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Chagga elites and the politics of ethnicity in Kilimanjaro, TanzaniaFisher, Thomas James January 2012 (has links)
The focus of this thesis is on elite members of the Chagga ethnic group. Originating from the fertile yet crowded slopes of Mount Kilimanjaro, this group is amongst the most entrepreneurial and best educated in Tanzania. In the literature on ethnicity, elites are usually understood as playing a key role in the imagining of ethnicities, while at the same time usually being venal and manipulating ethnicity for purely instrumental means. Yet this approach not only risks misrepresenting elites; it also clouds our understanding of ethnicity itself. This thesis interrogates themes of elites, politics and ethnicity through an examination of the trajectories of Chagga experience from the 1850s to the present. Any discussion of Chagga ethnicity must have at its centre place - the landscape of Kilimanjaro, and the kihamba banana garden. Ideas of Chagga ethnicity were shaped by how the very first European explorers and missionaries saw the landscape of the mountainside. This formed how the colonial Tanganyikan state treated the Chagga people, placing them in an advantageous position through education, and a wealthy one through the growing of coffee. In the 1950s, the Chagga ethnic group came under a single political leadership for the first time with the introduction of a Paramount Chief. This decade marked a period of Chagga nationalism. The role of intellectuals in the articulation and imagination of Chagga ethnicity is examined through two Chaggaauthored ethnohistories. After independence in 1961, the advantages of the colonial period placed Chagga elites in key roles in the new state. However, as Tanzania moved towards Julius Nyerere’s ujamaa socialism, the policies of the state began to clash with the more capitalist outlook of the Chagga elite. Nevertheless, through educational achievement and international migration, members of the Chagga elite were able to remain influential and powerful. As such, they were in an ideal position to take advantage of the political and economic liberalisation, even as new challenges emerged from within Kilimanjaro itself. The thesis concludes with an analysis of the role of ethnicity in the 2005 Presidential elections in Tanzania. This thesis makes a contribution to the literature on ethnicity in Africa by providing an account of elites that is more nuanced than in much of the existing literature. Even though Kilimanjaro saw one of the strongest manifestations of ethnic nationalism during the colonial period, Chagga elites contributed greatly to the nation-building project in postcolonial Tanzania. Tanzanian nationalism, however, did not destroy a Chagga identity, but rather enabled a new imagining of Chagga ethnicity which today continues to have a role and saliency within the Tanzanian nation.
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Determinants of maize marketing decisions for smallholder households in TanzaniaLowe, Caitlin Heather January 1900 (has links)
Master of Science / Department of Agricultural Economics / Timothy J. Dalton / Smallholder farmers in Tanzania remain susceptible to food insecurity and poverty. To combat these challenges, the country and development organizations have turned to agriculture. In particular, value chains have been identified as a point of interest. Specifically, the maize value chain is of critical importance since maize is the staple crop of the country as well as the staple carbohydrate in the Tanzanian diet. Markets are beneficial because they enable households to specialize in agricultural production according to their comparative advantage. Specifically, markets have been shown to be one tool for increasing welfare, measured through the proxy income.
The objective of this thesis is to identify the determinants of a household’s decision to participate in the maize market as well as identify the determinants of a household’s decision regarding how much maize to sell in a given market. This research examines formal and informal market participation among 908 households during the 2008 long rainy season. Probit models were estimated to determine market participation for the formal, informal, and aggregate sale market levels. A Heckman OLS model was used to further analyze the value sold by the household in a given market.
Econometric results indicate that “quantity harvested” positively and significantly impacts market participation decisions as well as value sold decisions. The variable “male-headed households” was positive and significant in the formal market while the variable showed no significant impact in the informal market participation model. Both “radio ownership” and “mobile telephone ownership” proved to be positive and significant in the formal model while only the ownership of a radio was significant in the informal market. Additionally it was found that for the formal market participation decision, “bicycle ownership” was positive and significant. Overall, it appears that households participate in the informal market as a way to meet cash needs since farmers were not price-responsive. However, in the formal market farmers were found to be very price-responsive, following neo-classical economic theory.
