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The Vintnerâ s House is a Residence and Vineyard nestled between well-known wine regions on the central coast of California. It is a workerâ s house; for the cultivator, the grower, and the nurturer of the vines. The vineyard is set on terraces down a hill to give grapes the sunlight and drainage they desire. These south facing terraces allow the vines to receive full sunlight throughout the growing season. Drainage through the vineyard encourages the roots to grow deep into the soil, as a well-established root system will yield a better quality grape. As the terraces wrap around the site, they intersect and flow into the residence. The terraces help to organize and arrange the house as it steps up the hill alongside the vineyard. The house is small and simple, but appears much larger with the adjacent wine facilities. The main living space for the residence is on the lower level with the living room, kitchen, and dining areas all clustered together looking out towards the ocean. Upstairs is the bedroom, which overlooks the two-story living room much like the vineyard terraces overlook each other. The house accepts its role as the vineyardâ s accomplice. Without the vineyard, the Vintnerâ s House would not grow out of the hillside. / Master of Architecture

Combining both roof and shelter into one creates several design opportunities for a small house for college students living in Blacksburg, VA. The roof will serve many purposes, including structure, rain water collection, and inhabitable space. The house has two volumes overlapped into a large cubic volume to create different spaces which can be reached through overlapping stairs leading to the different levels of the house. / Master of Architecture

Charwell Basin is a 6 km-wide structural depression situated at the boundary between the axial ranges and faulted and folded Marlborough Fault Zone of north-eastern South Island, New Zealand. The basin contains the piedmont reach of the Charwell River, and a series of late Quaternary loess-mantled alluvial terraces and terrace remnants that have been uplifted and translocated from their sediment source due to strike-slip motion along the Hope Fault which bounds the basin to its immediate north. The aim of this study was to provide an interdisciplinary, integrated and holistic analysis of late Quaternary landscape evolution and environmental change in Charwell Basin using terrain analysis, loess stratigraphy, soil chemistry and paleoecological data. The study contributes new understanding of New Zealand landscape and ecosystem responses to regional and global climatic change extending to Marine Isotope Stage (MIS) 6, and shows that climatically-forced shifts in biogeomorphic processes play a significant role in lowland landscape evolution. Morphometric analysis of alluvial terraces and terrace remnants of increasing age demonstrated geomorphic evolution through time, with a decrease in extent of original planar terrace tread morphology and an increase in frequency of steeper slopes and convexo-concave land elements. Paleotopographic analysis of a >150 ka terrace mantled by up to three loess sheets revealed multiple episodes of alluvial aggradation and degradation and, subsequent to river abandonment, gully incision prior to and coeval with loess accumulation. Spatial heterogeneity in loess sheet preservation showed a complex history of loess accumulation and erosion. A critical profile curvature range of -0.005 to -0.014 (d²z/dx², m⁻¹) for loess erosion derived from a model parameterised in different ways successfully predicted loess occurrence on adjacent slope elements, but incorrectly predicted loess occurrence on an older terrace remnant from which all loess has been eroded. Future analyses incorporating planform curvature, regolith erosivity and other landform parameters may improve identification of thresholds controlling loess occurrence in Charwell Basin and in other South Island landscapes. A loess chronostratigraphic framework was developed for, and pedogenic phases identified in, the three loess sheets mantling the >150 ka terrace. Except for one age, infrared-stimulated luminescence dates from both an upbuilding interfluve loess exposure and colluvial gully infill underestimated loess age with respect to the widespread Kawakawa/Oruanui Tephra (KOT; 27,097 ± 957 cal. yr BP), highlighting the need for improvements in the methodology. Onset of loess sheet 1 accumulation started at ca. 50 ka, with a break at ca. 27 ka corresponding to the extended Last Glacial Maximum (eLGM) interstadial identified elsewhere in New Zealand. Loess accumulation through MIS 3 indicates a regional loess flux, and that glaciation was not a necessary condition for loess generation in South Island. Loess accumulation and local alluvial aggradation are decoupled: the youngest aggradation event only covers ~12 kyr of the period of loess sheet 1 accumulation. Older local aggradation episodes could not be the source because their associated terraces are mantled by loess sheet 1. In the absence of numerical ages, the timing of L2 and L3 accumulation is inferred on the basis of an offshore clastic sediment