Medulloblastoma is the most common malignant brain tumor in children. Genetic profiling has identified four principle tumor subgroups; each subgroup is characterized by different initiating mutations, genetic and clinical profiles, and prognoses. The two most well-defined subgroups are caused by overactive signaling in the WNT and SHH mitogenic pathways; less is known about Groups 3 and 4 medulloblastomas. Identification of tumor subgroup using molecular classification is poised to become an important component of the medulloblastoma diagnosis and staging and will likely guide therapeutic options. G-protein coupled receptors (GPCR) possess characteristics that make them ideal targets for molecular imaging and therapeutics. While expression patterns of many proteins in human medulloblastoma subgroups have been discerned, the expression pattern of GPCRs in medulloblastoma has not been investigated. We have found that clusters of medulloblastoma tumors arise based solely on differential GPCR expression patterns. Further, two of these clusters correspond with high fidelity to the WNT and SHH subgroups. Distinct over-expressed GPCRs emerge; for example, LGR5 and GPR64 are significantly and uniquely over-expressed in the WNT subgroup of tumors, while PTGER4 is over-expressed in the SHH subgroup. Uniquely under-expressed GPCRs were also observed. Our results identify GPCRs with potential to act as imaging and therapeutic targets; elucidating tumorigenic mechanisms is a secondary benefit to identifying differential GPCR expression patterns in medulloblastoma tumors. Current imaging for diagnosis, staging, and measuring response to therapy for medulloblastoma patients relies heavily on MRI; single photon emission tomography (SPECT) using 111In-DTPA-Octreotide targeting the somatostatin type 2 receptor (SSTR2) is also available. Positron emission tomography (PET) affords a more sensitive and specific imaging modality than SPECT; however, the most common tracer 18FDG, is of limited usefulness for the delineation of brain tumors. Smoothened (SMO) is a GPCR that is overexpressed in a subset of medulloblastoma; we hypothesized that SMO overexpression could be exploited as a specific PET target in these tumors. Genentech generously provided the synthetically-derived small-molecule SMO ligand, GDC-0449, for use as the lead compound for development of a PET tracer. GDC-0449 has already been demonstrated to localize in brain tumors and has Cl- atoms incorporated in positions that are predicted to readily exchange with fluorine-18 to generate a fluorinated analog of the compound. We have successfully fluorinated GDC-0449, with very high radiochemical purity. Binding assays reveal affinities of the fluorinated analog of GDC-0449 for SMO to be comparable to precursor GDC-0449, and biodistribution experiments demonstrate accumulation of the fluorinated compound in tumors. The fluorinated analog of GDC-0449 holds promise as a novel PET imaging agent in medulloblastoma, providing highly specific and sensitive imaging for use in diagnosis, staging and measurement of response-to-treatment.

A new class of polymer coated lanthanide fluoride nanoparticle aggregates (NPAs) was developed as potential MRI contrast agents. The NPA synthesis has been perfected to control the size distribution and optimize relaxivities. Polyacrylic acid was used as a stabilizing polymer, and was conjugated to folic acid to improve targeting to SK-BR-3 breast cancer cells. Terbium was incorporated in the synthesis to study the passive and active targeting properties of NPAs. Through a series of microscopy experiments, a significant difference in uptake between NPAs with and without targeting moieties occurs after 48 hours of incubation. The relaxivity of the optimized nanoparticles was measured to be 56 s-1(mg/ml)-1 using a 1.5 T scanner, which may be compared to that of the commercially available Gd3+-DTPA [R1 = 7 s-1(mg/ml)-1]. Abdominal perfusion studies in rats also demonstrated that the NPAs provide better contrast of the vasculature than Gd3+-DTPA does at the same mass concentration.

A new class of polymer coated lanthanide fluoride nanoparticle aggregates (NPAs) was developed as potential MRI contrast agents. The NPA synthesis has been perfected to control the size distribution and optimize relaxivities. Polyacrylic acid was used as a stabilizing polymer, and was conjugated to folic acid to improve targeting to SK-BR-3 breast cancer cells. Terbium was incorporated in the synthesis to study the passive and active targeting properties of NPAs. Through a series of microscopy experiments, a significant difference in uptake between NPAs with and without targeting moieties occurs after 48 hours of incubation. The relaxivity of the optimized nanoparticles was measured to be 56 s-1(mg/ml)-1 using a 1.5 T scanner, which may be compared to that of the commercially available Gd3+-DTPA [R1 = 7 s-1(mg/ml)-1]. Abdominal perfusion studies in rats also demonstrated that the NPAs provide better contrast of the vasculature than Gd3+-DTPA does at the same mass concentration.