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The relations between dividend policy and stock returns in the Dar Es Salaam Stock Exchange, TanzaniaSylvester, Deodatus Mkoba January 2015 (has links)
Thesis (M.M. (Finance & Investment))--University of the Witwatersrand, Faculty of Commerce, Law and Management, Graduate School of Business Administration, 2015. / Dividend policy establishes the distribution of a company’s profit whether they could pay out to the stockholders as dividends or retain the profit for re-investments in the company. There are several theories which explain the dividend behaviour, and the empirical studies suggest evidence for one over the other, however the belief concerning corporate dividend theories are different. There are two conflicting theories; those who believe in dividend relevance theory (Lintner & Gordon) and those who believe in dividend irrelevance theory (Miller & Modigliani). The key part of the study is related to the evaluation of which theory is suited for dividend policy of companies in Dar es Salaam Stock Exchange (DSE). So far numerous researchers have make an effort to solve the dividend puzzle.
The main aim of this study was to establish whether there is a relationship between dividend policy and stock return of companies listed in Dar es Salaam Stock Exchange. In particular, the study focuses on three main aspects, namely; investigating the association between stock returns and dividend yield, stock price reaction to dividend announcements and identifying the factors influencing dividend policy decisions.
The empirical findings confirmed that dividend yield has a strong impact on stock returns and it is statistically significant. The finding of this study supported the dividend relevance theory. The event study found that dividend announcements have an impact on share prices and the significance of the abnormal around event date confirms that the DSE market supports dividend relevance and signaling theory. Finally, the study concluded that debt ratio and age of the firms have a strong influence on the dividend policy on firms on the DSE.
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Risk factors and causes of adult deaths in the Ifakara health and demographic surveillance system population, 2003-2007Narh-Bana, Solomon Ayertey 25 March 2011 (has links)
MSc (Med), Population-Based Field Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Faculty of health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand / Introduction: The achievements of the United Nations’ millennium development goals
(MDGs) are not possible in isolation. Adult health and mortality with the exception of
maternal health is one of the health issues that were openly missing among the list of
MDGs. But eradicating extreme poverty and hunger would not be possible if the
economically active population is not supported to be healthy and to live longer. Little
has been done on adult health, especially to reduce mortality as compared to child
health. Adult mortality is expected to equal or exceed child mortality in sub-Saharan
Africa if nothing is done. There are varying factors associated with specific-causes of
adult deaths within and among different settings. Obtaining more and better data on
adult deaths and understanding issues relating to adult deaths in Africa are crucial for
long life and development.
Objectives: The study seeks to (i) describe causes of adult mortality, (ii) estimate adult
cause-specific mortality rates and trends and (iii) identify risk factors of cause-specific
mortality in the Ifakara Health and Demographic Surveillance System (IHDSS)
population from 2003 – 2007 among adults aged 15 – 59 years.
Methodology: The data for the study was extracted from the database of the Ifakara
Health and Demographic Surveillance System (IHDSS) in Tanzania from 2003-2007. It
was an open cohort study. The cohort was selected based on age (15-59years) and active
residency from 1st January 2003 to 31st December 2007. Survival estimates were
computed using Kaplan-Meier survival technique and adult mortality rates were
estimated expressed per 1000 person years observed (PYO). Verbal autopsy method
was used to ascertain causes of deaths. Cox proportional hazards method was used to
identify socio-demographic factors associated with specific-causes of adult deaths.
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Findings: A total 65,548 adults were identified and followed up, yielding a total of
184,000 person years. A total of 1,352 deaths occurred during the follow-up. The crude
adult mortality rate (AMR) estimated over the period was 7.3/1000PYO. There was an
insignificant steady increase in annual AMR over the period. The AMR in 2007
increased by 11% over year 2003. Most people died from HIV/AIDS (20.4%) followed
by Malaria (13.2%). The AMR for the period was 2.49 per 1000PYO for communicable
disease (CD) causes, 1.21 per 1000PYO for non communicable disease (NCD) causes
and 0.53 per 1000PYO for causes related to accidents/injuries. Over the study period,
deaths resulting from NCDs increased significantly by 50%. The proportion of deaths
due to NCDs in 2003 was 16% increasing to 24% in year 2007. Adult deaths from
Accidents/Injuries were significantly higher among men (hazard ratio (HR) = 2.2) after
adjusting for socioeconomic status (SES), level of education and household size. For
communicable and NCDs, most people died at home while for Accidents/Injuries most
people died elsewhere (neither home nor health facility). The risk factors that were
found to be associated with adult deaths due to NCDs were age and level of education.
