This paper investigates how the communication performance of frequency hopping systems are affected by the antenna parameters. The data are generated from Antenna Toolbox in Matlab for the case of two dipole antennas is free space. Non-orthogonal and orthogonal frequency hopping are used and the statistical impact from the antenna on the SINR is investigated. The results can be used to see the wave propagation margin and also see the effects of out-of-bands emissions in frequency hopping systems. The numerical generated model is compared to two isotropic antenna models and it shows that the isotropic models are relatively good despite its simplicity in this case. It does however not capture the spread caused by the directivity. Another model is created which mimic the numerical generated statistical distribution. This model uses the theoretical probability of a collision for both orthogonal and non-orthogonal frequency hopping. The model also uses mean values of directivity, s-parameters and the spread of the gain to calculate a statistical antenna model. This model is better than the isotropic for the tested cases and shows that it is possible to generate a statistical model.

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Network function virtualization is gaining acceptance as modern approach enabling telecom equipments to run as software modules known as VirtualNetwork Functions(VNFs) on IT hardware on top of cloud.To host these modules, virtual infrastructure is needed within the cloud.For this purpose,cloud orchestrators are used. These are cloud specific and usually one cloud or-chestrator may not be compatible with other clouds. Investigating on generic orchestrators which are compatible with any cloud platform will reduce complexity and provides a single approach for creating virtual infrastructure.Our goal is to investigate on how generic orchestrators can be used to deployVNFs on cloud. The detailed analysis of cloud agnostic orchestrators over cloud native orchestrators is done. Resources that are needed for a VNFare described in a template supported by generic orchestrators and compare it with template of cloud native orchestrator. Results are analyzed by verifying whether the orchestration engines, Cloudify and Terraform can use those templates to create various resources on cloud environment. We sum-mate that both orchestrators can be used for deploying VNFs on cloud. TheVNF description for Cloudify is based on TOSCA which is slightly complex compared to Terraform. Cloudify using TOSCA related syntax is becoming standard. Terraform though uses HCL syntax similar to JSON makes it simpler for VNF description. Same study can be done on other cloud platforms such as VMware. Keywords:Terraform, Cloudify, Virtual Network Function

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Location Based Services (LBS) calculate the position of the user for different purposes like advertising and navigation. Most importantly, these services are also used to help emergency services by calculating the position of the person that places the emergency phone call. This has introduced a number of requirements on the accuracy of the measurements of the position. Observed Time Difference of Arrival (OTDOA) is the method used to estimate the position of the user due to its high accuracy. Nevertheless, this method relies on the correct reception of so called positioning signals, and therefore the calculations can suffer from errors due to interference between the signals. To lower the probability of interference, muting patterns can be used. These methods can selectively mute certain signals to increase the signal to interference and noise ratio (SINR) of others and therefore the number of signals detected. In this thesis, a simulation environment for the comparison of the different muting patterns has been developed. The already existing muting patterns have been simulated and compared in terms of number of detected nodes and SINR values achieved. A new muting pattern has been proposed and compared to the others. The results obtained have been presented and an initial conclusion on which of the muting patterns offers the best performance has been drawn. / muting, patterns, location, networks, OTDOA, LTE, PCI