Under the very general topic of an historical or temporal central place study, one particular approach to analyzing the centrality of urban places is outlined. Centrality is taken in a very limited context - the influence of an urban place over its umland. The relationship between population of an urban place and number of "labour units", or central labour units, is used to measure the relative centrality for a sample of places. "Labour units" themselves are introduced to denote all persons working in central activities in an urban place. The study is carried out in Kent and Lambton counties in Southwestern Ontario using data obtained from the available national, provincial and county directories. Rather than limit the study to one point in time, as most earlier works have, an analysis is carried out through time, from 1851 to 1857. Small urban places are the focus of attention in this study because of data availability and accuracy. Results show a noticeable decline in centrality over time, which is more marked in the later years. General trends are also drawn for changes in centrality in individual towns of differing and similar sizes. Some of the problems and shortcomings of the study are outlined as a guide to further research. / Thesis / Master of Arts (MA)

<p> This research paper looks at the past, present and temporal changes in Bi-Way's market areas for Metropolitan Toronto. Each of the stores trade or market areas was defined by using Thiessen polygons which gave boundaries in which specific census data was collected and analyzed. The analysis essentially three questions; the first being to see if there are any differences between the trade areas of those stores built in the 1970's and those built in the 1980's, the second was to see if there were any changes between the two groups of stores but in terms of 1981 data, and the third was to see if there were any changes between the groups of stores and their changes between 1971 and 1981. The results showed that for thesis number one it was only the 1980's potential trade areas which revealed any specific market characteristics which could be used to define its target markets. The results from the second hypothesis that both sets of stores showed similar and different trade area characteristics and target markets. The results from the third hypothesis revealed that overall the stores built in the 1970's underwent the most significant changes in its market characteristics. Overall however, it was shown that although some similarities and differences came through for these two sets of stores a more indepth analysis is needed.</p> / Thesis / Candidate in Philosophy

O presente estudo teve o propósito de determinar a mudança temporal na estrutura da comunidade fitoplanctônica em função das variáveis físicas e químicas da lagoa facultativa da E.T.E de Cajatí, SP. As amostras foram coletadas duas vezes por semana a aproximadamente 30 cm na jusante da lagoa facultativa, em junho, julho, setembro e novembro de 2002 e março de 2003. Foram realizadas análises de abundância, biomassa, densidade, riqueza e índices de diversidade, dominância e equidade, assim como análises das variáveis climatológicas (precipitação, vento e temperatura do ar), físicas e químicas (material em suspensão, nitrogênio e fósforo totais, oxigênio dissolvido, pH, CO2 total, condutividade elétrica da água e DBO520). As classes encontradas foram: Chlorophyceae, Cyanophyceae, Bacillariophyceae, Euglenophyceae, Chrysophyceae, Zygnemaphyceae e Dinophyceae. Chlorophyceae foi a que apresentou o maior número de representantes e que mais contribuiu para a riqueza, densidade e biomassa, seguida de Cyanophyceae que em novembro contribuiu com a maior densidade e abundância (64%). Durante o período de estudo as espécies predominantes foram Chlorella spp, em junho e julho/02 (a lagoa foi abastecida com água do rio Jacupiranguinha), em setembro e novembro/02 o predomínio foi de Microcystis spp, (a lagoa estava em funcionamento) e, em março/03 a predominância foi de Chlamydomonas spp (foi desativada por problemas de inundação nas elevatórias), sendo que os demais organismos foram considerados comuns, ocasionais e raros. Desta forma, notou-se que a mudança na estrutura da comunidade fitoplanctônica foi devida às alterações ocorridas na operação da lagoa facultativa de Cajatí, SP. / The present study has as its objective to determine temporal changes in the structure of phytoplankton community in function of physical and chemical variables of the optimal pond of Station of Sewage Treatment of Cajati, SP. Samples were collected twice a week at approximately 30 cm in the low tide of the optimal pond, in June, July, September and November 2002 and in March 2003. Abundance, biomass, density, richness analysis and rate of diversity, dominance and equity were performed as well as analysis of climate variables (precipitation, wind and air temperature), physical and chemical variables (material in suspension, nitrogen and total phosphorus, dissolved oxygen, pH, total CO2, electric conductivity of water and DBO520). Classes found were: Chlorophyceae, Cyanophyceae, Baccillariophyceae, Euglenophyceae, Chrysophyceae, Zygnemaphyceae and Dinophyceae. Chlorophyceae was the one that presented most number of representatives and the one that most contributed to the richness, density and biomass, followed by Cyanophyceae that in November contributed with most density and abundance (64%). During the period of study predominant species were Chlorella spp, in June and July/02 (the pond was fueled with water from Jacupiranguinha river), in September and November/02 predominance was of Microcystis spp (the pond was functioning) and, in March/03 predominance was of Chlamydomonas spp (was de-activated because of flooding in the pumping stations); the other organisms were considered common, occasional and rare. Therefore, a change was noticed in the structure of the phytoplankton community, due to the changes ocurred in the operation of the optional pond of Cajati, SP.