An improvement in level of education saw a reduction in the risk of dying from NCDs
((HR(Primary)=0.67, 95%CI:0.49, 0.92) and (HR(beyond Primary)=0.11, 95%CI:0.02,
0.40) after adjusting for age and sex. Age, SES and “entry type” were the factors found
to be associated with dying from communicable diseases among the adults. In-migrants
were 1.7 times more likely to die from communicable disease causes than residents
having adjusted for age, household size, educational level, employment status of the
head of household and SES.
Conclusion: HIV/AIDS is the leading cause of adult deaths in IHDSS area followed by
malaria. Most adult deaths occurred outside health facility in rural areas. This could
probably be explained by the health seeking behavior and or health care accessibility in
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the rural area of sub-Saharan Africa. NCDs are increasing as a result of demographic
and epidemiological transitions taking place in most African countries including
Tanzania. Without preventions the rural community in Tanzania will soon face
increased triple disease burden; (CD), NCD and Accident/Injuries. Policies on
accident/injury preventions in developing countries will be effective if based on local
evidence and research.
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Institutional dynamics and impact on capital formation: evidence from Namibia and TanzaniaZaaruka, Benethelin P. 15 March 2013 (has links)
The purpose of this thesis is to examine the impact of institutions on fixed capital accumulation
over time in two developing countries, both former German colonies: Namibia and Tanzania.
This is motivated by two recent underpinning theories: the new institutional theory, which views
institutions as fundamental determinants of economic outcomes and income variations among
countries (the institutional hypothesis); and the theory of irreversible investment under
uncertainty, which emphasis the impact of uncertainty on investment and capital-stock
accumulation.
The first part of the thesis deals with the measurement and definitions of institutions. Empirical
measures of political and economic institutions have been previously produced; however, most
cover short periods of time. The short time span of the institutional indices makes them practical
in cross-countries and panel studies, rather than in country-specific studies. The importance of
country-specific studies is underscored by the notion that different historical paths led to
different ways of organising economic activities and political structures, yielding the differences
in economic development across countries. To overcome this challenge, this thesis presents a
database on institutional measures for Namibia and Tanzania for the period 1884 to 2009. These
indicators are used to assess the nature of political and economic institutional transformation
from the colonial legacy to the modern outcome, using Namibia and Tanzania as a natural
experiment.
Relying on archival information on formal laws in Namibia and Tanzania, the thesis constructs
institutional indicators that are de jure in nature representing political freedom, property rights
and judicial independence. These allow for the assessment of rules the game, rather than
outcome. The formal codification of rights and freedoms is of little significance if those rights
cannot be enforced. Therefore, the de facto element is also considered through the construction
of separate indicators on political instability and judicial independence. A clear theoretical
framework on each indicator provides the selection and combination of each sub-component. A
meaningful composite measure is based on the techniques of principal components and factor
analysis.
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The thesis argues that despite changes in colonial identity in these countries (i.e. German, then
British or South African), the broader framework of institutions remained partly the same,
particularly in the case Namibia. It is true that, with the attainment of independence in Namibia,
many institutions did change, particularly in the areas of political freedom, and judicial and
political instability. Measures such as property rights, on the other hand, are slow to change.
However, the overall long-lasting effect of these colonial institutions on economic outcomes
remains an empirical question. Similarly, the case of Tanzania reflects the notion of institutional
persistence as the country continued to undermine political freedom even after the attainment of
independence. Tanzania is among the few countries which adopted a constitution without a bill
of rights at independence.
Also, the new indicators for both countries, while covering a long time period (1884–2009),
correlate fairly well with some of the widely used institutional indices produced by Freedom
House and the Heritage Foundation.
The second part of thesis establishes the impact of institutional variables on capital accumulation
in Namibia and Tanzania, applying the Johansen Vector Error Correction Model (VECM)
technique. The data span for Namibia is from 1923 to 2009, and that for Tanzania is from 1946
to 2009. The findings highlight the importance of uncertainty (political instability) in explaining
capital accumulation over time in Namibia. The results also show that other institutional
variables are important in explaining uncertainty. Rising levels of property rights and political
rights lower political instability in Namibia.
