L’Argentine a suivi au XIXème siècle un modèle de construction de nation inspiré des modèles européens. De nombreux débats ont accompagné ce processus, dans lequel l’organisation du système éducatif a été l’une des préoccupations du pouvoir politique. Dans ce travail, on a principalement étudié la participation progressive de l’Etat dans l’organisation du système éducatif national à travers l’analyse des discours concernant l’importance des langues et leur rôle dans le processus de consolidation nationale.La problématique a été construite autour de trois axes. Le premier concerne l’évolution des enseignements des langues étrangères dans deux domaines (public et privé); le deuxième traite de l'interaction entre la langue nationale et les autres langues, au niveau éducatif et social. Le dernier axe analyse l’impact de l’immigration européenne dans la société, notamment du point de vue des transformations linguistiques, éducatives et culturelles. Sur le plan méthodologique, la recherche a été organisée autour de l'analyse des discours contemporains présentant l'utilité, voire la nécessité de l'enseignement des langues dans un pays qui se voulait moderne et ouvert sur l’étranger. Les appréciations et les jugements de valeur, les spécificités attribués à chaque langue ont été relevés afin de saisir les enjeux cachés derrière les débats. Les résultats obtenus ont permis de déterminer l'influence des discours sur les langues dans le processus de transformation de la société argentine.Cette thèse veut apporter un autre regard sur les problèmes d'ordre linguistique et identitaire dans une période de forts changements politiques, sociaux et culturels (1810-1910) et ouvrir la voie à de nouvelles recherches dans le domaine de l'histoire de l'enseignement des langues en Argentine. / During the 19th century, Argentina followed a model of nation inspired in European ones. This process, together with numerous debates and the organization404of the educational system was one of the worries of the political power. In this thesis, we studied principally the progressive participation of the State during the creation and organization of the National Education System through the analysis of discourses connected to the relevance of languages and their role in the process of national consolidation.This issue is built around three axes (main points). The first axis is related evolution of foreign languages teaching in both state and private settings; the second one focuses on the interaction between a national language (Spanish) and other languages, in the educational and social area. The last one to analyse is the impact of European immigration in society, particularly from the point of view of linguistic, cultural and educational transformations, principally because Argentina is the only country that received, during the analysed period, a larger number of immigrants than the native population.Within methodological area, in this thesis, we analysed the contemporary discourses that present the utility, better, the necessity of teaching languages in the building of a country that was meant to be modern and open to the outside. Appreciations and judgements, as well as stereotypes and specifications attributed to each language have been analysed with the aim of perceiving what was at stake behind linguistic and didactic debates.The results obtained allowed to determinate the influence of the language discourses in the process of transformation of Argentina’s society. On the other hand, the study plans and the programs analysed made it possible to verify the concrete changes operated in the educational system and to thus establish the interrelation between discourses of the most powerful part of society that show its desire of being able to inscribe Argentina in the concert of the most powerful nations and the concrete actions taken/ put into practice.This thesis wants to offer another look to the linguistic and identity problems, on a period of deep changes, political, social and cultural and to open the way to the new researches in the language learning history in Argentina.

Yongjue Yuanxian (1578-1657) was a Confucian scholar, an eminent 17th-century Buddhist Master, and a prolific writer who re-established the reputation of the Caodong Buddhism. This study investigates Yuanxian's life and his works: the Shou ta ming (Inscription of the Longevity Stupa), the Yiyan (Nonsense Uttered in Dreams), the Jie ni nü (To Refrain from Drowning Female Infants), and the Jianzhou hongshi lu (Record of Propagating Buddhism in Jianzhou). This research unfolds Yuanxian's Confucian and Buddhist backgrounds as well as his impact through his writings on both the mundane and super-mundane worlds. The Shou ta ming gives us clues regarding Yuanxian's natural inclination and life. The study of Yiyan investigates Yuanxian's philosophy, his position towards the harmonizing the Three Teachings, and his approach towards the challenges of 17th-century Chan Buddhism. The Jie ni nü provides us with Yuanxian's engagement in Fujian society, the social phenomena among the commoners, and their unconventional Buddhist concepts. His Jianzhou hongshi lu reveals eminent local Chan and Confucian masters, how the Chan teachings enhanced the Confucian scholars' demeanor, and the influence of the Chan masters of the Jianzhou area that extended well beyond that local region. Yuanxian devoted his literary talents as a reviver and fearless defender to uphold the supremacy of Buddhism. He vigorously pointed out the deficiencies of Confucianism and Daoism and expressed distinctive insight towards the popular trend of the Three Teachings syncretism. His life manifested the ideal of actualizing the functions of the super-mundane world while engaging simultaneously in society.

