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Desenvolvimento de dispositivo para calibraÃÃo de sensor de umidade do solo e aplicaÃÃo em sensores tipo tensiÃmetro eletrÃnico e resistÃncia elÃtrica / Development of apparatus for soil moisture calibration was developed and built (DCSUS) and application in sensors electronic type an electronic tensiometer and electric resistance.Raimundo AlÃpio de Oliveira LeÃo 01 September 2004 (has links)
FundaÃÃo de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Cearà / Um dispositivo para calibraÃÃo de sensores de umidade do solo (DCSUS) foi desenvolvido. Para o controle da umidade do solo foram instalados um sistema de sucÃÃo tipo funil de placa porosa e um sistema de pressÃo tipo cÃmara de pressÃo. Foi construÃda uma estrutura de ferro de 3,0 m de altura, no topo da qual, uma balanÃa de braÃos conteve, em uma das extremidades, a coluna de solo horizontal com os sensores de umidade a serem calibrados e, na outra, uma cÃlula de carga com capacidade nominal de 490,33 N, para obtenÃÃo da
variaÃÃo do peso da coluna decorrente da perda de umidade. Os dados dos sensores de umidade, da cÃlula de carga e de um sensor de temperatura foram coletados em tempo real, no
perÃodo de 15/01 a 27/05/2004, a uma freqÃÃncia de 3 Hz, por um sistema de aquisiÃÃo de dados, cujo conversor analÃgico digital possuÃa canais de 12 bits. Os dados foram armazenados diariamente em um arquivo de texto para posterior processamento. Foi realizada a calibraÃÃo do dispositivo para determinaÃÃo de sua sensibilidade. Realizou-se o monitoramento da umidade do solo atravÃs dos registros da cÃlula de carga; da tensÃo da Ãgua do solo, atravÃs de cinco sensores tipo tensiÃmetros eletrÃnicos e da resistÃncia elÃtrica do solo, atravÃs de trÃs sensores de matriz granular (Watermark). Os dados da temperatura ambiente foram coletados pelo sensor de temperatura FM51. Foram analisadas as saÃdas obtidas na cÃlula de carga e nos sensores de umidade do solo quanto à variaÃÃo da temperatura ao longo do dia. O DCSUS apresentou sensibilidade para variaÃÃo de umidade correspondente à perda de 13,33 mL de Ãgua. A cÃlula de carga utilizada apresentou
sensibilidade à temperatura ambiente ao longo do dia, com erro em torno de 0,25%. Nas condiÃÃes experimentais estabelecidas, os sensores Watermark nÃo apresentaram erro devido à temperatura ambiente. Os tensiÃmetros apresentaram erro devido à variaÃÃo da temperatura acima de 3,5% quando em potenciais mÃtricos mais elevados (-3,87 kPa) e acima de 5,5 %
quando em potenciais mÃtricos mais baixos (-44,50 e 51,00 kPa). O DCSUS desenvolvido foi eficaz quanto à determinaÃÃo da umidade do solo, com sensibilidade à variaÃÃo de 4,244.10-4 cm3.cm-3. / Na apparatus for soil moisture calibration was developed and built (DCSUS). The moisture was controlled indirectly by controlling the soil water matrix potenctial using both a
porous plate funnel and a pressure chamber system. A 3.0 m high tower wal built in steel and a scale installed on its top. The scale components were an I-bean articulated in its center by a set of bearings and bushings and a shaft. The bian was welded in its middle point to the shaft and a horizontal soil column with undisturbed soil contained by an acrylic cylinder installed on one of its ends, and a 50 N capacy load cell on the other end. The following sensors were installed: a granular matrix sensor (Watermark), an electronic tensiometer sensor, air temperature sensors and soil temperature sensors. Moisture sensor readings, as well as from the load cell and temperature sensor were taken in real time at a 3 Hz frequency from 01/15 to 05/27/2004. The data acquisition system was made of a 12-bit analog/digital coverter, an AMD188 microcontroller and an RS232 interface. Data was stored daily and applied to obtain the parameters of calibrations, sensitivity and the effect of temperature on the system. The apparatus resulted in sensitivity to moisture change of 13,33 mL of water. The load cell displayed some sensitivity to daily temperature variation, with an error of 0,25%. The Watermark sensors were not affected by air temperature variation, but displayed sensitivity to variation on the supplied voltage. The electronic tensiometers, however, were more sensitive to temperature with errors of 3.5% for higher matric potentials (-3.82 to -3.92 kPa) and 5.5% for lower matric potentials (-44.5 to -51 kPa). The DCSUS showed to be efficient in monitoring variations soil moisture, displaying a minimum reading 4.244E-4 cm3.cm-3.