Mais de metade das florestas do mundo são florestas secundárias e a sucessão determinística prevê que muitos aspectos das florestas originais serão recuperados. Por outro lado, os remanescentes florestais encontram-se em paisagens fragmentadas nas quais às alterações microclimáticas induzidas por efeitos de bordas podem levar a uma sucessão retrogressiva, denominada "secundarização". Assim, as comunidades florestais atuais tendem a convergir em termos de estrutura e funções que desempenham no ecossistema, e a compreensão da dinâmica de espécies e de comunidades tornou-se uma preocupação fundamental dos estudos florestais. A heterogeneidade do habitat, juntamente com diferenças ecofisiológicas entre espécies, leva à segregação destas ao longo de gradientes espaciais ou temporais. Aqui, avaliamos a estrutura filogenética e a variação da composição filogenética das comunidades arbóreas florestais buscando evidenciar padrões de segregação ao longo do gradiente sucessional. No segundo capítulo, avaliamos o poder preditivo das características funcionais sobre as mudanças demográficas de curto prazo (intervalo de cinco anos) de 20 espécies arbóreas subtropicais. No terceiro, comparamos a dinâmica de curto prazo de comunidades florestais secundárias e remanescentes no fragmentado bioma da Mata Atlântica. Nossos resultados mostraram que as linhagens principais segregam ao longo do gradiente sucessional devido a requerimentos conservados de nichos de clados basais, revelando sua associação funcional a florestas mais antigas, enquanto Eudicots podem ocorrer ao longo do gradiente. No nível das espécies, atributos foliares foram preditivos de mudanças demográficas de curto prazo e, no nível de comunidade, atributos foliares e massa das sementes captaram melhor as mudanças na composição funcional de curto prazo. Constatou-se o aumento de atributos conservativos em florestas secundárias e a perda de biomassa, devido à queda de grandes árvores, nas florestas remanescentes, expressando a perda de uma importante característica estrutural dessas florestas. / More than half of the natural world’s forest is secondary forest and deterministic succession predicts that many features of pre-disturbed forests will be recovered. On the other hand, remnant old-growth forests are mostly within fragmented landscapes and edge-induced microclimatic conditions may lead to a retrogressive succession, named ‘secondarization’. Thereby current forests tend to converge in terms of community structure and ecosystem function and the understanding of species and community dynamics became a main concern of forest studies. Habitat heterogeneity together with ecophysiological differences between species would carry to species segregation along spatial or temporal gradients. Here we evaluated the phylogenetic structure of communities and phylogenetic composition variation to evidence patterns of segregation along the succession of tree species. In the second chapter, we evaluated the predictive power of the functional traits on short-term demographic changes (five years interval) of 20 subtropical tree species. In the third, we compared the short-term dynamics of secondary and old-growth forest communities in the fragmented Atlantic forest biome. Our results showed that the main lineages segregate along the successional gradient due to conserved niche requirements of the earlydivergent clades reveling their functional association to older successional forests, whereas Eudicots can occur over the gradient. At species level, leaf functional traits were predictive of the short-term demographic changes and, at the community level, leaf traits and seed mass better captured the short-term functional composition changes of the communities. We found the rise of conservative traits at secondary forests and biomass loss, due to fall of big trees, at the old-growth communities expressing the loss of an important structural feature of these forests.

