My diploma thesis is focused on the optimization of corporate income tax. The thesis is divided into the theoretical and practical part. In the theoretical part are described terms such as taxpayers, subject of tax, tax base, tax calculation or when the tax is payable. The practical part begins with the characteristic of the company, followed by the calculation of the tax liability and the optimization of the corporate income tax. The aim of the thesis was to find the optimal variant of the calculation of the tax liability in 2015 and 2016 in the selected trading company. In the diploma thesis it was concluded that the best option for optimization is creation of reserves for repair of tangible assets or other tax deductible reserves.

The study aims to review the regulatory powers exercised by the South African Revenue Services (SARS) with regard to the issuing, decline or revocation of a taxpayer’s tax clearance certificate, to highlight any remedial measures and procedures available to the aggrieved taxpayer in order to protect the right of taxpayers to fair administrative action in their dealings with SARS. Previously, a tax clearance certificate was not issued in terms of any statute or provision of any Tax Act. However, since the introduction of the Tax Administration Act, as amended (TAA), the issuing of the tax clearance certificates are more efficiently regulated. The issuing of tax clearance certificate’s must conform to the values and principles prescribed for under current legislation, and more particularly, as espoused under the Constitution of South Africa, 1996 (the Constitution). However, it has been reported some taxpayer were experiencing unreasonable and incomprehensible delays in obtaining responses to the objections lodged with SARS for assessment. Taxpayers seeking resolution of their disputes with SARS, currently opt to incur litigation costs in order to obtain appropriate relief from the High Courts. Taxpayers must take note that there is nothing in Promotion of Administrative Justice Act (PAJA) or the common law, which empowers a Court to order an administrator to take action, including the making of a decision which the administrator is not lawfully allowed to make. The study highlights remedial measures and procedures available to the aggrieved taxpayer to prevent the misapplication of fiscal power by SARS in the issuing of the taxpayer’s compliance status, thus protecting the right to fair administrative action in their dealings with SARS. Taxpayers who are aggrieved by a decision taken by the Revenue Authority are encouraged to timeously address their grievances, commencing with the internal dispute resolution remedies provided for within the TAA. / Taxation

