Text in TshiVenḓa with abstracts in TshiVenḓa and English / The purpose of this study was to contextually describe and analyse how male authors of Tshivenḓa drama books have in their dialogue portrayed female characters in the manner that it may tend to educate or encourage the public to criticize and abuse them in communities and society. In Tshivenḓa literature therefore, some male authors of drama books have tended to misrepresent the characterisation of women. It is presumed that the ways in which women are portrayed in some Tshivenḓa dramas by male authors, tend to normatively educate, socially reproduce and sustain the abuse of women within communities and society in which they live. In most of these drams, male authors have written their bias, contextually depicted women unfairly shown and criticised them in different sorts of ways. The researcher applied the Ethnography of communication, Social constructionism, Feminism and Critical discourse analysis theories. These theories enabled her to understand that language in the hands of authors can be used to reproduce power, dominance, control and power abuse. This led her to focus on related literature which proved that indeed the problem exists. Methodically this is a qualitative descriptive study in which the documentation ‘Document Analysis’ dialogue of seven purposefully selected drama books were considered and data collected. It used Neuman’s (1996) Analytic Comparison which applies the method of agreement and method of difference. When the data was analysed, there emerged themes which carry findings. In brief, the results of this study inter alia show that some male authors of selected Tshivenḓa drama books, described women as weak, poor decision-makers and powerless in communities and society at large. On the other, in the characterisation of men, they show them as social architectures of how women should be seen as depicted, thereby dominated and mistreated objects. It also found that Tshivenḓa culture was misrepresented and incorrectly applied to criticise, dominate, discriminate and justify the abuse of women by husbands and relatives, mainly in-laws. The results also suggest that within the context, male authors socially subject our children (both boys and girls as reader of such books), to indoctrination and social education as unequal partners in society in which they live. / Tshipikwa tshihulwane tsha ino ngudo ho vha u ṱalutshedza na u saukanya nḓila dzine vhaṅwali vha vhanna vha ḓirama dza Tshivenḓa vha shumisa ngadzo nyambedzano u bveledza vhaanewa vha vhafumakadzi uri hu ṱuṱuwedzwe vhadzulapo u vha sasaladza na u vha sathula hune vha ḓiwana vhe hone zwitshavhani. Kha maṅwalwa a Tshivenḓa, vhaṅwe vhaṅwali vha bugu dza ḓirama vha anzela u sa bveledza vhaanewa vha vhafumakadzi nga nḓila i si yone. Zwi dzhiiwa uri nḓila dzine vhafumakadzi vha bveledzwa ngadzo kha ḓirama dza Tshivenḓa dze dza ṅwalwa nga vhanna dzi na u funḓedza, u bveledza na u engedza tshengedzo ya vhafumakadzi hune vha dzula hone na vhukati ha zwitshavha. Kha ḓirama nnzhi, vhaṅwali vha vhanna vha ṅwala vho sendamisa kubveledzele, vha bveledza vhafumakadzi nga nḓila ine vha sathulea lwo kalulaho. Muṱoḓisisi o shumisa thyiori dzo fhambanaho sa ya Nyambedzano ‘Ethnography of communication, ya Vhufhaṱavhuvha ‘Social constructionism, ya Vhulwelambofholowo ha vhafumakadzi ‘Feminism’, na ya Tsaukanyo yo dzhenelelaho ya mafhungo ‘Critical discourse analysis.’ Thyiori hedzi, dzo thusa muṱoḓisisi u pfesesa uri luambo zwanḓani zwa uṅwali lu a kona u shumiswa u bveledza maanḓda, u tsikeledza, u vhusa na u shumisa maanḓa nga nḓila i si yone. Hezwi zwo mu thusa u lumbama kha maṅwalwa o teaho ane khao hei thaidzo ya vha khagala. Ri tshi ya kha Ngona ya ṱhoḓisiso, muṱoḓisisi o shumisa nḓila ya Khwalithethivi he a wana mafhungo nga nḓila ya u sengulusa zwo ṅnwalwaho zwa nyamedzano kha bugu dza sumbe dze a nanguludza zwo bva kha ene muṋe. Ho shumiswa nḓila ya Neuman (1996) ya Tsenguluso yo ṱanḓavhuwaho ‘Analytic comparison’ ine ya shumisa nḓila ya thendelano ‘method of agreement’ na ya phambano ‘method of difference’. Musi mafhungo o no saukanywa, ho bvelela thero dzo hwalaho mawanwa a ṱhoḓisiso. Nga u pfufhifhadza, mawanwa a hei ngudo, o sumba uri vhaṅwe vhaṅwali vha vhanna vha ḓirama dzo nangiwaho vha bveledza vhafumakadzi vhe vhathu vha si na vhuimo, vha sa koni u dzhia tsheo nga vhone vhaṋe nahone vha si na maanḓa hune vha wanala hone na kha zwitshavha. Kha ḽiṅwe sia, musi vha tshi ḓibveledza, vhaṅwali vha vhanna vha tou ḓitakula sa vhomasithesela vhane vha tea u vha na vhukoni ha u bveledza vhafumakadzi, u ralo vha kona-ha u vha ṱana vhe vhane vha tsikeledzwa na u shengedzwa. Zwo ḓo wanala uri na musi zwi tshi ḓa kha mvelele, hunzhi yo shumiswa nga nḓila i si yone saizwi i tshi vho shumiswa u sathula, u tsikeledza, u ṱalula na u khwaṱhisa u shengedzwa ha vhafumakadzi nga vhanna vhavho na mashaka, nga maanḓa vha vhuhadzi sa vhomazwale. Mawanwa a dovha a sumbedza uri zwo ralo, vhaṅwali vha vhanna vha fhaṱa muya kha vhana vhashu (vhatukana na vhasidzana sa vhavhali vha idzi bugu) wa u tou dzivhela na u funza avho vhana uri vhutshiloni hu na vhadzulapo vha vhuimo vhu sa lingani zwitshavhani ngeno zwi si zwone. / African Languages / D. Litt. et Phil. (African Languages)

South Africa has among the highest rates of physical and sexual violence against women in the world. Research indicates that understanding the causality of domestic violence is very complex and the measurement of risk factors are deemed challenging. Yet, it is important to understand and identify the risk factors associated with domestic violence to effectively prevent it. This phenomenological research study aimed to investigate the lived experiences of female domestic violence victims and sought to identify risk factors (e.g. alcohol and drug abuse, violence in the family of origin, personality factors, cultural differences, socio-economic factors, and the impact of pregnancy) that may have contributed to the occurrence of domestic violence in their intimate relationships .The participants were selected based on purposive and convenience sampling and also their willingness to participate. The sample consisted of six participants between the ages of 18 – 45 years old, residing in Tshwane, South Africa. The data were obtained through semi-structured interviews. A qualitative methodological design was used to collect and explore information about the participants’ personal experiences with domestic violence. Hycner’s explicitation process was employed to identify the four main themes, namely the participants’ experience of domestic violence; socio economic factors; cultural differences, and domestic violence during pregnancy. Each main theme was comprised of sub-themes. The findings of this study differed slightly in comparison with the existing body of literature that highlight substance abuse as one of the highest risk factors for the occurrence of domestic violence in intimate relationships. In this study, other risk factors such as pregnancy and socio-economic factors played a much bigger role than substance abuse as the key risk factors that contribute to the occurrence of domestic violence. / INingizimu Afrika ingenye yamazwe omhlaba anamazinga aphezulu odlame nokuhlukunyezwa kwabesimame ngokocansi. Ucwaningo lubonisa ukuthi ukuqondisisa izimbangela zodlame lwasekhaya yinto eyisixakaxaka ukuyiqondisisa kanti futhi kuyinselele ukukala izinto ezinobungozi kwabesimame. Kodwa ngisho noma kunjalo, kubalulekile ukuqondisisa kanye nokwazi izinto ezinobungozi ezihambisana nodlame lwasekhaya ukuze lukwazi ukuvinjelwa. Lolu cwaningo oluhlaziya ngaphandle kokuthatha uhlangothi, lunenhloso yokuphenyisisa indlela abantu besimame abangamaxhoba odlame