Objetivou-se com o presente estudo avaliar o efeito dos aditivos naturais, óleo essencial de orégano e extrato taninífero de acácia negra, na alimentação de cordeiros confinados em terminação sobre o desempenho produtivo e qualidade da carne. Foram utilizados 36 ovinos machos, não castrados, provenientes de cruzamento Dorper × Santa Inês × Texel, com 90 dias de idade, e peso vivo inicial médio de 27,22 ± 2,78 kg. O experimento teve duração total de 53 dias. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi em blocos inteiramente casualizados, utilizando como critério de bloqueamento o peso ao desmame, onde os animais foram distribuídos em três tratamentos, com doze repetições. Todos os tratamentos foram compostos por uma dieta padrão, sendo distintos apenas em relação aos aditivos utilizados: 1) dieta controle; 2) dieta controle com óleo essencial de orégano (1 ml/kg de concentrado) e 3) dieta controle com extrato de taninífero de acácia negra (5% MS da dieta). A dieta foi formulada com proporção volumoso: concentrado de 30:70. Os cordeiros foram destinados ao abate com aproximadamente 143 dias de idade, e peso vivo médio final médio de 42,81 ± 3,97 kg. O consumo e digestibilidade dos nutrientes e o desempenho produtivo (ganho de peso total, ganho médio diário e peso e rendimento de carcaça) dos cordeiros alimentados com óleo essencial de orégano foi semelhante ao dos alimentados com a dieta controle. No entanto, os cordeiros alimentados com extrato taninífero de acácia apresentaram menor consumo de MS (CMS), e redução de 19%, 20% e 50% da digestibilidade aparente total da MS, MO e FDN, respectivamente, em relação aos cordeiros alimentados com a dieta controle. Consequentemente, os cordeiros alimentados com extrato taninífero de acácia apresentaram menor ganho de peso e rendimento de carcaça quente e fria do que os alimentos com a dieta controle. O óleo essencial de orégano deixou a carne mais luminosa, no entanto, apresentou uma tendência de deixar a carne mais dura. O óleo essencial alterou a composição centesimal da carne e a concentração de TBARS, e aumentou o teor do ácido graxo DHA em 13% em relação ao tratamento controle. O extrato de acácia negra também aumentou a luminosidade da carne, porém, reduziu em 4% o teor de PB da carne e a concentração de TBARS em 28% em relação ao tratamento controle. O extrato taninífero tendeu a aumentar o teor de ácido vacênico e de ômega 3. Adicionalmente, o extrato taninífero aumentou em 27% o total de CLA, quando comparado ao controle e óleo essencial de orégano. Pode-se concluir com o presente estudo que a inclusão de óleo essencial de orégano na dieta de cordeiros em terminação não altera o desempenho produtivo durante o confinamento e aumenta a luminosidade da carne, apensar de deixar a mesma mais dura; enquanto que a utilização de extrato taninífero de acácia reduz o desempenho produtivo, porém melhora a qualidade da fração lipídica e antioxidante da carne. / TThe present study aimed to evaluate the effect of natural additives, oregano essential oil and acacia taniniferous extract, in the diet of feedlot lambs on productive performance and meat quality. Thirty-six male lambs (not-castrated) from crossbreeding Dorper × Santa Inês × Texel, weaned, averring 90 d of age and 27 ± 2.8 kg body weight were used through 53 d of feedlot period in a randomized block design, were weigh at weaning was the block criteria. The lambs were distributed into three treatments with 12 repetitions. All treatments were based on a regular diet (control), where natural plants extracts were designated to following treatments: 1) control (without additive), 2) control diet + oregano essential oil (1 ml/kg of concentrate), 3) control diet + acacia taniniferous extract (5% DM). Diets were formulated as 30:70 forage:concentrate ratio. Lambs were designated to slaughter averring 143 days of age and 42,81 ± 3,97 kg body weight. The nutrient intake and digestibility and productive performance (total body weight gain, average daily body weight gain and production and carcass yield) of lambs fed oregano essential oil were similar to those fed control diet. However, lambs fed acacia taniniferous extract had lower DM intake (DMI), and reduced by 19%, 20% and 50% the total apparent digestibility of DM, OM and NDF, respectively, compared to lambs fed control diet. Meat of lambs fed oregano essential oil was more luminous, however tended to be stronger. Oregano essential oil changed the centesimal composition of meat and TBARS, but increased concentration of DHA fatty acid by 13% compared to control treatment. Acacia taniniferous extract also increased the luminosity of meat, but reduced by 4% meat CP content and TBARS concentration by 28%, in relation to control treatment. Acacia taniniferous extract tended to increase vaccenic acid and omega 3 content. Additionally, taniniferous extract increased by 27% the total CLA, compared to control and oregano essential oil. We can conclude that the inclusion of oregano essential oil in the diet of feedlot lambs does not change productive efficiency and increase the luminosity of meat, although results in stronger meat; whereas the inclusion of acacia taniniferous extract reduce productive performance, but increase the quality of lipid fraction and antioxidant of meat.