Depuis leur introduction, les agents de contraste ont révolutionné l'imagerie échographique. Ils sont composés de microbulles gazeuses, qui injectés par voie intraveineuse dans le sang, ils améliorent l'image échographique. Une autre application pour laquelle les caractéristiques physiques des agents de contraste sont exploitées est l'imagerie ciblée. Une approche basée sur l'utilisation de ligands intégrés à la paroi des microbulles, celles-ci adhérent aux facteurs de surfaces moléculaires surexprimés par les cellules endothéliales qui tapissent la paroi interne des vaisseaux sanguins. Pour pouvoir distinguer ces microbulles de celles qui circulent librement, elles doivent réfléchir un signal acoustique suffisamment intense. Cependant, le faible taux d'adhérence des microbulles engendre une réduction du signal acoustique. Pour résoudre ce problème, il est important de déterminer l'effet des parois sur leurs dynamiques acoustiques. Dans cette thèse, nous avons étudié l’effet des parois élastiques sur le comportement dynamique des microbulles constituant les agents de contraste. Dans un premier temps, un modèle théorique représentant une paroi avec une épaisseur finie a été développé. Il a été démontré que l’amplitude de l’écho rétrodiffusé par une microbulle proche d’une paroi avec une épaisseur finie est inférieure à celui d’une microbulle se trouvant dans un fluide infini. D'autres parts, pour représenter la paroi d’un vaisseau sanguin, les propriétés mécaniques de la paroi élastique ont été intégrées au modèle. Il a été observé que la fréquence de résonance d’une microbulle proche d’une paroi est supérieure à celle dans un fluide infini. Par la suite, nous avons étudié l’effet de trois types de parois sur le comportement d’une microbulle parmi lesquelles la paroi d'OptiCell communément utilisée en expérimentations ultrasonores. Les résultats ont montré que la microbulle proche de la paroi d’OptiCell diffuse un écho supérieur à celui de la microbulle éloignée de la paroi, lorsque la fréquence d’excitation est au-dessus de sa fréquence de résonance. Nous avons constaté aussi que les petites bulles sont plus sensibles à la proximité de la paroi. Par la suite, nous avons développé un modèle décrivant une microbulle attachée à une paroi élastique. Nous avons montré que le contact direct de la bulle avec la paroi induit une diminution de l'écho par rapport à la même bulle dans un liquide infini. Le contact direct de la bulle avec la paroi engendre une augmentation de la fréquence de résonance part rapport à une bulle sans contact direct. Enfin, une étude expérimentale a montré l'avantage de l'imagerie sous-harmonique pour différencier les microbulles attachées des microbulles libres. / Since they were introducted, contrast agents have revolutionized the ultrasound imaging. They are composed of tiny gaseous microbubbles and when injected intravenously into the blood, they improve the ultrasound image. Targeted imaging is another application based on the physical characteristics of contrast agents. This approach is based on the ligands incorporation into the microbubbles shell. The microbubble attach to the molecular factors overexpressed by endothelial cells, covering the inner wall of blood vessels. To distinguish these microbubbles from those freely circulating, attached microbubble have to produce an acoustic signal that is sufficiently strong. However, the low microbubbles adhesion induces a decrease of the acoustic signal. To make it possible, it is important to determine the effect of the elastic wall on their acoustic response. This thesis aimed to study the effect of elastic walls on the ultrasonic behavior of targeted microbubbles. First, a theoretical model describing a wall with finite thickness was developed. It has been shown that the scattered echo amplitude by a microbubble near a wall with finite thickness is small in comparison to the echo from a microbubble located in an infinite fluid. Furthermore, and in order to account for the effect of blood vessel wall, the mechanical properties of the wall have been incorporated into the model. The results showed that the resonane frequency of a microbubble near the wall is higher than the resonanace of the same microbubble in an infinite medium. Subsequently, we studied the effect of three types of walls on the microbubble behavior including the wall of OptiCell chamber which is commonly used in ultrasonic experiments. We have shown that microbubbles near the OptiCell wall diffuses a higher echo than those far from the wall when the excitation frequency is above the microbubble resonance frequency. On the other side, we observed that small microbubbles to the presence of the wall. Afterward, we developed a model describing a microbubble attached to the wall. We have shown that the microbubble in direct contact with the wall induces a decrease of the echo amplitude compared to the same bubble in infinite liquid. Moreover, the direct contact of the bubble with the wall generates an increase of the resonance frequency relative to a bubble without direct contact. Finally, an experimental study has shown the advantage of the subharmonic imaging to differentiate attached microbubbles from the free ones.