abalubona nolubaphatha ngayo udlame lwasekhaya kanye nokubheka izinto ezinobungozi (ezifana nokusetshenziswa kabi kotshwala nezidakamizwa, udlame emakhaya okuqala abahlukumezi, izinto eziqondene nomuntu siqu, umehluko kwezamasiko, eziphathelene nomnotho nabantu kanye nomphumela ekukhulelweni), okungaba yizinto ezinomthelela kudlame lwasekhaya ebudlelwananeni basekhaya. Abantu ababambe iqhaza kucwaningo bakhethwe ngokulandela isampuli enenhloso yokukhetha abathile abazohlangabezana nenhloso yocwaningo kanye nokuzimisela kwabo ukubamba iqhaza kucwaningo. Isampuli ibinababambi-qhaza abayisithupha abaphakathi kweminyaka engu 18 ukuya kwengu 45 ubudala, okwamanje abahlala eTshwane. I-data itholakala ngokwenza ama-interview ahlelekile kodwa angenamkhawulo kakhulu. Kusetshenziswe idizayini yocwaningo esebenzisa i-qualitative method ukuqoqa nokuthola ulwazi maqondana nezipiliyino zababambi-qhaza kudlame lwasekhaya. Kusetshenziswe inqubo ye-Hycner's explicitation ukuphawula izihloko ezine ezinkulu, ukuyizipiliyoni zababambi-qhaza kudlame lwasekhaya, izinto eziphathelene nabantu nomnotho, umehluko kwezamasiko, udlame lwasekhaya ngesikhathi sokukhulelwa. Isihloko nesihloko esikhulu, besihlukaniswe ngezihlokwana ezincane. Imiphumela yalolu cwaningo yehlukile kancane uma kuqhathaniswa neminye imibhalo ekhona egqamisa ukusetshenziswa kabi kwezidakamizwa njengenye yezinto ezinkulu eziyingozi nembangela yodlame lwasekhaya kanye nakubudlelwane babantu abasondelene kakhulu. Kulolu cwaningo, ezinye izinto eziyizingozi ezifana nokuhlukunyezwa ngesikhathi sokukhulelwa kanye nokuphathelene nabantu nomnotho kunendima enkulu kunokusetshenziswa kabi kwezidakamizwa notshwala njengezinto eziphezulu kakhulu ezinomthelela kudlame lwasekhaya. / Afrika Tshipembe ḽi vhukati ha phimo ya nṱhesa ya khakhathi dza zwa vhudzekani na dza u huvhadza vhafumakadzi kha ḽifhasi. Ṱhoḓisiso i sumbedza uri u pfesesa vhakwameaho nga khakhathi dza mitani zwi a konḓa nga maanḓa na u elwa ha zwiitisi zwa khombo zwi vhonala zwi khaedu vhukuma. Fhedziha, ndi zwa ndeme u pfesesa na u wana zwiitisi zwa khombo zwine zwa tshimbilelana na khakhathi dza miṱani u itela uri dzi kone u thivhelwa. Iyi ndi ngudo ya ṱhoḓisiso nga tshenzhemo yo livhiswaho kha u ṱhoḓisisa tshenzhemo ye vhafumakadzi vho ṱanganaho na khakhathi dza mitani vha tshenzhema na u ṱoda u wanulusa zwithu zwi vhangaho khombo iyi. (zwine zwa nga vha tshumiso ya zwikambi na zwidzidzivhadzi, khakhathi dza murahu muṱani, vhuvha ha muthu, zwiitisi zwa ikonomi ya matshilisano, phambano ya mvelele, u ḓihwala) zwine zwa nga vha zwo livhisa kha u bvelela ha khakhathi dza miṱani kha vhafunani. Vhadzheneli vho tiwa zwo ḓitika nga ndivho nauri vha tsinisa na lutamo lwa u dzhenelela lwa avho vhathu. Sambula yo vhumbwa nga zwipiḓa zwa rathi zwa vhadzheneli vha miṅwaha ya vhukati ha 18 – 45, vhane zwa zwino vha dzula kha ḽa Tshwane. Data yo kuvhanganywa nga kha mbudziso dzi sa langiho kufhindulele. Nḓila ya u tandula ‘qualitative’ yo shumiswa u kuvhanganya na u ṱhaṱhuvha zwidodombedzwa nga ha tshenzhemo dza vhadzheneli nga ha khakhathi dza miṱani. Kuitele kwa Hycner a songo ḓoweleaho kwo shumiswa u wana ṱhoho dza ndeme nṋa; dzine dza vha tshenzhemo ya vhadzheneli nga ha khakhathi dza miṱani, zwiitisi zwa ikonomi ya matshilisano; phambano ya mvelele, na dzikhakhathi dza miṱani nga tshifhinga vho ḓihwala. Ṱhoho khulwane yo vhumbwa nga ṱhoho ṱhukhu. Mawanwa a ngudo iyi a fhambana nyana na mbambedzo na tshivhumbeo tsha maṅwalo ane a vha hone ane a ombedzela tshumiso ya zwidzidzivhadzi sa tshiṅwe tsha tshivhangi tshihulwane tsha khakhathi dza miṱani kha vhushaka ha vhafunani. Kha ngudo iyi, dziṅwe khombo dzi fananho na u ḓihwala na zwiitisi zwa ikonomi ya matshilisano zwi vha zwivhangi zwihulwane u fhira tshumiso ya zwidzidzivhadzi na zwiitisi zwa khombo zwa ndeme zwine zwa vhanga khakhathi dza miṱani. / Psychology / M.A.(Psychology)