Zimmerman (1983) propõe que as grandes companhias devem apresentar alíquotas tributárias efetivas superiores às das pequenas companhias em decorrência dos custos políticos tributários. A aplicabilidade da hipótese dos custos políticos referentes à esfera tributária de Zimmerman (1983) ao Brasil pode ser defendida, uma vez que também se apresentam aqui muitos dos fatores institucionais que acabam por direcionar a atenção dos políticos e dos organismos regulamentadores/fiscalizadores para as grandes companhias. Sendo a questão de pesquisa do presente trabalho verificar se existe relação progressiva entre o tamanho das companhias brasileiras e a alíquota tributária efetiva, a hipótese metodológica adotada foi a de que existe relação regressiva entre a alíquota tributária efetiva e o tamanho das companhias. Tal proposição se pautou em Siegfried (1972) que defende que as grandes empresas, em função de contar com recursos financeiros e intelectuais superiores aos disponíveis aos pequenos contribuintes, acabam por reduzir, através do lobby e de estratégias de planejamento tributário, o montante de tributos a ser recolhido aos cofres públicos. O objetivo geral do trabalho foi traçar um diagnóstico de como se dá a relação, isto é, se esta realmente existir, entre a alíquota tributária efetiva e o tamanho das companhias. Dentre as restrições, cabe mencionar que o trabalho focou apenas o Imposto de Renda - Pessoa Jurídica (IRPJ) e a Contribuição Social sobre o Lucro Líquido (CSLL) e que foi pressuposto desta pesquisa que os valores das despesas tributárias apurados pelas companhias estão aderentes à legislação fiscal, ou seja, não foi utilizado nenhum mecanismo ilícito para redução de tais custos. O período analisado compreende os anos de 2006 a 2011 e a amostra foi composta por 3037 empresas distribuídas em 23 setores. Foi utilizada a técnica estatística de dados em painel, que permitiu trabalhar a base de dados sob duas perspectivas: temporal (within) e cross-section (between). Sob a perspectiva temporal, a única variável que impacta a alíquota tributária efetiva é o tamanho. Adicionalmente, o relacionamento dessa variável é inverso ao tamanho, sendo, portanto, possível afirmar que, no Brasil, quanto maior uma empresa, menor sua alíquota tributária efetiva. Pela análise cross-section é possível afirmar que impactam a alíquota tributária efetiva: ser a empresa listada na bolsa (capital aberto), controle estatal, sede localizada na região norte e nordeste e alguns setores de atividades. Foi evidenciada a relação positiva entre a alíquota tributária efetiva e ser a empresa de capital aberto, tal relação é justificada, visto que essas companhias passam a ser acompanhadas por investidores e analistas, o que restringe a atividade de planejamento tributário. Com relação à região de localização da sede existe a tendência de maior pagamento de tributos para empresas cuja sede esteja localizada na região norte e nordeste. Considerando que no período analisado ocorrem mudanças legislativas relevantes, também foi testada a ocorrência de quebra estrutural nos painéis com relação ao Regime Tributário de Transição (RTT), cuja hipótese foi rejeitada, sendo possível concluir que o RTT cumpriu com seu objetivo, qual seja manter a neutralidade tributária. / Zimmerman (1983) contends that major U.S. corporations pay effective tax rates which are higher than those of small companies, as a result of political costs. The applicability of the political cost hypothesis, within the scope of Zimmerman\'s study (1983), to Brazil, could also be defended since there are many institutional factors in this country that lead politicians and the regulatory/supervisory agencies to scrutinize large companies more closely. Accordingly, the objective of this study is to examine whether there is a progressive relation between the size of Brazilian firms and the effective tax rates. The methodological hypothesis adopted was that there is a regressive relation between the effective tax rate and the size of the firms. This proposition is based on Siegfried (1972) who defends that, since major corporations have access to greater financial and intellectual resources than those available to smaller taxpayers, these firms are able to reduce, through lobbying and tax-planning strategies, the amount of tax payable to the public coffers. The general objective of this research was to map the relationship, if it actually exists, between effective tax rates and company size. Among the limitations, it should be stressed that this work focuses solely on corporate income tax (IRPJ) and social contribution on net income (CSLL) and that the study assumed that the determination of tax by the firms is compliant with fiscal legislation, i.e. no illicit tax evasion mechanisms were used. The period under analysis is from 2006 to 2011 and the sample comprised 3037 companies distributed among 23 sectors. The statistical technique for panel data analysis was used, permitting the database to be analyzed from two perspectives: temporal (within) and cross-sectional (between). From a temporal perspective, the only variable that affects the effective tax rate is size. In addition, the relationship of the variables is inverse and, accordingly, it is possible to affirm that, in Brazil, the larger the company the lower its effective tax rate. Based on a cross-sectional analysis, it is possible to affirm that the effective tax rates of companies are impacted when they are: stock-exchange listed (publicly held), state controlled, headquartered in the North and Northeast regions of Brazil and operate in specific activity sectors. A positive relation was evidenced between the effective tax rate and companies that are publicly held and this relation is justified by the fact that these companies are closely scrutinized by investors and analysts, thereby restricting their tax planning activity. As regards location, companies whose headquarters are located in the North and Northeast regions tend to pay higher taxes. Considering that during the period under analysis, significant changes to tax legislation occurred, the occurrence of a structural break in the panel data, related to the Transitional Tax Regime (RTT), was also tested and the hypothesis was rejected, and it was possible to conclude that RTT fulfilled its objective, which is to maintain tax neutrality.