O presente estudo teve o propósito de determinar a mudança temporal na estrutura da comunidade fitoplanctônica em função das variáveis físicas e químicas da lagoa facultativa da E.T.E de Cajatí, SP. As amostras foram coletadas duas vezes por semana a aproximadamente 30 cm na jusante da lagoa facultativa, em junho, julho, setembro e novembro de 2002 e março de 2003. Foram realizadas análises de abundância, biomassa, densidade, riqueza e índices de diversidade, dominância e equidade, assim como análises das variáveis climatológicas (precipitação, vento e temperatura do ar), físicas e químicas (material em suspensão, nitrogênio e fósforo totais, oxigênio dissolvido, pH, CO2 total, condutividade elétrica da água e DBO520). As classes encontradas foram: Chlorophyceae, Cyanophyceae, Bacillariophyceae, Euglenophyceae, Chrysophyceae, Zygnemaphyceae e Dinophyceae. Chlorophyceae foi a que apresentou o maior número de representantes e que mais contribuiu para a riqueza, densidade e biomassa, seguida de Cyanophyceae que em novembro contribuiu com a maior densidade e abundância (64%). Durante o período de estudo as espécies predominantes foram Chlorella spp, em junho e julho/02 (a lagoa foi abastecida com água do rio Jacupiranguinha), em setembro e novembro/02 o predomínio foi de Microcystis spp, (a lagoa estava em funcionamento) e, em março/03 a predominância foi de Chlamydomonas spp (foi desativada por problemas de inundação nas elevatórias), sendo que os demais organismos foram considerados comuns, ocasionais e raros. Desta forma, notou-se que a mudança na estrutura da comunidade fitoplanctônica foi devida às alterações ocorridas na operação da lagoa facultativa de Cajatí, SP. / The present study has as its objective to determine temporal changes in the structure of phytoplankton community in function of physical and chemical variables of the optimal pond of Station of Sewage Treatment of Cajati, SP. Samples were collected twice a week at approximately 30 cm in the low tide of the optimal pond, in June, July, September and November 2002 and in March 2003. Abundance, biomass, density, richness analysis and rate of diversity, dominance and equity were performed as well as analysis of climate variables (precipitation, wind and air temperature), physical and chemical variables (material in suspension, nitrogen and total phosphorus, dissolved oxygen, pH, total CO2, electric conductivity of water and DBO520). Classes found were: Chlorophyceae, Cyanophyceae, Baccillariophyceae, Euglenophyceae, Chrysophyceae, Zygnemaphyceae and Dinophyceae. Chlorophyceae was the one that presented most number of representatives and the one that most contributed to the richness, density and biomass, followed by Cyanophyceae that in November contributed with most density and abundance (64%). During the period of study predominant species were Chlorella spp, in June and July/02 (the pond was fueled with water from Jacupiranguinha river), in September and November/02 predominance was of Microcystis spp (the pond was functioning) and, in March/03 predominance was of Chlamydomonas spp (was de-activated because of flooding in the pumping stations); the other organisms were considered common, occasional and rare. Therefore, a change was noticed in the structure of the phytoplankton community, due to the changes ocurred in the operation of the optional pond of Cajati, SP.

Mechanisms controlling the productivity, abundançe and taxonomic composition of phytoplankton in tropical Lake Malawi were examined by monitoring phytoplankton dynamics in 8 regions covering the length of the lake (560 km) over a 10-12 month period, and relating these dynamics to spatio-temporal changes in thermal structure, nutrient availability, and meteorological conditions. In addition, nearshore benthic photosynthetic rates were measured in 7 different months.Spatial and temporal changes in areal photosynthetic rates were due almost entirely to changes in the efficiency of light utilization by the phyroplankton community. An evaluation of potential factors which might influence tight utilization indicates that nutrient availabitity is the most important. Most of the photosynthetic N and P demand is met by internal recycling within the upper 200 m, and therefore spatio-temporal variation of phytoplankton photosynthetic rate is closely related to changes in mixing regime. It is shown that the dominant meteorological factors responsible for changes in the mixing regime were solar radiation and windspeed. A comparison with previous photosynthesis data for Lake Malawi indicates that windspeed is a dominant factor controlling interannual variability. Shallow areas of the lake were more productive than deep areas, due to more intense upwelling and more efficient internal nutrient recycling in shallow waters. Within the littoral zone, benthic photosynthetic rates were very high, accounting for 14% to 28% of total net photosynthesis within the shallow southeast arm. Phytoplankton biomass was not correlated with photosynthetic rate, indicating that biomass loss processes were important in controlling biomass variability. Changes in phytoplankton taxonomic composition were related to changes in mixing regime. Cyanobacteria and chlorophytes were dominant throughout much of the study period, but diatoms made up a significant proportion of total biomass during periods of increased turbulence and nutrient availability. An analysis of phytoplankton surface area : volume ratios revealed that organism shape and size are important determinants in species succession. Previous studies have emphasized the low variability of phytoplankton biomass and photosynthetic rates in tropical lakes, relative to temperate lakes. An inter-lake comparison reveals that this tenet does not apply to large lakes. Fluctuations in the mixing regime of large tropical lakes have an effect on phytoplankton variability similar in magnitude to the effect of fluctuating solar irradiance in large temperate lakes.