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Desenvolvimento de dispositivo para calibração de sensor de umidade do solo e aplicação em sensores tipo tensiômetro eletrônico e resistência elétrica / Development of apparatus for soil moisture calibration was developed and built (DCSUS) and application in sensors electronic type an electronic tensiometer and electric resistanceLeão, Raimundo Alípio de Oliveira January 2004 (has links)
LEÃO, Raimundo Alípio de Oliveira. Desenvolvimento de dispositivo para calibração de sensor de umidade do solo e aplicação em sensores tipo tensiômetro eletrônico e resistência elétrica. 2004. 72 f. Dissertação (Mestrado em engenharia agrícola)- Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza-CE, 2004. / Submitted by Elineudson Ribeiro (elineudsonr@gmail.com) on 2016-06-28T17:28:12Z
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Previous issue date: 2004 / Na apparatus for soil moisture calibration was developed and built (DCSUS). The moisture was controlled indirectly by controlling the soil water matrix potenctial using both a porous plate funnel and a pressure chamber system. A 3.0 m high tower wal built in steel and a scale installed on its top. The scale components were an I-bean articulated in its center by a set of bearings and bushings and a shaft. The bian was welded in its middle point to the shaft and a horizontal soil column with undisturbed soil contained by an acrylic cylinder installed on one of its ends, and a 50 N capacy load cell on the other end. The following sensors were installed: a granular matrix sensor (Watermark), an electronic tensiometer sensor, air temperature sensors and soil temperature sensors. Moisture sensor readings, as well as from the load cell and temperature sensor were taken in real time at a 3 Hz frequency from 01/15 to 05/27/2004. The data acquisition system was made of a 12-bit analog/digital coverter, an AMD188 microcontroller and an RS232 interface. Data was stored daily and applied to obtain the parameters of calibrations, sensitivity and the effect of temperature on the system. The apparatus resulted in sensitivity to moisture change of 13,33 mL of water. The load cell displayed some sensitivity to daily temperature variation, with an error of 0,25%. The Watermark sensors were not affected by air temperature variation, but displayed sensitivity to variation on the supplied voltage. The electronic tensiometers, however, were more sensitive to temperature with errors of 3.5% for higher matric potentials (-3.82 to -3.92 kPa) and 5.5% for lower matric potentials (-44.5 to -51 kPa). The DCSUS showed to be efficient in monitoring variations soil moisture, displaying a minimum reading 4.244E-4 cm3.cm-3. / Um dispositivo para calibração de sensores de umidade do solo (DCSUS) foi desenvolvido. Para o controle da umidade do solo foram instalados um sistema de sucção tipo funil de placa porosa e um sistema de pressão tipo câmara de pressão. Foi construída uma estrutura de ferro de 3,0 m de altura, no topo da qual, uma balança de braços conteve, em uma das extremidades, a coluna de solo horizontal com os sensores de umidade a serem calibrados e, na outra, uma célula de carga com capacidade nominal de 490,33 N, para obtenção da variação do peso da coluna decorrente da perda de umidade. Os dados dos sensores de umidade, da célula de carga e de um sensor de temperatura foram coletados em tempo real, no período de 15/01 a 27/05/2004, a uma freqüência de 3 Hz, por um sistema de aquisição de dados, cujo conversor analógico digital possuía canais de 12 bits. Os dados foram armazenados diariamente em um arquivo de texto para posterior