Segundo a legislação de regência, o ICMS é exigido pelos Estados e preponderantemente na origem. A competência estadual para a exigência de exação pautada em base tributária móvel, aliada à concentração da arrecadação na origem, criou ambiente convidativo à concorrência dos Estados pela concentração dos contribuintes em seu próprio território. A realidade socioeconômica, cultural e geopolítica do Brasil, no entanto, torna essa concorrência degenerativa, pautada na instituição de benefícios fiscais tidos por irregulares há mais de quarenta anos. Como resposta, os Estados prejudicados ajuízam ações, contra o ente que outorgou o benefício, com vistas a anular o incentivo. A resposta judicial, no entanto, não corresponde ao dinamismo dos impactos econômicos que derivam da instituição dessas políticas irregulares. Em função disso, os Estados alteraram o foco de sua insurgência. Recentemente, passaram a promover a glosa dos créditos apropriados pelos seus próprios contribuintes em decorrência da aquisição, em operação interestadual, de mercadorias gravadas com benefício fiscal no Estado de origem. Como o crédito é outorgado pelo Estado de origem, na prática o Estado de destino exige o valor que deixou de ser cobrado pelo de origem. Assim procedem escudados no artigo 8o da Lei Complementar no 24/75, que estabelece a nulidade do ato e a ineficácia do crédito fiscal atribuído ao estabelecimento recebedor da mercadoria e a exigibilidade do imposto não pago ou devolvido. Todavia, a repartição de competências para a exigência do ICMS trouxe campo de atuação bem demarcado para cada ente subnacional. Logo, considerando que o Brasil está estruturado em regime federativo, não pode um Estado se apropriar de tributo de competência de seu par. Se o benefício é irregular, é dever do Estado de origem exigir os valores, comportamento que pode ser obrigado a adotar por força de ordem judicial. Sendo assim, interpretação conforme a Constituição do dispositivo em foco autoriza que o Estado de origem e apenas ele reconheça, exclusivamente nas hipóteses de isenção irregularmente outorgadas, a nulidade do ato, a ineficácia do crédito fiscal atribuído ao estabelecimento recebedor da mercadoria em operações internas e a exigibilidade do imposto não pago. / Brazilian sales tax is levied by States and predominantly in origin basis. Both high mobility of the tax base in this case, and the taxation mainly in origin, led Brazilian states to fiscal competition. Socioeconomic, cultural and geopolitical context in Brazil, however, make this competition harmful, based on the institution of irregular tax benefits for over forty years. In reaction, victim states file lawsuits against the ones who granted the benefit aiming to nullify the incentive. The correspondent judgment, however, is issued long time after the economic impacts of the irregular incentives take place. As a result, States have changed the focus of their reaction. Recently started to disallow taxpayers to appropriate credits due to the acquisition of goods originated from another State awarded with tax benefit in the origin State. As the benefit is granted by the origin State, in reality destination State levies the tax that the origin State waivered. This practice is allegedly supported in Article 8 of Law 24/75, which establishes both the disallowance of the credits, and the duty to charge the tax unpaid due to the irregular benefit. However, Brazil is structured as a federation, a form of organization that secretes financial matters of each State. Therefore, a State cannot pocket the amount that could be levied by its pair. If the benefit granted to the taxpayer is irregular, the origin State shall have to levy the amount, procedure that may be imposed by the Courts. Thus, Article 8 should be construed in the following sense: fiscal authorities can disallow the credit only if the benefit is in discordance with constitutional provision of non cumulative ICMS, and, above all, only the origin state can proceed this way.

The purpose of this study is to determine the effect tax complexity has on taxpayers' understanding of the tax law. The individual income tax system in the United States is based on self assessment by the taxpayer. A self assessing system requires a high level of voluntary compliance by the participants. Taxpayers who file returns on time and file correctly are considered to be in compliance with the tax law. A taxpayer who cannot understand the rules for tax reporting logically does not have the ability to comply with the law. A tax system predicated on the presumption that the average taxpayer can understand and comply with the tax rules must not become so complex that the taxpayer is forced into either seeking external help or not fully complying. The question arises, does complexity affect the ability of taxpayers to understand, and thus comply with, the tax system?

Doctor Legum - LLD / Taxation is fundamental for development in South Africa (SA), a developing country with an emerging economy in which taxation is essential to capacitate the government so that it can fulfil its mandate under the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996 (Constitution). This mandate includes bringing about socio-economic transformation, part of transformative constitutionalism, through progressively realising socio-economic rights. This dissertation examines the way in which tax administration may take place efficiently and effectively with due respect for taxpayers' rights. A clear link is shown between taxation, human rights and the South African government's responsibilities to attain its transformation targets. To facilitate this process, the Constitution creates a legal framework for the imposition of tax and for the equitable distribution of tax revenue among the three spheres of government. For historical, political and other reasons, South Africans generally, as happens elsewhere in the world, lack a strong culture of voluntary tax compliance. Wilful non-payment of tax is antithetical to the values of democracy, ubuntu and the rule of law. Tax non-compliance minimises revenue collected from taxation. This, in turn, hinders the attainment of transformation in all its facets. A pressing need exists for laws that, on the one hand, promote tax morality and, on the other, strengthen the South African Revenue Service (SARS) so that it can effectively administer SA's national tax system (or grid). To this end, the Tax Administration Act 28 of 2011 (TAA) is pivotal. It regulates tax administration, a part of public administration. Under the Constitution, SARS is obliged to execute its functions in a manner respectful of taxpayers' rights and that upholds the Constitution’s values and democratic principles. Consequently, the TAA must strike a fair balance between, on the one hand, protecting taxpayers' rights and, on the other, arming SARS with adequate powers with which it can effectively combat the mischief of tax non-compliance. This dissertation shows that, when viewed through the prism of s 36 of the Bill of Rights (BOR), the powers conferred on SARS by ss 45(1), (2), 63(1) and (4) of the TAA to conduct warrantless inspections and searches, as the case may be, limit taxpayers' rights to, inter alia, privacy. It concludes that, whilst ss 63(1) and (4) ought to pass muster, ss 45(1) and (2) are susceptible to a declaration of invalidity under s 172(1) of the Constitution.