Mechanisms controlling the productivity, abundançe and taxonomic composition of phytoplankton in tropical Lake Malawi were examined by monitoring phytoplankton dynamics in 8 regions covering the length of the lake (560 km) over a 10-12 month period, and relating these dynamics to spatio-temporal changes in thermal structure, nutrient availability, and meteorological conditions. In addition, nearshore benthic photosynthetic rates were measured in 7 different months.Spatial and temporal changes in areal photosynthetic rates were due almost entirely to changes in the efficiency of light utilization by the phyroplankton community. An evaluation of potential factors which might influence tight utilization indicates that nutrient availabitity is the most important. Most of the photosynthetic N and P demand is met by internal recycling within the upper 200 m, and therefore spatio-temporal variation of phytoplankton photosynthetic rate is closely related to changes in mixing regime. It is shown that the dominant meteorological factors responsible for changes in the mixing regime were solar radiation and windspeed. A comparison with previous photosynthesis data for Lake Malawi indicates that windspeed is a dominant factor controlling interannual variability. Shallow areas of the lake were more productive than deep areas, due to more intense upwelling and more efficient internal nutrient recycling in shallow waters. Within the littoral zone, benthic photosynthetic rates were very high, accounting for 14% to 28% of total net photosynthesis within the shallow southeast arm. Phytoplankton biomass was not correlated with photosynthetic rate, indicating that biomass loss processes were important in controlling biomass variability. Changes in phytoplankton taxonomic composition were related to changes in mixing regime. Cyanobacteria and chlorophytes were dominant throughout much of the study period, but diatoms made up a significant proportion of total biomass during periods of increased turbulence and nutrient availability. An analysis of phytoplankton surface area : volume ratios revealed that organism shape and size are important determinants in species succession. Previous studies have emphasized the low variability of phytoplankton biomass and photosynthetic rates in tropical lakes, relative to temperate lakes. An inter-lake comparison reveals that this tenet does not apply to large lakes. Fluctuations in the mixing regime of large tropical lakes have an effect on phytoplankton variability similar in magnitude to the effect of fluctuating solar irradiance in large temperate lakes.

