The purpose of this study was to compare the temporal profile of strong and weak subjects during ballistic and nonballistic potentiation complexes. Eight strong (relative back squat = 2.1 ± 0.1 times body mass) and 8 weak (relative back squat = 1.6 ± 0.2 times body mass) males performed squat jumps immediately and every minute up to 10 minutes following potentiation complexes that included ballistic or nonballistic concentric-only half-squat (COHS) performed at 90% of their 1 repetition maximum COHS. Jump height (JH) and allometrically scaled peak power (PPa) were compared using a series of 2 × 12 repeated measures analyses of variance. No statistically significant strength level main effects for JH (p = 0.442) or PPa (p = 0.078) existed during the ballistic condition. In contrast, statistically significant main effects for time existed for both JH (p = 0.014) and PPa (p < 0.001); however, no statistically significant pairwise comparisons were present (p > 0.05). Statistically significant strength level main effects existed for PPa (p = 0.039) but not for JH (p = 0.137) during the nonballistic condition. Post hoc analysis revealed that the strong subjects produced statistically greater PPa than the weaker subjects (p = 0.039). Statistically significant time main effects existed for time existed for PPa (p = 0.015), but not for JH (p = 0.178). No statistically significant strength level × time interaction effects for JH (p = 0.319) or PPa (p = 0.203) were present for the ballistic or nonballistic conditions. Practical significance indicated by effect sizes and the relationships between maximum potentiation and relative strength suggest that stronger subjects potentiate earlier and to a greater extent than weaker subjects during ballistic and nonballistic potentiation complexes.

Submitted by Neusa Fagundes (neusa.fagundes@unioeste.br) on 2018-02-23T12:58:38Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Octavio_Viana2017.pdf: 2424375 bytes, checksum: 2d37eeb71d83d65c01d826cbe5b13631 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-02-23T12:58:38Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Octavio_Viana2017.pdf: 2424375 bytes, checksum: 2d37eeb71d83d65c01d826cbe5b13631 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-12-12 / Crambe is an annual crop with high oil content in the seeds. Cultivated in winter, it presents a short cycle and low implantation cost. The extracted oil is used in the production of industrial lubricants, biofuels and electrical insulating fluids. In Brazil, several researches have been carried out mainly choosing experiments that evaluate grain yield in different regions. However, data related to the spectral-temporal behavior of the crambe during the developmental phases are non-existent. The knowledge of these data enables the monitoring of the crop by remote sensing techniques, which subsidize official organisms in the estimation of grain crops of the country. In this context, the present study aims to (i) characterize the spectral-temporal pattern of crambe obtained by terrestrial sensors in the city of Cascavel, state of Paraná; and (ii) to evaluate the relationship between spectral bands and vegetation indices obtained in different stages phenological measurements by terrestrial spectral sensors, with the grain yield of the crambe crop. The experiment was carried out in Cascavel, PR in the winter crops of 2014 and 2015. During these two years hyperspectral information was collected with the FieldSpec® 4 Hi-Res (FS4) terrestrial sensor through the phenological phases of crambe development, generating spectral-temporal and temporal profile of vegetation indexes by normalized difference (NDVI) and adjusted to soil (SAVI). The daily averages of the temporal profiles were submitted to the exploratory analysis of the data. In 2015, spectral information was collected with active and passive ground sensors (FS4 and Greenseeker® 505 Handheld) during all phenological phases of the plant. Separated in spectral bands of red, near and medium infrared and generated indices NDVI, SAVI, and the Normalized Difference Moisture Index (NDMI). At the maturation stage, plants were collected to determine grain yield. Linear regression models between spectral data and crop yield were elaborated and evaluated. During the seedling and vegetative growth phases the spectral band of red showed higher reflectances, due to the soil present in the sensed area. In the vegetative growth and early flowering phases, the highest reflectance in the near infrared (NIR) occurred, related to the green biomass of the canopy. Phases of granulation and maturation were characterized by the reduction in reflectance in the IVP and medium infrared (SWIR), due to leaf senescence and loss of cellular water content. The temporal