected tokens were submitted to acoustic and statistical analyses. Based on the results of these experiments, the existence of the ω, Φ and ι is confirmed and our understanding of their segmental and suprasegmental cues is refined. ω’s match grammatical words and are the domain of stress, realization of the feminine -t suffix and coarticulation of pharyngealization. Φ`s match syntactic phrases and are cued suprasegmentally: their right boundaries are marked by low phrase accents (L-) and pre-boundary syllable lengthening. As for ι`s, they match clauses and are cued by additional final lengthening, boundary tones (H% or L%) and resistance to vowel reduction. There is also ample evidence that syntactic nesting motivates prosodic recursion. At the ω level, the primary/secondary status of genitive constructs of stress mirrors syntactic nesting. At the Φ level, recursion is evidenced by gradient pre-boundary syllable lengthening, which is greater at the right boundaries of higher prosodic subcategories that match larger syntactic domains. As for recursion at the ι level, it is not only cued by gradient pre-boundary syllable lengthening, but also by boundary tones: continuative H% are used at sentence-internal ι boundaries, but L% tones are cues to boundaries of larger ι’s. However, prosodic recursion is not unconstrained in IA: prosodic domains can only consist of two subcategories, i.e. a minimal and maximal layers. In this way, prosodic recursion is neither prohibited as proposed in the early version of Strict Layer Hypothesis (Nespor &Vogel 1986, Selkirk 1986), nor free to perfectly mirror syntactic nesting. As in most previous case studies, it is proposed that the one-to-one correspondence constraints of Match Theory (Selkirk 2011) account for the prosodic patterns in IA, but have to be complemented with language-specific markedness constraints on phonological weight, exhaustivity and recursion. It is also shown that these explanatory principles can, with minor reorganization, account for the prosodic patterns described in other Arabic dialects.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-10T18:56:11Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 OLIZAROSKI_ Holland.pdf: 2752438 bytes, checksum: 8d1894b2013ac1f1db78f27e44e68a2c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-02-03 / Between many inquiries that have been challenging the scientific community from a grammatical point of view, one, to which there is no consent yet, is related to the order of the constituents of the sentences produced in the Brazilian Sign Language (Libras), because, although it is the language of deaf people in Brazil since 2002, official by the means of the Law nº 10.436 and regulated through the decree nº 5.626 in 2005, one of the big problems for its use and linguistic description refers to the little knowledge that oneself has regarding the organization and structuring of its sentences. Thus, discussing the Libras in a linguistic-theoretical perspective, some syntactic problems emerge, which bring many inquiries, being three of them the ones that guide this research, namely: (i). Which are the syntactic pattern accepted in Libras? (ii) What motivates and/or licenses these patterns? And; (iii) The syntactic orders shown in Libras sentences would be, exclusively, due to its visuospatial modality, with the kind of verb that can be shown? Thus, with the purpose of finding answers to this inquiry, we traced, as the main objective, the reflection over the syntagm organization in sentences produced in Libras . On the perspective of reaching this objective, we based the research on the theoretical assumptions of the Functional Linguistic, which tries to explain the sentence structure according its linguistic function. Being this way, we start from the Greenberg‟s (1963) postulates, to whom the great majority of languages have diverse variable orders, but only one as dominant, and they can be distributed in SVO, SOV, VSO, VOS, OSV or OVS: we passed, among others, by Hopper and Thompson (1980), with the intention of verifying if the conceived transitivity by the means of a continuum scale of ten parameters influence in the syntactic constituent organization of sentences in Libras; we sought, as well, in Chafe (1979), Borba (2002) and Ferreira Brito (2010) punctual inquiries referring to verb with the syntactic-semantic value and the visuospatial modality classification. In this perspective, as methodology we adopted the basic research, the bibliographical revision type and the qualitative nature. As technic and procedure of collecting data the selection of sentences in Portuguese Language in the Portuguese Corpus/2006, submitting them, after their preparation, to a deaf informer interpretation, which has remitted us to a field research. The transition of these sentences to gloss-Libras resulted in a Parallel Corpus constituted of 114 sentences, by means of which we could perform syntactic analyses observing the syntagm organization of the sentences produced in Libras our main objective. As result of this research, we have verified that, in Libras, the SVO, SOV and OSV patterns tend to manifest themselves, being