Mais de metade das florestas do mundo são florestas secundárias e a sucessão determinística prevê que muitos aspectos das florestas originais serão recuperados. Por outro lado, os remanescentes florestais encontram-se em paisagens fragmentadas nas quais às alterações microclimáticas induzidas por efeitos de bordas podem levar a uma sucessão retrogressiva, denominada "secundarização". Assim, as comunidades florestais atuais tendem a convergir em termos de estrutura e funções que desempenham no ecossistema, e a compreensão da dinâmica de espécies e de comunidades tornou-se uma preocupação fundamental dos estudos florestais. A heterogeneidade do habitat, juntamente com diferenças ecofisiológicas entre espécies, leva à segregação destas ao longo de gradientes espaciais ou temporais. Aqui, avaliamos a estrutura filogenética e a variação da composição filogenética das comunidades arbóreas florestais buscando evidenciar padrões de segregação ao longo do gradiente sucessional. No segundo capítulo, avaliamos o poder preditivo das características funcionais sobre as mudanças demográficas de curto prazo (intervalo de cinco anos) de 20 espécies arbóreas subtropicais. No terceiro, comparamos a dinâmica de curto prazo de comunidades florestais secundárias e remanescentes no fragmentado bioma da Mata Atlântica. Nossos resultados mostraram que as linhagens principais segregam ao longo do gradiente sucessional devido a requerimentos conservados de nichos de clados basais, revelando sua associação funcional a florestas mais antigas, enquanto Eudicots podem ocorrer ao longo do gradiente. No nível das espécies, atributos foliares foram preditivos de mudanças demográficas de curto prazo e, no nível de comunidade, atributos foliares e massa das sementes captaram melhor as mudanças na composição funcional de curto prazo. Constatou-se o aumento de atributos conservativos em florestas secundárias e a perda de biomassa, devido à queda de grandes árvores, nas florestas remanescentes, expressando a perda de uma importante característica estrutural dessas florestas. / More than half of the natural world’s forest is secondary forest and deterministic succession predicts that many features of pre-disturbed forests will be recovered. On the other hand, remnant old-growth forests are mostly within fragmented landscapes and edge-induced microclimatic conditions may lead to a retrogressive succession, named ‘secondarization’. Thereby current forests tend to converge in terms of community structure and ecosystem function and the understanding of species and community dynamics became a main concern of forest studies. Habitat heterogeneity together with ecophysiological differences between species would carry to species segregation along spatial or temporal gradients. Here we evaluated the phylogenetic structure of communities and phylogenetic composition variation to evidence patterns of segregation along the succession of tree species. In the second chapter, we evaluated the predictive power of the functional traits on short-term demographic changes (five years interval) of 20 subtropical tree species. In the third, we compared the short-term dynamics of secondary and old-growth forest communities in the fragmented Atlantic forest biome. Our results showed that the main lineages segregate along the successional gradient due to conserved niche requirements of the earlydivergent clades reveling their functional association to older successional forests, whereas Eudicots can occur over the gradient. At species level, leaf functional traits were predictive of the short-term demographic changes and, at the community level, leaf traits and seed mass better captured the short-term functional composition changes of the communities. We found the rise of conservative traits at secondary forests and biomass loss, due to fall of big trees, at the old-growth communities expressing the loss of an important structural feature of these forests.

Dans les milieux fortement hétérogènes, les ondes ne se propagent pas de façon balistique. Elles peuvent interagir de nombreuses fois avec les hétérogénéités du milieu et entrer ainsi dans le régime de diffusion multiple. Dans ce régime, les méthodes classiques d'imagerie basées sur les trajets des ondes directes ou simplement diffusées sont inefficaces. Les formes d'ondes multiplement diffusées (coda) sont trop complexes pour être modélisées exactement mais elles sont parfaitement reproductibles et très sensibles aux variations du milieu de propagation. Des travaux récents ont démontré la possibilité de mesurer de faibles changements de vitesse d'un milieu grâce aux ondes diffuses, à l'échelle de la croûte terrestre (coda sismique) comme à l'échelle des matériaux (coda ultrasonore). Ces travaux s'intéressent majoritairement à des changements globaux ou régionaux des différents milieux. La problématique de cette thèse concerne la possibilité d'utiliser la coda pour étudier des changements locaux du milieu. Deux études complémentaires sont développées : Le problème direct consiste à modéliser les variations de la coda engendrées par un changement local. Nous distinguons le cas d'un changement local de structure (fort contraste d'impédance) du cas d'un changement local de vitesse (faible contraste d'impédance). Le problème inverse consiste à utiliser les mesures de variations de la coda pour tenter de localiser et de caractériser les changements survenus. Les applications potentielles de ces travaux concernent entre autres le suivi temporel de structures géologiques ainsi que le contrôle non destructif de matériaux hétérogènes. Avec cet objectif, les différentes méthodes développées sont illustrées par des simulations numériques d'ondes acoustiques et sismiques ainsi que par des expériences en ultrasons dans des éléments en béton. / In highly heterogeneous media, waves don't propagate ballistically. They can interact several times with the heterogeneities of the medium and enter the multiple scattering regime. In this regime, classical imaging techniques, based on direct or singly scattered waves fail. Multiply scattered waveforms (coda) are too complex for being exactly modeled but are perfectly reproducible and very sensitive to small variations of the medium. Recent works demonstrated the possibility of measuring small velocity variations with diffuse waves, either at the geophysical scale (seismic coda) or at the material scale (ultrasonic coda). These works are mainly focused in monitoring global or regional changes of the medium. The present thesis deals with the possibility of using coda waves to study local changes of the medium. Two complementary studies are developed: The forward problem addresses the modeling of the coda variations generated by a local change. We distinguish the case of a structural change (strong impedance contrast) from the case of a velocity change (small impedance contrast). The inverse problem consists in using the coda variations measurements to locate and characterize the changes that occurred. Potential applications may concern, among others, monitoring of geological structures and non-destructive testing of heterogeneous materials. This in mind, we illustrate the different studies with numerical simulations of acoustic and seismic waves and with ultrasound experiments in concrete blocks.