Afrikaans: Die doel van hierdie studie is om deur die gebruikmaking van die insigte van Q¬navorsing die tradisioneel aanvaarde uitgangspunt dat Jesus se etiese uitsprake in terme van 'n apokalipties-eskatologiese raamwerk verstaan moet word, te bevraagteken en daarteenoor te stel dat ons eerder 'n eties-eskatologiese vertrekpunt behoort te veronderstel. Die studie bespreek eerstens die standpunte van etici wat by Jesus 'n apokalipties-eskatologiese perspektief identifiseer en sy etiese uitsprake in terme van so 'n perspektief verstaan. In die navorsing word die temas wat verband hou met tempel, Seun van die Mens, Johannes die Doper en Koninkryk van God (aspekte wat sentraal in die prediking van Jesus staan) gebruik om die standpunte van hierdie tradisionele etici te beskryf en te verduidelik. Die standpunte van Nuwe-Testamentici wat meen dat Jesus se etiek geen eskatologiese konnotasies het nie, word in hoofstuk 3 bespreek. Dieselfde temas wat hierbo gemeld is, word gebruik om die standpunte van die nie¬eskatologiese denkers te verwoord. Hoofstuk 4 fokus op die Spreuke-Evangelie Q. Die ondersoek in hierdie verband bou voort op die navorsing van J S Kloppenborg oor die stratifikasie van Jesus¬tradisies in Q. Die studie toon dat daar in die eerste laag van Q (die stratum die naaste aan die historiese Jesus), nie apokaliptiese trekke aanwesig is nie. Hierdie bevinding bevestig die grond vir die twyfel rakende die tradisionele etici se oortuiging dat 'n apokaliptiese eskatologie die perspektief vorm van waaruit Jesus sy etiese onderwysings uitgespreek het . Vervolgens word 'n alternatiewe perspektief in die plek van die apokalipties¬eskatologiese voorgestel. Jesus se verwysing na die "Koninkryk van God" word verstaan as verwysende na 'n alternatiewe lewenstyl in die teenswoordige lewe van Jesus se volgelinge. In hoofstuk 6 word geargumenteer dat daar wel by Jesus van 'n eskatologie sprake is, maar dan gedefinieer as 'n etiese eskatologie. Die inhoud van so 'n etiese perspektief word verduidelik met behulp van die resultate van die navorsing van J S Kloppenborg, J D Crossan en R A Horsley. In hoofstuk 7 word twee gedeeltes, te wete Q 13:18-19 ) die gelykenis van die mosterdsaad) en Q 17:18-20, 31-35 (die metaforiese uitspraak oor die kinders op die markplein an aanleiding van ‘n navraag deur Johanes die Doper), eksegeties bespreek. Die doel van hierdie bespreking is om aan te toon hoe hierdie uitsprake van Jesus vanuit ‘n eties-eskatologiese perspektief gelees kan word en hoe so ‘n interpretasie verskil van ‘n etiek wat Jesus se uitsprake in terme van ‘n apokalipties-eskatologiese raamwerk verstaan. In die laaste hoofstuk word die insigte van hierdie studie eietyds toegepas deur Jesus se etiek te beskryf as ‘n subversiewe wysheid wat heelwat hedendaagse kerklike konvensies en gebruike krities bevraagteken. English: Drawing on the insights of Q research, the purpose of this study is to question the traditionally accepted position that Jesus' ethical sayings are to be understand in terms of an apocalyptic framework. It is argued that an ethical-eschatological point of departure is rather to be discerned in Jesus' teachings. The study first sketches the positions of those ethicists whose readings discern in Jesus' teachings an apocalyptic-eschatological point of departure and who understand his ethical sayings in terms of the latter. The themes temple, Son of Man, John the Baptist and Kingdom of God (aspects central to the preaching of Jesus) are used to spell out the positions of these traditional ethicists. Then, in chapter 3, the study outlines positions - opposed to the above¬mentioned ones - of New Testament scholars who view Jesus' sayings as not being eschatological at all. The study, again, makes use of the themes mentioned above in order to spell out the positions of non-eschatological thinkers. In chapter 4, which deals with the Sayings Gospel 0, J S Kloppenborg's research on the stratification of the Jesus tradition in 0 is considered. The findings indicate that no apocalyptic traits are apparent in the first layer of 0, the layer closest to the historical Jesus. The research shows that these findings form the basis for doubting the traditional ethicists' position that Jesus' ethics is apocalyptically-eschatologically grounded. An altemative perspective in place of the apocalyptical-eschatological one is suggested. Jesus' reference to the Kingdom of God is understood as referring to an altemative lifestyle in the here and now of the life of Jesus' followers. In chapter 6, it is argued that there may indeed be an eschatological perspective in Jesus' teachings, but that this would be an ethical-eschatological perspective. What this might entail is articulated with reference to the insights of J S Kloppenborg, J D Crossan and R A Horsley. In chapter 7, the study concludes with an exegetical discussion of two passages from 0, viz. 0 13:18-19 (the parable of the mustard seed) and 0 7:18-20,31-35 (the metaphorical discourse about the children on the market square, ensuing from an enquiry by John the Baptist) in order to indicate how these sayings of Jesus may be read ethically-eschatologically. In the last chapter the insights derived from this study are applied to the present-day situation of the church by describing Jesus' ethics as subversive wisdom which challenges many conventional practices. / Thesis (DD (New Testament Studies))--University of Pretoria, 2006. / New Testament Studies / unrestricted

