This doctoral thesis sets out to analyse the development of the unemployed movement in Sweden during the period 1920–34. The study is divided into two parts. The first is empirical and descriptive while the second is interpretive and explanatory, and seeks to examine why this phenomenon developed in the way it did. Mass unemployment in Sweden between the World Wars did not cause the same social tensions as in many other countries. This relative peace endured despite high and consistent unemployment and hard living conditions for the unemployed. These conditions served as sources for tensions present in the unemployed movement, and which some actors sought to take advantage of and even exacerbate. Andréasson argues that a major reason that society did not take a more radical turn in the period was that the reformist labour movement actively moderated these tensions. This was done by the Social Democratic Party (SAP) changing the environment of the unemployed organisations, for example by using local unemployment policy to polish off the rough edges of the national unemployment policy. More important was the crisis politics in the early 1930s that helped narrow the socio-economic gap between those who had and those who did not have a job. The Swedish Trade Union Confederation (LO) neutralised the movement of the unemployed by introducing changes within the unemployed movement itself, involving a variety of strategies. After 1933, the LO and SAP dominated and were able to direct the activities of most of the organisations that existed. Gaining control over the unemployed was as important for the LO and SAP as being able to exert control over other forces that might threaten to weaken their long-term strategies and aims. There was a conviction within the unemployed movement that mass unemployment was largely a consequence of technological developments in production. This argument had roots dating back to the early stages of industrialism in England when Luddites had attacked production machinery. The coalition of organisations of unemployed workers in Sweden during the 1920s and 1930s did not seriously consider engaging in machine-breaking activities. The movement’s criticism of technology did not extend into the Swedish model which envisioned the development of machinery as a way to prevent rising unemployment. / QC 20100628

Esta tese apresenta estudos sobre a arte contemporânea inserida nas tecnologias, denominada Artemídia, e suas possíveis correspondências com o contexto do jogo. Embasados em uma metodologia de investigação teórico-bibliográfica, na preocupação de entender e evidenciar nesta trajetória, as possibilidades e os tipos de interações sociais que ocorrem durante a participação do espectador nesta referida proposição artística, buscamos articular, de modo interdisciplinar, conceitos e teorias que envolvem arte, tecnologia e sociedade. Para isso, na observação de diversas instalações artísticas em suas formas de interação, identificamos e analisamos alguns parâmetros que contribuíram para a produção desta associação entre arte, jogo e sociabilidade, dentre eles, olhamos com mais proximidade para as circunstâncias da abertura à participação e interação do sujeito na obra de arte, bem como deslocamento da mesma para os centros urbanos; além disso, foi examinada sua vocação à interatividade quando mediada pelos artefatos tecnológicos, fator que abriu passagem para perceber e considerar a provocação para um olhar de encantamento e fascínio em determinados participantes, observamos também as possibilidades de ampliação das percepções e estímulo às sensações de sinestesia, além de analisar mais a fundo os conceitos contextuais do jogo. Desta maneira, explanamos sobre a Artemídia, suas relações com as tecnologias e seus aspectos voltados para a brincadeira, diversão e entretenimento, o que evidenciou sua capacidade de produção de estímulos, tanto para as interações sociais quanto na motivação de mudanças de comportamento dos sujeitos. Deste modo, consideramos que as possíveis correspondências entre o jogo e a Artemídia, bem como suas formas de interação e mediação, podem constituir um estado de transformação social e produção de socialidade. / This thesis presents studies about contemporary art embedded in recent technologies, denominated as Media Art, and their possible relations with the game context. Based on a theoretical bibliographic research methodology, to understand and evidence in this trajectory, social interactions possibilities that occur during the spectator participation in this referred artistic proposition, we articulate, in interdisciplinary way, concepts and theories that involve art, technology and society. For this, from the observation of the artistic installations and theirs interaction forms, we identified and analyzed some parameters that contributed to the production of this association between art, game and sociability, so we look more closely at the openness circumstances of the art participation and their interaction to the subject, and to displacement of the Media Art to the urban centers were also seen; moreover, its vocation to interactivity was examined when mediated by technological artifacts, the reason that made us to perceive and consider a look of enchantment and fascination in certain participants, was also observed synesthesia as possibilities of expanding perceptions and stimulating feelings, as well as analyzed deeply the game contextual concepts. In this way, we explain about Media Art, their relation with technologies and aspects that with involve play, fun and entertainment, whose motivation ability was demonstrated both for social interactions and for the instigation of subjects' behavior changes. Therefore, we consider that the possible matches between the game and Media Art, including their forms of interaction and mediation, constitute in some kind of social transformation and sociality production.

Esta tese apresenta estudos sobre a arte contemporânea inserida nas tecnologias, denominada Artemídia, e suas possíveis correspondências com o contexto do jogo. Embasados em uma metodologia de investigação teórico-bibliográfica, na preocupação de entender e evidenciar nesta trajetória, as possibilidades e os tipos de interações sociais que ocorrem durante a participação do espectador nesta referida proposição artística, buscamos articular, de modo interdisciplinar, conceitos e teorias que envolvem arte, tecnologia e sociedade. Para isso, na observação de diversas instalações artísticas em suas formas de interação, identificamos e analisamos alguns parâmetros que contribuíram para a produção desta associação entre arte, jogo e sociabilidade, dentre eles, olhamos com mais proximidade para as circunstâncias da abertura à participação e interação do sujeito na obra de arte, bem como deslocamento da mesma para os centros urbanos; além disso, foi examinada sua vocação à interatividade quando mediada pelos artefatos tecnológicos, fator que abriu passagem para perceber e considerar a provocação para um olhar de encantamento e fascínio em determinados participantes, observamos também as possibilidades de ampliação das percepções e estímulo às sensações de sinestesia, além de analisar mais a fundo os conceitos contextuais do jogo. Desta maneira, explanamos sobre a Artemídia, suas relações com as tecnologias e seus aspectos voltados para a brincadeira, diversão e entretenimento, o que evidenciou sua capacidade de produção de estímulos, tanto para as interações sociais quanto na motivação de mudanças de comportamento dos sujeitos. Deste modo, consideramos que as possíveis correspondências entre o jogo e a Artemídia, bem como suas formas de interação e mediação, podem constituir um estado de transformação social e produção de socialidade. / This thesis presents studies about contemporary art embedded in recent technologies, denominated as Media Art, and their possible relations with the game context. Based on a theoretical bibliographic research methodology, to understand and evidence in this trajectory, social interactions possibilities that occur during the spectator participation in this referred artistic proposition, we articulate, in interdisciplinary way, concepts and theories that involve art, technology and society. For this, from the observation of the artistic installations and theirs interaction forms, we identified and analyzed some parameters that contributed to the production of this association between art, game and sociability, so we look more closely at the openness circumstances of the art participation and their interaction to the subject, and to displacement of the Media Art to the urban centers were also seen; moreover, its vocation to interactivity was examined when mediated by technological artifacts, the reason that made us to perceive and consider a look of enchantment and fascination in certain participants, was also observed synesthesia as possibilities of expanding perceptions and stimulating feelings, as well as analyzed deeply the game contextual concepts. In this way, we explain about Media Art, their relation with technologies and aspects that with involve play, fun and entertainment, whose motivation ability was demonstrated both for social interactions and for the instigation of subjects' behavior changes. Therefore, we consider that the possible matches between the game and Media Art, including their forms of interaction and mediation, constitute in some kind of social transformation and sociality production.