The Income Tax Act 58 of 1962 (“Act”) entitles taxpayers to deduct certain losses and expenses incurred by them from their taxable income if such losses and expenses comply with the requirements of section 11(a) of the Act. One of the requirements of section 11(a) is that, in order to be eligible for a deduction, the losses and expenses must have been “actually incurred” by the taxpayer. The area of tax deductions in our tax law represents the frontline in the continuous and inevitable war between the taxpayer (almost always desperately trying to maximise her deductions) and the revenue authorities (as often times desperately trying to minimise the deductions to which the taxpayer is entitled). The stage on which the various battles which make up this mighty war between citizen and state are fought is the court and the arsenal with which each party comes armed is the Act and, more specifically, the absolute belief of each party in the correctness of their interpretation of the Act, which, each party hopes, will be ably demonstrated by their able (and often extremely expensive) counsel. Such is the determination of the taxpayer and the tax authorities alike that the body of case law relating to this specific area of our law is, especially when one considers that it essentially involves on only one section of the Act, relatively voluminous. The author’s intention is to consider only one of the requirements with which the taxpayer must comply in order to be eligible for a deduction, namely, the requirement that the relevant loss or expenditure must have been “actually incurred” by the taxpayer. Despite the fact that the meaning of the phrase “actually incurred” has been considered extensively by our courts, significant uncertainty still exists as to its exact meaning. The author will deal with three specific contexts in which the meaning of this phrase remains a subject of uncertainty, namely, share-based payments, contingent liabilities and losses and expenses incurred in relation to illegal receipts. The author will begin first by dealing with the interpretation of tax statutes, the author will then, in general terms, consider the general deduction formula after which the author will delve into the meaning of the phrase “actually incurred” in the contexts of each of the transactions mentioned above. / Dissertation (LLM)--University of Pretoria, 2012. / gm2014 / Mercantile Law / unrestricted

This research explores the impact of complexity in federal income tax laws on taxpayer compliance. The primary research question is: Is complexity in the tax law associated with noncompliance? The research is unique in that previous work has not yet demonstrated an a priori circumstance in which taxpayers do not comply with the law when compliance would be in their economic self-interest. "Economic self-interest" is narrowly construed in this study, being defined as an individual's utility for saving tax dollars. "Complexity" is operationalized by the system of nonresident taxation. A situation is investigated wherein a set of taxpayers do not comply, when there is complexity in the tax law, even though compliance would reduce their tax liability. Examining compliance in this setting renders it unlikely that the confound opportunity to evade is related to observed noncompliance. The results indicate complexity is the key explanatory variable for noncompliance found in this study. / Ph. D.

El presente trabajo de investigación tuvo como objetivo general “Analizar si los factores socioeconómicos influyen en el comportamiento tributario de los comerciantes de abarrotes del mercado modelo de Lambayeque del año 2022”. Según Ríos (2016) señala que el comportamiento tributario se conforma como un sistema de valores y normas que tienen las personas y estos son los factores que guían el comportamiento de las personas en el ámbito tributario. Es por eso que, ha sido necesario emplear una metodología con enfoque cuantitativo, de tipo aplicada y el diseño descriptivo. Con respecto el diseño es no experimental. Para el levantamiento de información se requiere elaborar una encuesta, por medio del instrumento de un cuestionario. Con referencia a lo mencionado se han tomado 2 variables, la variable dependiente es comportamiento tributario y la variable independiente es factores socioeconómicos. / The present research work had the general objective of "Analyzing whether socioeconomic factors influence the tax behavior of grocery merchants in the Lambayeque model market of the year 2022". According to Ríos (2016) he points out that tax behavior is formed as a system of values and norms that people have and that these are the ones that drive their actions in the payment of taxes. That is why, it has been necessary to use a methodology with a quantitative approach, of an applied type and a descriptive design. Regarding the design is non-experimental. For the collection of information it is required to elaborate a survey, through the instrument of a questionnaire. With reference to the aforementioned, 2 variables have been taken, the dependent variable is tax behavior and the independent variable is socioeconomic factors.

The United States Whistleblower Program’s inadequate protections have placed the privacy and confidentiality rights of United States taxpayers in a vulnerable state. By using the United States Whistleblower Program as an example, this paper seeks to illustrate the risk of eroding the confidentiality and privacy rights of the taxpayer, which is a risk that other national and international governments should likewise attempt to mitigate in their own whistleblower protection programs.