No description available.

Natural, plant-based tannin antioxidants are capable of inhibiting lipid oxidation in ground beef and may be possible alternatives to industry synthetic and natural standards of BHA/BHT and rosemary extract, respectively. Ground beef was purchased on three different days, each defining a batch during study 1. Treatments, added based on meat weight, included a control, 0.2 percent rosemary (RM), 0.02 percent BHA/BHT, 0.5 percent Chardonnay grape seed flour (CG), 0.1 percent and 0.25 percent chestnut wood flour (CN), and 0.25 percent and 0.5 percent of four sorghum bran varieties: black (BS), black with tannin (BTS), white (WS), and high tannin (TS). Patties, formed in duplicate, were randomly designated as cooked or raw and by 0 to 5 day storage, and were aerobically stored at 4 degrees C. Cooked patties were analyzed using the TBARS method. Raw patties were analyzed for subjective and objective color, number of ingredient specks, and pH. In study 2, six treatments were chosen for sensory evaluation including a control, 0.2 percent RM, 0.02 percent BHA/BHT, 0.5 percent CG, 0.1 percent CN, and 0.5 percent BTS. Preparation, and raw and cooked analysis occurred similar to study 1. Additional patties were made for day 1 consumption by consumer panelists. In study 1, all treatments except 0.25 percent WS reduced TBARS values over time compared to 0.2 percent RM. Four treatments (0.5 percent BTS, 0.5 percent CG, 0.25 percent CN, and 0.1 percent CN) showed no significant increase in TBARS values over storage. BS and BTS yielded the lowest color space values (CIE L*, a*, and b*; P<0.0001). Ingredient specks were possible color measurement influences. In both studies antioxidant addition reduced TBARS values over time compared to the control (P<0.0001), and percent discoloration was highest in patties containing a sorghum treatment (P<0.0001). Patties containing 0.1 percent CN were significantly favored in terms of overall like (P<0.0002) and flavor like (P<0.0001). Patties containing 0.2 percent RM were ranked lowest in overall and flavor like, and ground beef-like bite. Patties containing 0.5 perent CG were least liked according to tenderness level (P<0.005). These results indicate that CG, CN, and certain varieties of sorghum bran can be added to pre-cooked ground beef products and provide better antioxidant protection than currently used ingredients of BHA/BHT and rosemary extract.

Condensed tannins (CT) are polyphenolic compounds that have demonstrated biological activities in ruminants including suppression of enteric methane (CH4) production, protein binding and suppression of gastrointestinal nematode (GIN) infections. Some forage CT have been reported to be biologically active, whereas others have demonstrated no biological activity at all. While the chemical structure of CT has been postulated to be a key contributing factor affecting biological activity, the specific factors that determine whether or not CT from a specific forage have bioactive properties remain unknown. Results from previous studies have shown that as molecular weight of CT increases, CT biological activity also increases. Others have reported no effect of CT molecular weight on biological activity. The relationship between molecular weight of CT and CT biological activity remains inconclusive. The effect of molecular weight of CT from a variety of warm-season perennial legumes commonly consumed by ruminants on biological activity has not been adequately explored. The objectives of this study were to determine if molecular weight of CT from warm-season perennial legumes could predict the biological activity of CT relative to suppression of enteric CH4 production, protein-binding ability (PB) and anthelmintic activity, and to compare the biological activity of CT from native warm-season perennial legumes to that of the introduced species Lespedeza cuneata, a plant that has gained attention in recent years due its anthelmintic properties. All or a combination of the following warm-season perennial legume species were evaluated for in vitro gas production, protein-precipitable phenolics (PPP) and PB, and percent larval migration inhibition (LMI). Eight North American native warm-season perennial legumes: Leucaena retusa Benth. (littleleaf leadtree), Desmanthus illinoensis (Michx.) MacMill. Ex B.L. Rob. & Fernald (Illinois bundleflower), Lespedeza stuevei Nutt. (tall lespedeza), Mimosa strigillosa Torr. & A. Gray (powderpuff), Neptunia lutea (Leavenworth) Benth. (yellow puff), two ecotypes of Acacia angustissima var. hirta (Nutt.) B.L. Rob (prairie acacia), Desmodium paniculatum (L.) DC. var. paniculatum (panicledleaf ticktrefoil), and two introduced legumes: Arachis glabrata Benth. (rhizoma peanut) and Lespedeza cuneata (Dum. Cours.) G. Don (sericea lespedeza) were included. In vitro CH4 production regressed on CT MW resulted in a R2 of 0.0009 (P = 0.80). There was no correlation between PPP or PB and MW of CT (R^2 0.11; P = 0.17 and R^2 0.02; P = 0.54, respectively). There was a weak correlation between CT MW and percent LMI (R^2 0.34; P = 0.05). The results of our study strongly suggested that CT MW does not explain the biological activities of enteric methane suppression or protein-binding ability. Condensed tannin MW may be involved in anthelmintic activity of CT from the forage legumes surveyed. North American native legumes containing biologically active CT, as compared to introduced species, were identified as having promise for use in ruminant diets.