processamento. Foi realizada a calibração do dispositivo para determinação de sua sensibilidade. Realizou-se o monitoramento da umidade do solo através dos registros da célula de carga; da tensão da água do solo, através de cinco sensores tipo tensiômetros eletrônicos e da resistência elétrica do solo, através de três sensores de matriz granular (Watermark). Os dados da temperatura ambiente foram coletados pelo sensor de temperatura FM51. Foram analisadas as saídas obtidas na célula de carga e nos sensores de umidade do solo quanto à variação da temperatura ao longo do dia. O DCSUS apresentou sensibilidade para variação de umidade correspondente à perda de 13,33 mL de água. A célula de carga utilizada apresentou sensibilidade à temperatura ambiente ao longo do dia, com erro em torno de 0,25%. Nas condições experimentais estabelecidas, os sensores Watermark não apresentaram erro devido à temperatura ambiente. Os tensiômetros apresentaram erro devido à variação da temperatura acima de 3,5% quando em potenciais mátricos mais elevados (-3,87 kPa) e acima de 5,5 % quando em potenciais mátricos mais baixos (-44,50 e 51,00 kPa). O DCSUS desenvolvido foi eficaz quanto à determinação da umidade do solo, com sensibilidade à variação de 4,244.10-4 cm3.cm-3.
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Force-Sensing Rehabilitation Glove : A tool to facilitate rehabilitation of reduced hand strengthHenriksson, Michael, Fransson, Michael January 2018 (has links)
This thesis examines how the pressure sensors can be used in rehabilitation for patients with weakened hand strength. The rehabilitation process usually contains everyday tasks to evaluate the patient’s capability and the tools for this part of the rehabilitation process are few. The challenges will be to find a suitable sensor for the application and how to implement the sensor in a versatile prototype with direct feedback for the user. To solve this problem, research will be conducted on different pressure sensor types to determine the most suitable one for this implementation. The resulting prototype is utilizing a force sensing resistor (FSR) mounted on a glove together with a module that presents direct feedback to the patient and caretaker. The glove has pressure sensors in each fingertip to detect the applied force for each individual finger when the patient grips an object. To present the feedback, a visual interface is created in the form of a hand with a LED for each finger, which provides direct visual feedback and a display to present numerical data. / Denna avhandling undersöker hur trycksensorer kan användas vid rehabilitering av patienter med försvagad handstyrka. Rehabiliteringsprocessen innehåller vanligtvis vardagliga uppgifter för att utvärdera patientens förmåga och nuvarande hjälpmedel är få. Utmaningarna är att hitta en lämplig sensor för applikationen och hur man kan implementera sensorn i en mångsidig prototyp med en direkt återkoppling för användaren. För att lösa detta problem kommer forskning att genomföras på olika typer av trycksensorer. Detta görs för att kunna bestämma den mest lämpade sensortypen för denna implementering. Den resulterande prototypen består av en handske med kraft känsliga resistorer (FSR) och en separat modul som ger direkt återkoppling till patienten och vårdtagaren. Handsken har en sensor i varje fingertopp för att detektera applicerad kraft för varje enskilt finger när patienten greppar ett föremål. För att presentera data från sensorerna skapas ett visuellt gränssnitt. Gränssnittet är i form av en hand med lysdioder i varje finger för direkt återkoppling och en bildskärm för att presentera numeriska data.