record. The upbuilding phase of loess sheet 2 occurred in late MIS 5a/MIS 4, and loess sheet 3 accumulated in two phases in MIS 5b and late MIS 6. Biogenic silica data were used to reconstruct broad shifts in vegetation and changes in gully soil saturation status. During interglacial/interstadial periods (MIS 1, early MIS 3, MIS 5) Nothofagus-dominated forest covered the area in association with Microlaena spp grasses. Lowering of treeline altitude during glacial/stadial periods (MIS 2, MIS 3, MIS 5b, late MIS 6) led to reduction in forest cover and a mosaic of shrubs and Chionochloa spp, Festuca spp and Poa spp tussock grasses. Comparison of interfluve and gully records showed spatial heterogeneity in vegetation cover possibly related to environmental gradients of exposure or soil moisture. A post-KOT peak in gully tree phytoliths corresponds to the eLGM interstadial, and a shift to grass-dominated vegetation occurred during the LGM sensu stricto. Diatoms indicated the site became considerably wetter from ca. 36 ka, with peak wetness at ca. 30, 25 and 21 ka, possibly due to reduced evapotranspiration and/or increased precipitation from a combination of strengthened westerly winds and increased cloudiness, or strengthened southerly flow and increased precipitation. Human influence after ca. 750 yr BP led to re-establishment of grassland in the area, which deposited phytoliths mixed to 30 cm depth in the soil. A coupled gully colluvial infilling/vegetation record showed that sediment flux during the late Pleistocene was ~0.0019 m³ m⁻¹ yr⁻¹ under a shrubland/grassland mosaic, and Holocene sediment flux was ~0.0034 m³ m⁻¹ yr⁻¹ under forest. This increase of 60% through the last glacial-interglacial transition resulted from increased bioturbation and down-slope soil transport via root growth and treethrow, which formed a biomantle as evidenced by slope redistribution of the KOT. These results contrast with sediment transport rates and processes hypothesised to occur contemporaneously in adjacent mountain catchments. This suggests that intraregional biogeomorphic processes can differ significantly depending on topography and geological substrate, with different landscapes responding in unique ways to the same climate shifts. Analysis of Quaternary terrestrial landscape evolution in non-glaciated mountainous and lowland areas must therefore consider spatial and temporal heterogeneity in sediment fluxes and underlying transport processes.

O terraceamento é uma prática de conservação do solo que visa reduzir a perda de água e solo pela interceptação de enxurradas que ocorrem quando a intensidade da chuva supera a capacidade de infiltração de água no solo. Atualmente, o dimensionamento dos terraços tem sido feito com base em conhecimento empírico; no entanto, um conhecimento mais detalhado da física dos processos que regem o funcionamento dos terraços possibilitaria otimizar o dimensionamento dos terraços. No presente estudo foi avaliada a capacidade de infiltração de água no canal de um terraço em nível pelos métodos da densidade de fluxo e da armazenagem de água em diferentes condições de manejo agrícola (solo nu, solo gramado e solo sob preparo convencional e plantio direto para a implantação da cultura de milho) num Latossolo vermelho com declividade média de 0,08 m m-1. Em cada tratamento foram instaladas sondas de TDR em três pontos de observação no centro do canal do terraço (distanciados de 4 m entre si e considerados como repetições), nas rofundidades de 0,05, 0,10, 0,20, 0,40, 0,60 e 0,80 m. Nestas mesmas profundidades amostras indeformadas de solo foram retiradas para determinação da densidade e curva de retenção de água no solo. As leituras das guias de onda do TDR foram feitas automaticamente e a intensidade de chuva monitorada por um pluviômetro automatizado. Ao final de cada evento de chuva erosiva a deposição de solo foi medida por meio de 14 pontos de observação dispostos ao longo do centro do canal do terraço de cada tratamento. Durante a estação seca (julho-agosto), a condutividade hidráulica do solo não saturado foi determinada em cada repetição nas mesmas profundidades, utilizando o método do perfil instantâneo. Os resultados demonstraram que os manejos agrícolas influenciam na deposição de água e solo sobre o canal do terraço e estas na formação de selo superficial e na capacidade de infiltração de água do canal. Conclui-se que a alta variação comumente obtida entre as repetições de determinação da condutividade hidráulica implica em dificuldades quando se objetiva detectar pequenas diferenças nas densidades de fluxo entre tratamentos. Assim, mostrou ser inviável utilizar densidades de fluxo calculadas pela equação de Darcy-Buckingham para encontrar diferenças em taxas de infiltração em terraços em nível. Essa conclusão reforça-se devido às condições superficiais altamente variáveis encontradas em canais de terraços em nível devido a deposições irregulares do material erodido. Uma metodologia para se realizar medições da umidade nas deposições sobre o canal deve ser desenvolvida para aumentar a acurácia da medida da armazenagem. A taxa de infiltração de água no canal do terraço não pode ser estimada pela variação da armazenagem