The empirical evidence for Tanzania indicates the importance of property rights in explaining
capital accumulation over time. The most interesting result is the importance accorded to the
judicial independence, which showed a positive correlation to gross domestic product (GDP). It
is also shown that other institutional variables (property rights and political rights) have a
positive correlation to judicial independence. A further finding is that uncertainty (political
instability) has a negative effect on economic development over time in Tanzania.
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The role of birth order in infant mortality in Ifkara DSS area in rural TanzaniaSangber-Dery, Matthew Dery 26 October 2010 (has links)
MSc (Med) (Population-Based Field Epidemiology), Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand / Introduction: Studies of factors affecting infant mortality have rarely considered the role of
birth order. Despite the recent gains in child mortality in Tanzania, infant mortality rate is still
high (68 per 1000 live births) according to the Tanzania Demographic Health Survey (2004-5).
This study investigated the risk factors associated with infant mortality in Ifakara Health and
Demographic Surveillance Systems area in rural Tanzania from January 2005 to December
2007 with specific reference to birth order, and identified causes of infant death for the study
period.
Materials and Methods: The study was a secondary analysis of existing data from the Ifakara
Health and Demographic Surveillance Systems (HDSS). Child data for 8916 live births born
from 1st January 2005 to 31st December 2007 were extracted for analysis. The binary outcome
variable was infant mortality. Tables and graphs were used to describe the distribution of
maternal demographic and study population characteristics. Poisson regression analyses were
used to establish the association between infant mortality and exposure variables.
Results: We recorded 562 infant deaths. Neonatal mortality rate was 38 per 1000 person-years
while infant mortality rate was 70 per 1000 person-years. Birth order of 2nd to 5th was associated
significantly with 22% reduced risk of infant mortality (IRR=0.78, 95%CI: 0.64, 0.96; p=0.02)
compared with first births. The infant mortality rates per 1000 person-years for first births was
84, 2nd to 5th was 66 and sixth and higher was 71 per 1000 person-years.
Male infants were 17% more at risk of infant deaths as compared to their female counterparts,
but not statistically significant (IRR=1.17, 95%CI: 0.99, 1.38; p=0.06). Mothers aged 20 to 34
years had 19% reduced risk of infant death (IRR=0.81, 95%CI: 0.65, 1.00; p=0.05) as compared
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to mother of less than 20 years of age. Singleton births had 71% reduced risk of infant mortality
(IRR=0.29, 95%CI: 0.22, 0.37; p<0.001) compared with twin births. Mothers who did not
attend antenatal care had 2% reduced risk of infant deaths (IRR=0.98, 95%CI: 0.49, 1.97) but
not statistically significant compared with mothers who attended antenatal care. Mothers who
delivered at home were 1.05 times more at risk of infant deaths but not statistically significant
(IRR=1.05, 95%CI: 0.89, 1.24; p=0.56). Mothers who had no formal education were 1.41 times
more likely to have infant deaths (IRR=1.41, 95%CI: 0.72, 2.79; p=0.32) as compared to those
who had education beyond primary. When adjusted for sex, maternal age and twin births,
second to fifth birth order had 20% reduced risk of infant death (IRR=0.80, 95%CI: 0.61, 1.03;
p=0.08), but statistically not significant as compared to first births. Malaria (30%), Birth
injury/asphyxia (16%), Pneumonia (10%), Premature and/or low birth weight (8%), Anaemia
(3%) and Diarrhoeal diseases (2%) were the major causes of infant deaths from 2005 to 2007.
Discussion and conclusion: First births and higher birth orders were associated with higher
infant mortality. Twin birth was a risk factor for infant mortality. The health systems should be
strengthened in providing care for mothers and child survival. We recommend that the high-risk
group, first or sixth or higher pregnancies, need special care and the existing health management
system may be strengthened to create awareness among potential mothers for seeking
appropriate health care from the beginning of pregnancy. Also, antenatal care follow-up can be
emphasized for high-risk mothers. Efforts to control mosquitoes must be accelerated in the
Ifakara sub-district.