The stream of Christianity has never run its course through a generation of believers in which has not been found someone who urged the application of Jesus teachings to the social perplexities of the day. The persistence of this attitude has not, however, been a guarantee of consistency either in the interpretation of the gospel they sought to apply or in the method of application. The approaches to the understanding of the ethic of Jesus have been as many and varied as the problems, the thought, and the radical characteristics of the people who have quenched their thirst with the living water of the stream. And now this ethical emphasis has come to occupy the central place in the Christianity of our time. The objective is not to determine the content of the ethic except where it is necessary to the progress of the central problem. No one “system” of Christian ethics will be used. Nor is the aim to criticize the present social order on the basis of the Christian Ethic. That is another task outside the scope of this work. The objective herein accepted is to consider critically the problem of the permanent validity of the Christian Ethic.

No description available.

A survey questionnaire was sent to 254 churches in the United States. An analysis of the answers of those giving a positive reply indicates that a great apostasy has taken place regarding the true Christian fast. Only a few small, independent churches seem to even approach Christ's ordained fast.It is claimed that great health benefits arise from wise periodic fasting. A physiological section analyzes the effects of fasting.A historical section presents the most important teachings and happenings of Gandhi, early reformers and practioneers, native races of America, U.S. presidents and state governments, early Christian history, and all large world religions.

"Brigham Young's Philosophy of History" attempts to describe how Brigham Young gave order and unity to the hubbub and confusion in which man lived. The laws which gave form and pattern to the baffling, diverse phenomena of and around man receive major attention. This thesis is an expository type of writing rather than an evaluation of Brigham Young's ideas and principles or laws in reference to other philosophies of history, Latter-day Saint theology, the modern natural exact sciences, or in reference to the current views of his times. This thesis is limited to a digestion of Brigham Young's works in the Journal of Discourses rather than an attempt to add another biography to the many on Brigham Young or to attempt to trace the roots of his ideas in his environments. Neither is this work a comparison of Brigham Young's ideas concerning history with those of his contemporaries in and out of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. Nor does it deal with the influence which Brigham Young may have had upon the dogma of the "Mormon" church. In literary style, the thesis is written in the first person and dramatic narrators. This style may be confusing to the reader who never experienced it before. With the exception of the introduction, the first chapter, the epilogue, and the appendicies, this particular literary style allow the thesis to read as if Brigham Young had written the work. Thus, all the ideas expressed in the main body of the thesis are those of Brigham Young.Brigham Young's mind seemed to operate upon a priori and a posterori as well as a form of ratiocination when he arrived at his conclusions. The main law governing the universe and all its modes was the law of increase with its antithesis, decrease. The numerous laws which were below the law of increase taught man how to increase and gave him power to increase. Should he refuse to obey these laws, he was acted upon by other laws until he decomposed back into his native element. Man had his existence to learn to increase, expand, and spread abroad. It was his mission. He was the apex of focus for the law of increase.Below the law of increase and its antithesis, decrease, were numerous subsidiary laws which helped to govern all events. The organization of matter to form intelligence, spirit bodies, and mortal bodies to house these spirits were all governed by these laws. The war in heaven, the creation of this earth, the transgression of Adam and Eve, the struggles of mankind against evil, and the interference by God into man's affairs were all opportunities calculated to allow the rational beings the privilege of giving their loyalty to either increase or decrease. Although there is seemingly a fluidity in man's choices, man cannot stymie increase by continual conscious or unconscious wrong choices, for increase will eventually destroy all the evil upon this earth.

Alfred Adler's Individual Psychology emphasizes the uniqueness of individuals and describes the life style, or personality, as the unique and characteristic pattern of coping with and solving problems and interacting with other people. The purpose of this study was the development of a similar instrument that would quantitatively identify life styles in children.

Until recently, very little had been written directly on the problem of the New Testament kergyma. Works designed solely for the purpose of setting forth the nature of the message of the primitive preaching of the church, and the forms of the preaching of the primitive message of the church, were woefully lacking. However, in recent years there has been a return to a discussion of this problem. This thesis seeks to provide a survey of some of the literature of this recent investigation of the kergyma of the New Testament.

The voices of eleven Aboriginal and ten non-Aboriginal adult social work educators who volunteered to participate in this qualitative research study represent a diverse range of practice and teaching experiences. Participants with experience teaching social work courses that included the enrollment of Aboriginal students were interviewed to gain knowledge about their self-location, lived experiences, their insight, and their perceptions of the ways in which they have and continue to support and influence the retention of Aboriginal post-secondary students. This study utilized phenomenology as a philosophical approach. The interview process was guided by a phenomenological investigation to identify and explore themes that emerged from the data. The major findings of the study revealed the the many facets to the social work educator-student relationship. The major findings of the study revealed the ways social work educators with experience teaching Aboriginal social work students from northern and remote communities, are involved in providing personal and academic support. Examples of the support provided includes the daily maintenance of an open door policy, reaching out and providing offers of help to students, and assuming roles as advocates, resource brokers, mentors, advisors and counsellors. / October 2016