the transitivity a strong motivation and/or licensing motivation for these patterns, as well as the visuospatial modality with the syntactic-semantic value of the verb, because we realized, during the reflections, that the same kind of verb in classification in Libras can present distinct orders in the same transitivity pole, which is, low transitivity sentences, containing process verbs or state verbs and, in Libras, non-directional based to the body, tend, more commonly, to present the SVO pattern. On the other hand, the high transitivity sentences containing action-process and action verbs and, in Libras, irreversible directional, reversible directional, classifiers, non-directional based on the body, that incorporate the object and instrumental tend to present the SVO, SOV and OSV patterns. Thus, despite the disparity in classification in Libras these verbs coincide in syntactic-semantic value as well as in the sentential transitivity pole. This led us to deduce that only the kind of verb in its visuospatial modality cannot be preponderant motivator of the syntactic order constituents of sentences produced in Libras / Das muitas questões que vem desafiando a comunidade científica de um ponto de vista gramatical, uma, para a qual ainda não há consenso, diz respeito à ordem dos constituintes das sentenças produzidas na Língua Brasileira de Sinais (Libras), pois, embora seja ela língua das pessoas surdas do Brasil desde 2002, oficializada por meio da Lei nº 10.436 e regulamentada pelo Decreto nº 5.626 em 2005, um dos grandes problemas para sua utilização e descrição linguística refere-se ao pouco conhecimento que se tem quanto à organização e estruturação de suas sentenças. Assim, ao se discutir a Libras numa perspectiva linguístico-teórica, surgem problemas de cunho sintático, os quais acenam para várias indagações, sendo três delas as que nortearam essa pesquisa, a saber: (i). Quais são os padrões sintáticos admitidos pela Libras? (ii) O que motiva e/ou licencia esses padrões? e; (iii) As ordens sintáticas manifestadas nas sentenças produzidas em Libras seria, exclusivamente, em decorrência de sua modalidade visuoespacial, diante do tipo de verbo que pode apresentar? Assim, no propósito de encontrar resposta(s) a essa problematização, traçamos, como objetivo geral, a reflexão sobre a organização dos sintagmas das sentenças produzidas em Libras . Na perspectiva de alcançar esse objetivo, sustentamos a pesquisa nos pressupostos teóricos da Linguística Funcional, a qual tenta explicar a estrutura da sentença em termos de função linguística. Assim sendo, partimos de postulados de Greenberg (1963), para o qual a grande maioria das línguas tem diversas ordens variantes, mas apenas uma dominante, podendo ser elas distribuídas em SVO, SOV, VSO, VOS, OSV ou OVS; perpassamos, dentre outros, por Hopper e Thompson (1980), no intuito de verificar se a transitividade concebida por meio de um continuum escalar de dez parâmetros influencia na organização dos constituintes sintáticos das sentenças em Libras; buscamos, ainda, em Chafe (1979), Borba (2002) e Ferreira Brito (2010) questões pontuais referente ao verbo como o valor sintático-semântico e a classificação em modalidade visuoespacial. Nessa perspectiva, adotamos como metodologia a pesquisa de natureza básica, do tipo revisão bibliográfica e de cunho qualiquantitativo. Assumimos como técnica e procedimento de coleta de dados a seleção de sentenças em Língua Portuguesa no Corpus do Português/2006, submetendo-as, após sua preparação, à interpretação por um informante surdo, o que nos remeteu também à pesquisa de campo. A transcrição dessas sentenças para a glosa-Libras resultou em um Corpus Paralelo constituído de 114 sentenças, por meio do qual pudemos realizar análises sintáticas com vistas à reflexão sobre a organização dos sintagmas das sentenças produzidas em Libras nosso objetivo central. Como resultado desse processo de investigação, constatamos que, em Libras, tendem a manifestar-se os padrões SVO, SOV e OSV, sendo a transitividade forte indício de motivação e/ou licenciamento desses padrões, bem como a modalidade visuoespacial associada ao valor sintático-semântico do verbo, isso porque atinamos, no decorrer das reflexões, que o mesmo tipo de verbo em classificação na Libras pode apresentar ordens distintas num mesmo pólo de transitividade, ou seja, sentenças de baixa transitividade, contendo verbos de processo ou verbos de estado e, na Libras, não-direcionais ancorados ao corpo, tendem, mais comumente, a apresentar o padrão SVO. Já as sentenças de alta transitividade contendo verbos de ação-processo e ação e, na Libras, direcionais irreversíveis, direcionais reversíveis, classificadores, não-direcionais ancorados ao corpo, que incorporam o objeto e instrumentais tendem a apresentar os padrões SVO, SOV e OSV. Assim, apesar da disparidade em classificação na Libras esses verbos coincidem em valor sintático-semântico bem como no pólo de transitividade sentencial. Isso nos levou a deduzir que apenas o tipo de verbo em sua modalidade visuoespacial não pode ser preponderante motivador da ordem dos constituintes sintáticos das sentenças produzidas em Libras