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Two underground concrete manure reservoirs of 70 m$ sp3$ were tested for their infiltration rate to water as well as to 1% and 3% total solid dairy manure. Positive and negative infiltration were measured for the water test while only negative infiltration was measured with the manure. / Positive infiltration is met when the water table into the soil is above the liquid level into the reservoir. In that case, the water is moving from the outside to the inside of the reservoir. An opposite situation is met when the infiltration is negative. / From the results, the infiltration rate varied from 0.00 to 6.684 $ times$ 10$ sp{-7}$ m/s. The minimum value was recorded at the reservoir 55 with 1% of total solid manure and the maximum value was recorded with same reservoir with positive pressure to water.

This thesis establishes residence time distribution (RTD) as a key tool for the investigation of water treatment systems. RTD software for tracer data modelling and interpretation is developed and validated for problem solving purposes in water treatment systems. The technique focuses on the systematic interpretation of RTD data using a tanks-in-series based model and an indicator, flushing time (tf ). This approach removes the subjectivity often associated with RTD interpretation and is tested extensively using experimental and numerical data. The influence of design elements, intended to enhance hydraulic efficiency, is also addressed. For this purpose, both numerical modelling (Mike 21) and the proposed approach are employed. Results reveal that the interpretive provides valuable information, facilitating a greater understanding of the hydraulic effects of changes to geometry and inlet/outlet configuration than other techniques alone. The approach was shown to be particularly successful at interpreting RTD curves from stormwater treatment systems due to their susceptibility to stagnation. However, it was shown to have limited applicability in systems with complex flow characteristics (such as large bioreactor vessels) or those susceptible to extensive short-circuiting. The approach was also found to be unsuitable for evaluating the impact of deviations from ideal flow on pollutant removal in systems governed by complex biokinetic reactions.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Arizona, 1994. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 233-242).

Thesis (Ph. D.)--West Virginia University, 2008. / Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains viii, 118 p. : ill. (some col.), map. Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (M.A.)--University of Wisconsin--Madison, 1968. / Title from title screen (viewed May 13, 2009). Includes bibliographical references. Online version of print original.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Wisconsin--Madison, 1985. / Typescript. Vita. eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 264-281).

Thesis (M.A.)--University of Wisconsin--Madison, 1968. / eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references.