Secondary plant metabolites have recently been gaining interest in livestock production systems following the ban of in-feed antibiotics within the European Union. The rise in antimicrobial resistance found in pathogenic and non-pathogenic bacteria has lead to increased interest in the research community regarding the use of phythochemicals as an alternative to antibiotics. The purpose of this research was to evaluate the impact of including phytochemicals in a livestock production system. Specifically, a high tannin-containing forage, sainfoin (Onobrychis viciifolia), was evaluated in vitro for its antimicrobial effect on Escherichia coli. We determined that phytochemicals alone are not as inhibitory as synthetic antibiotics. Thus, the use of combination therapy to deter the development of antimicrobial resistance was evaluated. A myriad of plant compounds were screened for their synergistic interactions with ciprofloxacin. Geraniol, an essential oil, was identified to possess good antimicrobial activity and synergistic interactions with ciprofloxacin. Therefore the effect of long term exposure to both ciprofloxacin and geraniol were examined. Results demonstrated that once an antimicrobial concentration threshold was reached, resistance to ciprofloxacin increased markedly in the presence of both geraniol and ciprofloxacin. Finally, an in vivo trial was conducted in which forty steers were fed sainfoin or alfalfa over a 9-week period to evaluate its ability to reduce E. coli shedding and its impact on gut microbiota in the context of popular theoretical ecology concepts. Results from the in vivo study indicate that sainfoin was able to promote a slight decrease in generic E. coli shedding which could be maintained throughout the trial. Using high-throughput sequencing, the effect of sainfoin on the microbial ecosystem of the ruminant gut was evaluated. Sainfoin induced a significant shift in the microbial community structure of the rumen and to a lesser extent in the hindgut. Using ecology theories, a hypothesis was formulated regarding the mechanisms that mediate the development of tolerance and the fundamental ecological processes controlling microbial population shifts. Understanding how the gut ecosystem functions and predicting its behaviour in the presence of various fluctuating environmental conditions will enable more efficient manipulation of the rumen and promote best management practices in livestock production.

Secondary plant metabolites have recently been gaining interest in livestock production systems following the ban of in-feed antibiotics within the European Union. The rise in antimicrobial resistance found in pathogenic and non-pathogenic bacteria has lead to increased interest in the research community regarding the use of phythochemicals as an alternative to antibiotics. The purpose of this research was to evaluate the impact of including phytochemicals in a livestock production system. Specifically, a high tannin-containing forage, sainfoin (Onobrychis viciifolia), was evaluated in vitro for its antimicrobial effect on Escherichia coli. We determined that phytochemicals alone are not as inhibitory as synthetic antibiotics. Thus, the use of combination therapy to deter the development of antimicrobial resistance was evaluated. A myriad of plant compounds were screened for their synergistic interactions with ciprofloxacin. Geraniol, an essential oil, was identified to possess good antimicrobial activity and synergistic interactions with ciprofloxacin. Therefore the effect of long term exposure to both ciprofloxacin and geraniol were examined. Results demonstrated that once an antimicrobial concentration threshold was reached, resistance to ciprofloxacin increased markedly in the presence of both geraniol and ciprofloxacin. Finally, an in vivo trial was conducted in which forty steers were fed sainfoin or alfalfa over a 9-week period to evaluate its ability to reduce E. coli shedding and its impact on gut microbiota in the context of popular theoretical ecology concepts. Results from the in vivo study indicate that sainfoin was able to promote a slight decrease in generic E. coli shedding which could be maintained throughout the trial. Using high-throughput sequencing, the effect of sainfoin on the microbial ecosystem of the ruminant gut was evaluated. Sainfoin induced a significant shift in the microbial community structure of the rumen and to a lesser extent in the hindgut. Using ecology theories, a hypothesis was formulated regarding the mechanisms that mediate the development of tolerance and the fundamental ecological processes controlling microbial population shifts. Understanding how the gut ecosystem functions and predicting its behaviour in the presence of various fluctuating environmental conditions will enable more efficient manipulation of the rumen and promote best management practices in livestock production.