da água no solo somente, devido ao papel importante da drenagem profunda e, possivelmente, da absorção de água pela camalhão do terraço. Uma adequada estimativa da taxa de infiltração no canal do terraço, imprescindível para seu dimensionamento, deve aliar um grande número de repetições, além da medição da umidade no interior da camada de material depositado sobre o canal ao longo do tempo. / Terracing is a soil conservation practice that aims to reduce water and soil loss by interception of runoff that occurs when rainfall intensities exceed infiltration capacity. Actually, dimensions of terraces are being determined in an empirical way; however, a more detailed understanding of the physics behind the hydrological functions of terraces would allow an optimized dimensioning of terraces. In this study the infiltration capacity of a level terrace was evaluated by the methods of flux density and water storage, under different management conditions (bare soil, pasture, conventionally tilled maize and zero-tillage maize) on an oxisol with a slope of 0.08 m m-1. In each treatment TDR sensors were installed at three observation points in the middle of the terrace canal (distance between points: 4 m; considered to be repetitions) at the depths of 0.05, 0.10, 0.20, 0.40, 0.60 and 0.80 m. At the same depths, undisturbed soil samples were taken to determine soil density and soil water retention curve. TDR readings were made automatically and a rainfall gauge automatically monitored rainfall intensity. At the end of each rainfall event, soil deposition was measured at 14 locations in the terrace canal in each treatment. During the dry season (July-August), unsaturated hydraulic conductivity was determined at each repetition at the same depths by the instantaneous profile method. The results showed that agricultural management influenced water and soil deposition in the terrace canal and these affected surfaced sealing and infiltration capacity. It was concluded that the high variation usually obtained between repetitions of the hydraulic conductivity determinations makes the detection of small differences between flux densities difficult. Therefore, it showed to be impossible to use flux densities calculated by Darcy-Buckingham equation in the order to prove existence of different infiltration rates in level terraces. This conclusion was reinforced due to the highly variable surface conditions in the terrace canal. A methodology to measure water contents within the depositions in the canal should be developed to increase the precision of water storage estimation. Infiltration rates in the terrace canal cannot be estimated by storage variation alone, due to the important role of drainage and, possibly, ascension of water in the terrace hill. A correct estimate of the infiltration rate in the canal, necessary for its dimensioning, should combine a high number of repetitions with the measurement of water content within the layer of deposits over the terrace canal surface along time.

O terraceamento é uma prática de conservação do solo que visa reduzir a perda de água e solo pela interceptação de enxurradas que ocorrem quando a intensidade da chuva supera a capacidade de infiltração de água no solo. Atualmente, o dimensionamento dos terraços tem sido feito com base em conhecimento empírico; no entanto, um conhecimento mais detalhado da física dos processos que regem o funcionamento dos terraços possibilitaria otimizar o dimensionamento dos terraços. No presente estudo foi avaliada a capacidade de infiltração de água no canal de um terraço em nível pelos métodos da densidade de fluxo e da armazenagem de água em diferentes condições de manejo agrícola (solo nu, solo gramado e solo sob preparo convencional e plantio direto para a implantação da cultura de milho) num Latossolo vermelho com declividade média de 0,08 m m-1. Em cada tratamento foram instaladas sondas de TDR em três pontos de observação no centro do canal do terraço (distanciados de 4 m entre si e considerados como repetições), nas rofundidades de 0,05, 0,10, 0,20, 0,40, 0,60 e 0,80 m. Nestas mesmas profundidades amostras indeformadas de solo foram retiradas para determinação da densidade e curva de retenção de água no solo. As leituras das guias de onda do TDR foram feitas automaticamente e a intensidade de chuva monitorada por um pluviômetro automatizado. Ao final de cada evento de chuva erosiva a deposição de solo foi medida por meio de 14 pontos de observação dispostos ao longo do centro do canal do terraço de cada tratamento. Durante a estação seca (julho-agosto), a condutividade hidráulica do solo não saturado foi determinada em cada repetição nas mesmas profundidades, utilizando o método do perfil instantâneo. Os resultados demonstraram que os manejos agrícolas influenciam na deposição de água e solo sobre o canal do terraço e estas na formação de selo superficial e na capacidade de infiltração de água do canal. Conclui-se que a alta variação comumente obtida entre as repetições de determinação da condutividade hidráulica implica em dificuldades quando se objetiva detectar pequenas diferenças nas densidades de fluxo entre tratamentos. Assim, mostrou ser inviável utilizar densidades