South Africa contributes approximately 0.5 percent to the total world milk demand and is the third largest producer of fresh cow milk in Africa after Sudan and Kenya. In comparison to any other enterprise, the cost of milk production is influenced by numerous factors, that in turn affect the profitability of the farm enterprise; however one of such factors is high electricity cost. In this regard, there is need for efficient operation of the milk processing plant at all stages and at the same time maximising on product quality and minimising on the cost of production including energy. At the dairy farm, milk handling mainly commences as the milk leaves the cow udder at 35°C–37°C and must be cooled rapidly to a storage temperature of 4°C in a bid to stop microbial activity. The cooling of the milk can be done directly by the bulk milk cooler (BMC) from 37°C to the required storage temperature of 4°C or it can be done successively through pre-cooling. The process of pre-cooling involves the use of a heat exchanger where in most instances the plate heat exchanger (PHE) is used as the pre-cooler (PC) thereby leading to energy savings in a dairy facility. Cooling of milk involves significant amount of energy and it could account for about 20 percent of the total energy consumed on a farm. The aim of the research was to develop mathematical models that could be used to predict the electrical energy performance and capture the cooling saving of an on-farm direct expansion bulk milk cooler (DXBMC) during the milk cooling process. Accordingly, data acquisition system (DAS) was designed and built to accurately measure the power consumption of the BMC, temperature of raw milk, room temperature, temperature of cold water, relative humidity and ambient temperature. The volume of milk produced per day was extracted from the daily records on the farm. In addition, the temperature sensors were connected to a four channel HOBO data loggers which were configured to log at every five-minutes interval. The results were analysed and the mathematical models were developed using MATLAB. The statistical Toolbox in MATLAB was used to rank the predictors according to their weight of importance using the ReliefF Algorithm test. The results showed that on average, the daily electrical energy consumed by the BMC at the two milking times was higher during the peak period (127.82 kWh and 93.86 kWh) than the off-peak period (48.31 kWh and 43.23 kWh). On average, the electricity used for cooling of milk on the dairy farm was 17.06 kWh/m3 of milk. The average monthly electricity used per cow on the farm was 8.03 kWh/cow which translated to an average of 0.26 kWh/cow/day The average specific energy consumption of the cooling system per litre of milk cooled was 0.02 kWh/L and was almost constant throughout the whole period of monitoring. Furthermore, the BMC was able to cool 57.33 L/kWh during the off-peak period which increased by 7.7 percent to 62.13 L/kWh during the peak period. Furthermore, mathematical models represented as multiple linear regression (MLR) models were built and developed using the experimental data. The developed mathematical models had good agreement with the experimental data as evidenced by the correlation coefficients of 0.922 and 0.8995 along with 0.935 and 0.930. The ReliefF Algorithm test revealed that the volume of milk was the principal contributor to the energy consumption of the BMC for both the morning (AM) and afternoon (PM) milking period. The Relative Prediction Error (RPE) was used to evaluate the suitability of the developed models. In this light, the AM off-peak model had RPE of 18.54 percent while the PM off-peak model had 14.42 percent. In addition, the AM peak and PM peak models had RPE of 19.23 percent and 18.95 percent respectively. This suggested that the MLR models for the off-peak and peak milking periods (both AM and PM) had acceptable prediction accuracy since the RPE values were between 10 percent and 20 percent. The findings from the experimental study showed that the coefficient of performance (COP) of the AM milking period was higher (2.20) than that of the PM milking period of the BMC (1.93). Increase in the milk volume led to an increase in the COP such that the peak period with higher milk volumes recorded a high COP increase of 12.61 percent and 19.81 percent for the AM and PM milking periods respectively.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:25:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2009-10-16Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:12:10Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 arfelli_sl_me_bauru.pdf: 673378 bytes, checksum: 8e81c63e233d9f9a47e797c41cb63424 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Este estudo tem como objetivo utilizar expressões disponíveis na literatura para analisar a influência das diferentes geometrias dos tanques no coeficiente global de troca de calor. Optou-se por estudar o aquecimento do xarope de açúcar cristal por tratar-se de um produto largamente aplicado na fabricação de doces, alimentos e bebidas carbonatadas. Pesquisou-se na literatura as propriedades termodinâmicas e as características físicas do vapor d'água, da água e do xarope de açúcar, aplicados nos cálculos dos coeficientes de película e no balanço de energia do sistema térmico. Os estudos e simulações feitas com utilização do programa Geopack, para os tanques com relação T/H de 0,8 1,0 e 1,2 e impelidores com relação d/T de 02, 0,4 e 0,7, estabeleceram as faixas de valores para a rotação dos impelidores, velocidade média do produto, a capacidade de deslocamento volumétrico e a potência requerida, mantendo-se constante o número de impelidores e o nível de agitação. Aplicou-se a teoria clássica da transmissão de calor, os fundamentos da teoria da agitação, as considerações mecânicas e as equações apropriadas para o dimensionamento do tanque. Os resultados mostraram que os tanques mais esbeltos, com impelidor descentralizado, apresentam melhor aproveitamento. Concluiu-se que, na definição geométrica de um reator, a relação entre o diâmetro e a altura T/H deve ser menor que 1,0. Por sua vez, em decorrência da potência consumida, o impelidor com diâmetro igual a 0,4 do diâmetro do tanque, mostrou-se mais adequado. O emprego de pressões maiores para o vapor saturado reduz o tempo de processamento, embora possa implicar no aumento da espessura da chaparia e no consumo de combustível na caldeira. / This study have how objective to analyze expressions available in the literature for the calculation of the global coefficient of exchange of heat in tanks with different model geometric. It was opted to study the heating of the syrup of crystal sugar because of treating a product widely applied in the manufacture sweets, foods and carbonated drunks. Were investigated in the literature the properties thermodynamics and the physical characteristics of the steam of water, of the water and of the syrup of sugar, applieds in the calculations of the coefficients of film and in the swinging of energy of the thermal system. The studies and simulations done with the use of the program Geopack, for the tanks with the T/H *0,8, 1,0 and 1,2) and impellers with ratio d/T (0,2 0,4 and 0,7), established the range valves for the rotation of the impellers, average speed of the product, the capacity of volumetric dislocation and the applied power, when the number is remaining constant of impellers and the level of agitation. It was applied the classic theory of the transmission of heat, the foundations of the theory of agitation, the mechanical considerations and the appropriate equations for calculating the size of the tank. The results showed that the most slender tanks, impeller with decentralized, present better use. It was concluded that, in the geometrical definition of a reactor, the relation between the diameter and height of the back must be smaller than to 1,0. For its time, as a result of the consumed power, the impeller with equal diameter to 0,4 of the diameter of the tank, appeared more appropriate. The employment of the bigger pressures for the full steam reduces the time of processing, though it could tease in the increase of plate thickness and in the consumption of fuel in the boiler.