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Association between HIV/AIDS related adult deaths and migration of household members in rural Rufiji District, TanzaniaMurunga, Frederick Wekesah 09 March 2011 (has links)
MSc, Population-Based Field Epidemiology, Faculty of Health Sciences,University of the Witwatersrand / Introduction: The spread and prevalence of the HIV epidemic has resulted in extensive demographic,
social and economic impacts among families in the communities affected in Sub Saharan Africa
which increase with the severity and duration of the epidemic. The dramatic increase in adult
mortality attributable to HIV/AIDS in households in these communities may increase the number of
households that do not survive as a functional and cohesive social group in the years to come. The
migration of household members and possible dissolution of these households are the challenges
stemming from the epidemic. We therefore require rigorous empirical research on the socioeconomic
effects of HIV/AIDS in order to develop appropriate strategies to mitigate these impacts and
ultimately improve living standards in these communities. This report describes the extent at which
these impacts are felt by a rural community using data from the Rufiji HDSS in rural Tanzania.
Design: The study will use a longitudinal study design to identify antecedent events and dynamics
and trans-temporal aspects in establishing the effects HIV/AIDS, and particularly how adult deaths
from the disease determine migration of individual household members, controlling for other
individual level and household factors.
Objectives: The main objectives of the study include the description of the adult mortality patterns in
the area with an emphasis on the HIV/AIDS related adult deaths, the description of the socioeconomic
and demographic characteristics of households experiencing these adult deaths; the
characterisation of the members migrating from the households as a result of these adult deaths or
otherwise. We also estimate the proportion of household members migrating following the deaths of
adult members and further compare these rates of migrations from households experiencing adult
HIV/AIDS, Non-HIV/AIDS deaths and where there is no experience of death.
Methods: Migrating individuals from 4,019 households that experienced at least one adult death were
compared with migrating individuals from other households experiencing Non-HIV/AIDS deaths and
those from households without deaths. A total of 32, 787 households were included in the study. An
adult death was defined as a death of a household member aged 18 years and above. Those aged 60+
years were considered elderly deaths. A total of 4,603 adult deaths were recorded over the period 1st
January 2000 to 31st December 2007. The mortality trends were shown by the rates calculated by
Kaplan-Meier survival estimates expressed per 1000 PYO. Migration rates were computed while the
association between adult mortality and out-migration of household members was assessed using Cox
proportional Hazard model controlling for other individual level and household level factors.
Results: Adult deaths increase by about 9% the chance of a child, male or female, to migrate within or
without the DSA while HIV/AIDS adult deaths increase by a further 19 percentage point the risk of
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the child to migrate out of the DSA. The results also show that HIV/AIDS adult deaths enhance the
risk of adult female internal migration by 6% (adj. HR 1.06; 95% CI 0.91-1.23, p-value 0.01) but is
not significantly associated with adult male migration. Non-HIV/AIDS adult deaths also enhance the
risk for female internal migration by 5% albeit hardly significantly (adj. HR 1.05; 95% CI 1.0-1.10, pvalue
0.05) but decreases the chance of male internal migration by 13% (adj. HR 0.87; 95% CI 0.81-
0.93, p-value 0.01).
Additionally, HIV/AIDS adult death is strongly associated with out-migration of adults, whatever the
gender. They predispose female out-migration to 19% (adj. HR 1.19; 95% CI 1.09-1.30, p-value
<0.001) and male migration to 30% increased risk (adj. HR 1.30; 95% CI 1.16-1.45, p-value <0.001).
This gender difference is however non-significant (the confidence intervals overlap). Non-HIV/AIDS
adult death has the inverse effect on out-migration, and the gender difference is significant: 18%
increased risk for males (adj. HR 1.18 95% CI 1.14-1.22, p-value <0.001) and 29% for females (adj.
HR 1.29; 95% CI 1.26-1.33, p-value <0.001).
Conclusion: Adult deaths have a positive impact on out-migration, with some variation by gender.
The effect of HIV/AIDS death on out-migration is not very different from other deaths‟ effect.
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Assessment of risk factors associated with maternal mortality in rural TanzaniaIllah, Evance Ouma 14 October 2010 (has links)
MSc (Med), Population-Based Field Epidemiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand / Background
Complications of childbirth and pregnancy are leading causes of death among women of
reproductive age. Worldwide, developing countries account for ninety-nine percent of
maternal deaths. The United Nations’ fifth millennium development goal (MDG-5) is to
reduce maternal mortality ratio by three fourths by 2015.