Thesis (M.S.)--Miami University, Dept. of Chemistry and Biochemistry, 2007. / Title from first page of PDF document. Includes bibliographical references.

Thèse (Ph. D.)--Université Laval, 2005. / Titre de l'écran-titre (visionné le 15 décembre 2005). Bibliogr.

Magister Scientiae (Biodiversity and Conservation Biology) - MSc (Biodiv and Cons Biol) / This study evaluated the nutritional quality of the forage plants in Namaqualand Granite Renosterveld vegetation in the Kamiesberg uplands of the Leliefontein communal area, South Africa. Determining the quality of forages is one of the most important factors necessary for the effective management of rangelands as it impacts on the nutrient needs of animals and consequently, the grazing capacity in rangelands. The edible portions of various forage plants were collected in the wet and dry seasons in 2012 and 2013 after which the nutritional quality (mineral nutrient content; crude protein (CP); fibre, neutral detergent fibre (NDF) and acid detergent fibre (ADF); dry matter digestibility (DMD); dry matter intake (DMI); metabolizeable energy (ME); and relative forage value (RFV)) as well as the anti-nutritional quality (total phenolics (TP); condensed tannins (CT); and silicon (Si) concentrations) of the plants were determined. Plants were thereafter grouped into their respective growth forms: grasses (15 species), herbs (15 species), leaf succulents (17 species), non-succulents (134 species), reeds (7 species), trees (8 species) and stem succulents (2 species) for statistical analyses. There were generally only a few significant differences for each forage growth form, when comparing the nutritional and anti-nutritional qualities between the two seasons. Certain forage types such as leaf succulents were found to have a high nutritional value in terms of their mineral nutrient content, CP, DMD and ME , but were also found to contain high concentrations of one or more anti-nutritional factors. However, within each season, results showed that for both the nutritional quality and anti-nutritional quality, there was a significant difference between the different growth forms within each season. This suggests that both of these quality parameters are essential in order to draw meaningful conclusions regarding forage quality of these semi-arid rangeland plants. Further research is needed at the species level to determine what plant species are the most nutritious in terms of both nutritional and anti-nutritional quality in order to inform the potential production of these species on a commercial scale.