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Phonon heat conduction probed by means of an electro-thermal method involving deposited micro and nanowires / Conduction de la chaleur au phonon sondée au moyen d'une méthode électrothermique impliquant des micro et nanofils déposésJaber, Wassim 25 October 2016 (has links)
The context of this PhD is the reduction of sizes involved in material development and the confinement of heat in modern devices, which are known to lead to the apparition of hot spots. The goal is to investigate heat conduction from micro- to nanoscale wide Joule-heated wires standing on flat layered materials. A particular focus is given to the analysis of phonon heat dissipation when departing from the well-known Fourier diffusive conduction and entering the ballistic regime. The manuscript starts with a summary of the main observed effects on the effective thermal conductivity in nanoscale materials, especially in light of the values of thermallyaveraged phonon mean free paths and the associated Knudsen number. Then the advantages and drawbacks of various measurement techniques are discussed. The analysis of the experimental configuration requires 2D analytical and 3D finite-element method based numerical studies of diffusive heat conduction from a finite source into a medium. Limitations of the 3! method due to wire length, substrate geometry and thin oxide layers are highlighted. The electro-thermal setup developed and the procedure used to deposit the devices on top of the samples are then detailed. A set of well-known materials with mean free path ranging from few nanometers to hundreds of nanometers is characterized with microwires. The thermal conduction properties of multilayer materials are investigated. Heat dissipation from finite sources on top of silicon substrates is then measured as a function of temperature. The mean free path is known to become large when temperature decreases. As a result, this configuration provides clues for understanding heat conduction from ballistic sources. The observed behavior is very different from the one predicted by Fourier’s law and shows a strong reduction of the dissipation. It is found that the results are comparable to earlier measurements involving ridges. They are analyzed with various levels of approximations of predictions using the Boltzmann transport equation. The results obtained may be useful in many fields, in particular for electronics and thermoelectric designs. / Le contexte de ce doctorat est la réduction des tailles impliquées dans le développement des matériaux et le confinement de la chaleur dans les dispositifs modernes, qui sont connus pour conduire à l'apparition de points chauds. L'objectif est d'étudier la conduction de la chaleur à partir de fils chauffés par Joule à l'échelle nanométrique et à l'échelle nanométrique, reposant sur des matériaux à couches planes. Une attention particulière est accordée à l'analyse de la dissipation thermique des phonons en partant de la conduction de Fourier bien connue et en entrant dans le régime balistique. Le manuscrit commence par un résumé des principaux effets observés sur la conductivité thermique effective dans les matériaux à l'échelle nanométrique, en particulier à la lumière des valeurs des voies libres moyennes des phonons et du nombre de Knudsen associé. Ensuite, les avantages et les inconvénients des différentes techniques de mesure sont discutés. L'analyse de la configuration expérimentale nécessite des études numériques 2D basées sur la méthode des éléments finis et des éléments finis de la conduction de chaleur par diffusion à partir d'une source finie dans un milieu. Limitations du 3! méthode en raison de la longueur du fil, de la géométrie du substrat et des couches minces d'oxyde sont mises en évidence. La configuration électro-thermique développée et la procédure utilisée pour déposer les dispositifs sur les échantillons sont ensuite détaillées. Un ensemble de matériaux bien connus avec un chemin libre moyen allant de quelques nanomètres à des centaines de nanomètres est caractérisé par des microfils. Les propriétés de conduction thermique des matériaux multicouches sont étudiées. La dissipation thermique des sources finies sur les substrats de silicium est ensuite mesurée en fonction de la température. Le libre parcours moyen est connu pour devenir important lorsque la température diminue. En conséquence, cette configuration fournit des indices pour comprendre la conduction de la chaleur à partir de sources balistiques. Le comportement observé est très différent de celui prédit par la loi de Fourier et montre une forte réduction de la dissipation. On trouve que les résultats sont comparables à des mesures antérieures impliquant des crêtes. Ils sont analysés avec différents niveaux d'approximations de prédictions en utilisant l'équation de transport de Boltzmann. Les résultats obtenus peuvent être utiles dans de nombreux domaines, en particulier pour les conceptions électroniques et thermoélectriques.
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