Submitted by Lara Oliveira (lara@ufersa.edu.br) on 2017-01-10T17:25:53Z No. of bitstreams: 1 VianneyRO_TESE.pdf: 2216147 bytes, checksum: b2d6fbc5fd0d0caeaec3ddcbc6246fa1 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Vanessa Christiane (referencia@ufersa.edu.br) on 2017-01-24T14:45:15Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 VianneyRO_TESE.pdf: 2216147 bytes, checksum: b2d6fbc5fd0d0caeaec3ddcbc6246fa1 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-03-21T14:51:35Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 VianneyRO_TESE.pdf: 2216147 bytes, checksum: b2d6fbc5fd0d0caeaec3ddcbc6246fa1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-03-18 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Two experiments were conducted in the same area, in consecutive years, whose objectives were to evaluate silviagricultural systems involving sabiá, jurema-preta, maize and cowpea. In the experiment-1 (taungya), each tree was grown single and intercropped with annual, which were also grown single. We used the design of randomized blocks, with five replications. In Experiment-2 (alleys), the tree were cut at the time of sowing of annual, being young branches and leaves embedded in consortium areas, and used two cultivars of maize and two traditional varieties of cowpea. In the experiment-1, the yield of corn grain was higher in monocultures, with no difference for mass marketable unhusked green ears (MMUGE). Cropping systems did not differ for yields of green beans and cowpea dry. The tree did not differ in their effects on green ear yield and grain, as well as yield of green beans and cowpea dry. The syndications were economically advantageous when the corn was marketed as green ears and cowpea as green beans. In the experiment-2, the tree continued to grow after the consortium, and the jurema grew more than sabiá from 240 days after sowing. The yields of grain and corn were higher in monocultures, with no difference between cultivars. There was no difference among tree crops and cultivars in their effects on grain yield. To MMUGE, there was interaction tree species x rows of positions, and cultivars (30F35H and AG4051PRO) did not differ for this feature. The yield of cowpea grains were higher in monocultures. The variety of cowpea Lagoa de Pedra was superior to José da Penha in the yield of dry beans, with no difference for green beans. There was interaction among traditional varieties x rows of positions to yield dry and green beans, and tree species x positions of rows to yield green beans. Single annual crops provide the highest values of fresh and dry weed. There was no culture systems effect on the chemical characteristics of the soil / Dois experimentos foram realizados na mesma área, em anos seguidos, cujos objetivos foram avaliar sistemas silviagrícolas envolvendo sabiá, jurema-preta, milho e feijão-caupi. No experimento-1 (taungya), cada arbórea foi cultivada solteira e consorciada com as anuais, que também foram cultivadas solteiras. Utilizou-se o delineamento de blocos ao acaso, com cinco repetições. No experimento-2 (aléias), as arbóreas foram cortadas, por ocasião da semeadura das anuais, sendo ramos jovens e folhas incorporados nas áreas consorciadas, e utilizadas duas cultivares de milho e duas variedades tradicionais de feijão-caupi. No experimento-1, o rendimento de grãos de milho foi maior nos monocultivos, não havendo diferença para massa de espigas verdes empalhadas comercializáveis (MEVEC). Sistemas de cultivo não diferiram para rendimentos de grãos verdes e secos de caupi. As arbóreas não diferiram em seus efeitos sobre rendimentos de espigas verdes e de grãos, assim como para rendimentos de grãos verdes e secos de caupi. As consorciações foram vantajosas economicamente quando o milho foi comercializado como espigas verdes e o caupi como grãos verdes. No experimento-2, as arbóreas continuaram crescendo após o consórcio, sendo que a jurema-preta cresceu mais que a sabiá a partir dos 240 dias após a semeadura. Os rendimentos de grãos e de espigas foram maiores nos monocultivos, não havendo diferença entre cultivares. Não houve diferença entre arbóreas e cultivares em seus efeitos sobre o rendimento de grãos. Para MEVEC, houve interação espécies arbóreas x posições de fileiras, e cultivares (30F35H e AG4051PRO) não diferiram para esta característica. Os rendimentos de grãos de caupi foram maiores nos monocultivos. A variedade de caupi Lagoa de Pedra foi superior à José da Penha no rendimento de grãos secos, não havendo diferença para grãos verdes. Houve interação entre variedades tradicionais x posições de fileiras para rendimentos de grãos secos e verdes, e espécies arbóreas x posições de fileiras para rendimento de grãos verdes. Os cultivos solteiros das anuais proporcionaram maiores valores de massas fresca e seca de plantas daninhas. Não houve efeito de sistemas de cultivo nas características químicas do solo / 2017-01-10

This is a study of the creation and evolution of state forestry within colonial Kenya in social, economic, and political terms. Spanning Kenya’s entire colonial period, it offers a chronological account of how forestry came to Kenya and grew to the extent of controlling almost two million hectares of land in the country, approximately 20 per cent of the most fertile and most populated upland (above 1,500 metres) region of central Kenya . The position of forestry within a colonial state apparatus that paradoxically sought to both ‘protect’ Africans from modernisation while exploiting them to establish Kenya as a ‘white man’s country’ is underexplored in the country’s historiography. This thesis therefore clarifies this role through an examination of the relationship between the Forest Department and its African workers, Kenya’s white settlers, and the colonial government. In essence, how each of these was engaged in a pursuit for their own idealised ‘good forest’. Kenya was the site of a strong conservationist argument for the establishment of forestry that typecast the country’s indigenous population as rapidly destroying the forests. This argument was bolstered against critics of the financial extravagance of forestry by the need to maintain and develop the forests of Kenya for the express purpose of supporting the Uganda railway. It was this argument that led the colony’s Forest Department along a path through the contradictions of colonial rule. The European settlers of Kenya are shown as being more than just a mere thorn in the side of the Forest Department, as their political power represented a very real threat to the department’s hegemony over the forests. Moreover, Kenya’s Forest Department deeply mistrusted private enterprise and constantly sought to control and limit the unsustainable exploitation of the forests. The department was seriously underfunded and understaffed until the second colonial occupation of the 1950s, a situation that resulted in a general ad hoc approach to forest policy. The department espoused the rhetoric of sustainable exploitation, but had no way of knowing whether the felling it authorised was actually sustainable, which was reflected in the underdevelopment of the sawmilling industry in Kenya. The agroforestry system, shamba, (previously unexplored in Kenya’s colonial historiography) is shown as being at the heart of forestry in Kenya and extremely significant as perhaps the most successful deployment of agroforestry by the British in colonial Africa. Shamba provided numerous opportunities to farm and receive education to landless Kikuyu in the colony, but also displayed very strong paternalistic aspects of control, with consequential African protest, as the Forest Department sought to create for itself a loyal and permanent forest workforce. Shamba was the keystone of forestry development in the 1950s, and its expansion cemented the position of forestry in Kenya as a top-down, state-centric agent of economic and social development.