profiles of NDVI and SAVI demonstrate linear growth up to the vegetative peak of the crambe, characterized between the end of the phenological phase of the vegetative growth and the beginning of the flowering. The model generated by NDMI in 66 days after sowing (DAS), at the beginning of flowering, showed a negative correlation with grain yield (R2adj: 0,49; RMSE: 134,80 kg ha-1). The spectral range of red (648 to 672 nm) in 66 DAS presented positive linear correlation with grain yield (R2adj: 0.36; RMSE: 151.38 kg ha-1). The flowers present in the canopy of the plant, in the flowering phase, contributed to the increase of reflectance in the spectral range of red and infrared. The data of terrestrial sensors enabled the spectral-temporal characterization of the crambe crop, generating subsidy for the delimitation of the cultivated areas with the culture by orbital sensors. Excessive precipitation and wind during the flowering, granulation, and maturation phases during the 2015 harvest contributed to variability in grain yield, reducing the explanatory capacity of production with the models. / O crambe é uma cultura anual, com alto teor de óleo nas sementes. Cultivada no inverno, apresenta ciclo curto e baixo custo de implantação. O óleo extraído é empregado na produção de lubrificantes industriais, biocombustíveis e fluidos isolantes elétricos. No Brasil, diversas pesquisas vem sendo realizadas visando principalmente experimentos que avaliam o rendimento de grãos em diversas regiões. Contudo, dados relacionados ao comportamento espectro-temporal do crambe durante as fases de desenvolvimento são inexistentes. O conhecimento destes dados possibilita o monitoramento da cultura por técnicas de sensoriamento remoto, que subsidiam órgãos oficiais na estimativa de safras de grãos do país. Neste contexto, o presente estudo tem por objetivos (i) caracterizar o padrão espectro-temporal do crambe obtido por sensores terrestres, no município de Cascavel, Paraná; e (ii) avaliar a relação entre faixas espectrais e índices de vegetação, obtidos em diferentes estágios fenológicos por sensores espectrais terrestres, com o rendimento de grãos da cultura do crambe. O experimento foi implantado em Cascavel, PR nas safras de inverno de 2014 e 2015. Nos dois anos foram coletadas informações hiperespectrais com o sensor terrestre FieldSpec® 4 Hi-Res (FS4) durante as fases fenológicas de desenvolvimento do crambe, gerados padrão espectro-temporal e perfil temporal dos índices de vegetação por diferença normalizada (NDVI) e ajustado ao solo (SAVI). As médias diárias dos perfis temporais foram submetidas à análise exploratória dos dados. Em 2015, foram coletadas informações espectrais com sensores terrestres ativo e passivo (FS4 e Greenseeker® 505 Handheld) durante todas as fases fenológicas da planta. Separadas nas faixas espectrais do vermelho, infravermelho próximo e médio e gerados os índices NDVI, SAVI e o índice de umidade de diferença normalizada (NDMI). Na fase de maturação foram coletadas plantas para determinar o rendimento de grãos. Foram elaborados e avaliados modelos de regressões lineares entre dados espectrais e rendimento da cultura. Durante as fases de plântula e início do crescimento vegetativo, a banda espectral do vermelho apresentou maiores reflectâncias devido ao solo presente na área sensoriada. Nas fases de crescimento vegetativo e início da floração ocorreram as maiores reflectâncias no infravermelho próximo (IVP), comportamento relacionado à biomassa verde do dossel. Fases de granação e maturação foram caracterizadas pela redução na reflectância no IVP e infravermelho médio (IVM), devido a senescência de folhas e perda de conteúdo de água celular. Os perfis temporais de NDVI e SAVI demonstram crescimento linear até o pico vegetativo do crambe, caracterizado entre o fim da fase fenológica do crescimento vegetativo e o início da floração. O modelo gerado em 2015 pelo NDMI em 66 dias após a semeadura (DAS), no início da floração, apresentou correlação negativa com rendimento de grãos (R2adj: 0,49; RMSE: 134,80 kg ha-1). A faixa espectral do vermelho (648 a 672 nm) em 66 DAS apresentou correlação linear positiva com rendimento de grãos (R2adj: 0,36; RMSE: 151,38 kg ha-1). As flores presentes no dossel da planta, na fase de floração, contribuíram para o aumento da reflectância na faixa espectral do vermelho e infravermelho. Os dados de sensores terrestres possibilitaram a caracterização espectro-temporal da cultura do crambe, gerando subsídio para delimitação das áreas cultivadas com a cultura por sensores orbitais. Excesso de precipitação e ventos nas fases de floração, granação e maturação durante a safra de 2015 contribuíram para a variabilidade no rendimento de grãos, reduzindo a capacidade explicativa da produção com os modelos.