Aim
The aim of this study is to explore the levels, trends, causes and risk factors associated with
maternal mortality as put forward by World Health Organization (WHO) in rural settings of
Tanzania.
Specific objectives
To establish the trend of maternal mortality ratios in Rufiji health and
demographic surveillance system (RHDSS) during the period 2002-2006.
To determine the main causes of maternal deaths in RHDSS during the period
2002-2006.
To determine the risk factors associated with maternal mortality RHDSS during
the period 2002-2006.
Method
Secondary data analysis based on the longitudinal database from Rufiji Health and
Demographic Surveillance System was used to study the risk factors and causes of maternal
death. Data for a period of 5 years between 2002-2006 was used. A total of 26 427 women
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aged 15-49 years were included in the study; 64 died and there were 15 548 live births. Cox
proportional hazards regression was used to assess the risk factors associated with maternal
deaths.
Results
Maternal mortality ratio was 412 per 100 000 live births. The main causes of death were
haemorrhage (28%), eclampsia (19%) and puerperal sepsis (8%). Maternal age and marital
status were associated with maternal mortality. An increased risk of 154% for maternal
death was found for women aged 30-39 versus 15-19 years (HR=2.54, 95% CI=1.001-
6.445). Married women had a protective effect of 62% over unmarried ones (HR=0.38,
95% CI=0.176-0.839). These findings were statistically significant at the 5% level.
Conclusion
This analysis reinforced previous findings pointing to the fact that haemorrhage and
eclampsia are the leading causes of maternal mortality in Tanzania and other developing
countries. This indicates the need for better antenatal and obstetric care, particularly for
women over thirty years of age, as well as implementing health care delivery strategies
according to the regional specific risk factors of maternal deaths and not the global factors.
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BEHAVIORAL RESPONSES TO POST-HARVEST CHALLENGES IN EAST AFRICA: LESSONS FROM FIELD EXPERIMENTSHira Channa (6634460) 10 June 2019 (has links)
This dissertation consists of three different essays evaluating solutions to postharvest challenges faced by farmers in Kenya and Tanzania. In the first essay we see that demand for a new storage technology the Purdue Improved Crop Storage (PICS) bags in Western Kenya, a completely new technology for almost the entire sample, was highly elastic and that a small proportion of the population would buy at the current market price. In the second essay we find evidence that farmers, who are primarily growing for maize consumption are more concerned about food safety in maize than traders, who are willing to pay less to keep the maize safer. In the third essay in Tanzania, we find that liquidity concerns at harvest prevent farmers from optimizing maize storage and sales decisions.
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'Shamba ni langu' (the shamba is mine) : a socio-legal study of women's claims to land in Arusha, TanzaniaDancer, Helen Elizabeth January 2012 (has links)
In the aftermath of a wave of land law reforms across Africa, this thesis seeks to reorientate current debates on women's land rights towards a focus on the law in action. Since the 1970s Tanzania has been at the forefront of African countries giving statutory recognition to women's property rights and ‘equal rights' to land. Equally, ‘customary law' incorporating gender discriminatory social practices is recognised as a source of law in Tanzania's plural legal system. Centring on disputes involving women litigants in Tanzania's specialist system of land courts, this study considers the extent to which women are realising their interests in land through legal processes of dispute resolution. The starting-point for the analysis is the legal claims to land which women bring and defend themselves against in practice. The study draws upon a year of ethnographic fieldwork, including courtroom observation, archival research and interviews conducted between January 2009 and January 2010, with particular focus on two districts of Arusha region. The thesis is structured to reflect the progression of women's claims to land, from their social origins through processes of dispute resolution to judgment. The thesis explores three central issues. Firstly, it considers the nature of women's legal claims to land in family contexts, how and to what extent the issues raised are addressed by Tanzania's contemporary statutory legal framework. Secondly, it examines how agency and power relations between actors engaged in the ‘semiautonomous social field' of land courts affect women's access to justice and the progression of claims. Thirdly, it evaluates the process of doing justice and the way in which women's claims are judged by land courts in practice. Particular attention is paid to how customary practices and judicial attitudes to female land-holding are evolving with contemporary Tanzanian discourses of justice and equal rights.
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