As interações superficiais dominam as propriedades de suspensões de partículas coloidais. O equilíbrio entre a superfície, o solvente e as espécies ativas em solução determina as propriedades relacionadas à reatividade e às interações na interface sólido-líquido. O tanino é um composto extraído da casca de acácia e que pode ser utilizado como estabilizante e dispersante em suspensões cerâmicas coloidais de alumina. O controle das propriedades superficiais da alumina e dos mecanismos que governam sua interação com o tanino é fundamental para ajustar seus efeitos no processamento coloidal. Torna-se necessário garantir uma superfície isenta de contaminantes para avaliar o efeito e a contribuição de cada um dos materiais em suspensão. Neste trabalho foi investigada a adsorção de tanino hidrolisável (TH), condensado (TC) e sulfonado (TS) em partículas de α-Al2O3 dialisadas. A correlação entre os resultados obtidos na caracterização da α-Al2O3 indica que coexistem sítios superficiais AlVI-μ¹-OH, AlVI-μ²-OH e AlVI-μ³-OH; adicionalmente, um sítio AlIV-μ¹-OH deve ser considerado. O estado de protonação de cada sítio é controlado pelas condições do meio, essencialmente pelo pH, revelando que a superfície das partículas de α-Al2O3 é heterogênea. A contribuição dos taninos em suspensão foi definida principalmente pelo pH do meio, uma vez que esta propriedade define o estado de protonação dos grupos polares nas moléculas. A adsorção máxima de TH e TC em α-Al2O3 (9,72 m²/g) foi 12,47 e 14,60 mg/g, respectivamente. O TS adquire uma elevada carga elétrica negativa, o que limita a quantidade adsorvida a 7,34 mg/g, principalmente devido à barreira eletrostática que é formada pela sua adsorção. Essa barreira eletrostática proporciona estabilidade de até -65 mV às suspensões quando a superfície está completamente recoberta, conferindo dispersão robusta às partículas (dH=300 nm), a qual não é afetada pelo aumento da força iônica do meio. A estabilidade inicial das suspensões de α-Al2O3 (+60 mV) foi reduzida progressivamente tanto com o aumento da adsorção de TH e TC quanto da força iônica do meio; para suspensões com potencial zeta entre -25 mV e +25 mV, aglomerados de 400 a 700 nm foram formados. A adsorção de TH, TC e TS ocorre predominantemente por ligações de hidrogênio entre os grupos fenólicos nos taninos e os sítios AlVI-μ²-OH na α-Al2O3, i.e., por adsorção específica. Para condições onde o TS recobre parcialmente a superfície da α-Al2O3, é sugerido que a adsorção ocorra por interações eletrostáticas entre os grupos SO3H e os sítios positivos da α-Al2O3, i.e., por adsorção não específica. / Submitted by cmquadros@ucs.br (cmquadros@ucs.br) on 2018-03-22T17:58:11Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese Jaíne Webber.pdf: 5713678 bytes, checksum: dfe1a860fc3e157b47e59887bfac27a9 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-03-22T17:58:11Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese Jaíne Webber.pdf: 5713678 bytes, checksum: dfe1a860fc3e157b47e59887bfac27a9 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-03-22 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior, CAPES / Surfaces interactions dominate the properties of colloidal particles suspension. The balance between surface, solvent, and active species in solution determines the properties related to the solid-liquid interface interactions and reactivity. Tannin is a natural compound extracted from acacia bark, which can be used as a stabilizing and dispersing agent in alumina colloidal ceramic suspensions. The control of alumina surface properties and the mechanisms that rules its interactions with alumina is fundamental to adjust its effects on colloidal processing. It becomes necessary to ensure a contaminant-free surface to evaluate the contribution and effect of each suspended species. In this work, it has been investigated the adsorption of hydrolysable (TH), condensed (TC) and sulfonated (TS) tannins on dialyzed α-Al2O3 particles (AD). The correlation between the obtained results for the characterization of α-Al2O3 indicates that surface sites like AlVI-μ¹-OH, AlVI-μ²-OH and AlVI-μ³-OH coexists, and in addition, an extra AlIV-μ¹-OH site must be taken into account. The degree of protonation of such sites is controlled by the conditions of the medium, essentially by pH, displaying that the α-Al2O3 particles surface is heterogeneous. The net contribution of the suspended tannins was mainly defined by the pH of the medium, since this solvent property also defined the state of protonation and deprotonation of the polar groups in the molecules. The maximum adsorption of TH and TC on α-Al2O3 (9.72 m²/g) was 12.47 and 14.60 mg/g, respectively. The TS acquires a high negative electric charge and this, in turn, limits the adsorbed amount to 7.34 mg/g, mainly due to the electrical barrier that is formed by its adsorption. This electrostatic barrier provides stability of up to -65 mV to the suspensions when the surface is fully covered, imparting robust dispersion to the particles (dH=300 nm), which is not affected by the increase in the ionic strength of the medium. The initial stability of the α-Al2O3 suspensions (+60 mV) was progressively reduced both with increasing adsorption of TH and TC as well as ionic strength of the medium; for suspensions with zeta potential between -25 mV and +25 mV, agglomerates from 400 to 700 nm are formed. The adsorption of TH, TC and TS takes place mainly by hydrogen bond between tannin’s phenolic groups and AlVI-μ²-OH on α-Al2O3 by specific adsorption. Under conditions in which the TS partially covers the α-Al2O3 surface, it is suggested that the adsorption takes place only by electrostatic interactions between SO3H groups and positive sites on α-Al2O3, i.e. by non-specific adsorption.