Mais de metade das florestas do mundo são florestas secundárias e a sucessão determinística prevê que muitos aspectos das florestas originais serão recuperados. Por outro lado, os remanescentes florestais encontram-se em paisagens fragmentadas nas quais às alterações microclimáticas induzidas por efeitos de bordas podem levar a uma sucessão retrogressiva, denominada "secundarização". Assim, as comunidades florestais atuais tendem a convergir em termos de estrutura e funções que desempenham no ecossistema, e a compreensão da dinâmica de espécies e de comunidades tornou-se uma preocupação fundamental dos estudos florestais. A heterogeneidade do habitat, juntamente com diferenças ecofisiológicas entre espécies, leva à segregação destas ao longo de gradientes espaciais ou temporais. Aqui, avaliamos a estrutura filogenética e a variação da composição filogenética das comunidades arbóreas florestais buscando evidenciar padrões de segregação ao longo do gradiente sucessional. No segundo capítulo, avaliamos o poder preditivo das características funcionais sobre as mudanças demográficas de curto prazo (intervalo de cinco anos) de 20 espécies arbóreas subtropicais. No terceiro, comparamos a dinâmica de curto prazo de comunidades florestais secundárias e remanescentes no fragmentado bioma da Mata Atlântica. Nossos resultados mostraram que as linhagens principais segregam ao longo do gradiente sucessional devido a requerimentos conservados de nichos de clados basais, revelando sua associação funcional a florestas mais antigas, enquanto Eudicots podem ocorrer ao longo do gradiente. No nível das espécies, atributos foliares foram preditivos de mudanças demográficas de curto prazo e, no nível de comunidade, atributos foliares e massa das sementes captaram melhor as mudanças na composição funcional de curto prazo. Constatou-se o aumento de atributos conservativos em florestas secundárias e a perda de biomassa, devido à queda de grandes árvores, nas florestas remanescentes, expressando a perda de uma importante característica estrutural dessas florestas. / More than half of the natural world’s forest is secondary forest and deterministic succession predicts that many features of pre-disturbed forests will be recovered. On the other hand, remnant old-growth forests are mostly within fragmented landscapes and edge-induced microclimatic conditions may lead to a retrogressive succession, named ‘secondarization’. Thereby current forests tend to converge in terms of community structure and ecosystem function and the understanding of species and community dynamics became a main concern of forest studies. Habitat heterogeneity together with ecophysiological differences between species would carry to species segregation along spatial or temporal gradients. Here we evaluated the phylogenetic structure of communities and phylogenetic composition variation to evidence patterns of segregation along the succession of tree species. In the second chapter, we evaluated the predictive power of the functional traits on short-term demographic changes (five years interval) of 20 subtropical tree species. In the third, we compared the short-term dynamics of secondary and old-growth forest communities in the fragmented Atlantic forest biome. Our results showed that the main lineages segregate along the successional gradient due to conserved niche requirements of the earlydivergent clades reveling their functional association to older successional forests, whereas Eudicots can occur over the gradient. At species level, leaf functional traits were predictive of the short-term demographic changes and, at the community level, leaf traits and seed mass better captured the short-term functional composition changes of the communities. We found the rise of conservative traits at secondary forests and biomass loss, due to fall of big trees, at the old-growth communities expressing the loss of an important structural feature of these forests.