de fluxo calculadas pela equação de Darcy-Buckingham para encontrar diferenças em taxas de infiltração em terraços em nível. Essa conclusão reforça-se devido às condições superficiais altamente variáveis encontradas em canais de terraços em nível devido a deposições irregulares do material erodido. Uma metodologia para se realizar medições da umidade nas deposições sobre o canal deve ser desenvolvida para aumentar a acurácia da medida da armazenagem. A taxa de infiltração de água no canal do terraço não pode ser estimada pela variação da armazenagem da água no solo somente, devido ao papel importante da drenagem profunda e, possivelmente, da absorção de água pela camalhão do terraço. Uma adequada estimativa da taxa de infiltração no canal do terraço, imprescindível para seu dimensionamento, deve aliar um grande número de repetições, além da medição da umidade no interior da camada de material depositado sobre o canal ao longo do tempo. / Terracing is a soil conservation practice that aims to reduce water and soil loss by interception of runoff that occurs when rainfall intensities exceed infiltration capacity. Actually, dimensions of terraces are being determined in an empirical way; however, a more detailed understanding of the physics behind the hydrological functions of terraces would allow an optimized dimensioning of terraces. In this study the infiltration capacity of a level terrace was evaluated by the methods of flux density and water storage, under different management conditions (bare soil, pasture, conventionally tilled maize and zero-tillage maize) on an oxisol with a slope of 0.08 m m-1. In each treatment TDR sensors were installed at three observation points in the middle of the terrace canal (distance between points: 4 m; considered to be repetitions) at the depths of 0.05, 0.10, 0.20, 0.40, 0.60 and 0.80 m. At the same depths, undisturbed soil samples were taken to determine soil density and soil water retention curve. TDR readings were made automatically and a rainfall gauge automatically monitored rainfall intensity. At the end of each rainfall event, soil deposition was measured at 14 locations in the terrace canal in each treatment. During the dry season (July-August), unsaturated hydraulic conductivity was determined at each repetition at the same depths by the instantaneous profile method. The results showed that agricultural management influenced water and soil deposition in the terrace canal and these affected surfaced sealing and infiltration capacity. It was concluded that the high variation usually obtained between repetitions of the hydraulic conductivity determinations makes the detection of small differences between flux densities difficult. Therefore, it showed to be impossible to use flux densities calculated by Darcy-Buckingham equation in the order to prove existence of different infiltration rates in level terraces. This conclusion was reinforced due to the highly variable surface conditions in the terrace canal. A methodology to measure water contents within the depositions in the canal should be developed to increase the precision of water storage estimation. Infiltration rates in the terrace canal cannot be estimated by storage variation alone, due to the important role of drainage and, possibly, ascension of water in the terrace hill. A correct estimate of the infiltration rate in the canal, necessary for its dimensioning, should combine a high number of repetitions with the measurement of water content within the layer of deposits over the terrace canal surface along time.

Between 1905 and 1926. developers. real estate speculators, and the Port of -Portland filled in Guild's Lake, a riparian marsh that had been the location for Portland's 1905 Lewis and Clark.: Exposition and Oriental Fair. There were two phases in the filling process. The first phase, which began before the fair ended and lasted until 1914, involved developers using high-pressured hydraulic hoses to sluice soil from nearby hills into the lake. Their primary goal was to terrace the hillside to create a high-end view neighborhood; Guild's Lake was a convenient "dump" for the gravel and dirt. During the second phase. from 1919 to 1926. Portland's elite business leaders teamed up with the city and the Port of Portland to use dredge spoils from a Willamette River channel change and deepening for a more comprehensive filling operation at Guild's Lake. Although city and citizen planning efforts to establish a publicly-owned industrial area at Guild's Lake failed, private landowners at Guild's Lake negotiated with the Port of Portland to fill the lake.

<p>Abstract</p><p>Terrace III in the Birka Garrison. An analysis of function based on artifact quantification and find preparation. This paper deals with Terrace III in the Garrison of Birka, Uppland, Sweden. The main purpose is to investigate the function of Terrace III. The analysis consists of two parts. One is to analyse the stratigraphy including layers, constructions and finds. Beads and coins are selected for a discussion of dating. The other part consists of a comparison between the find material from the Hall building, the Smithy and Terrace III. Beads are discussed separately. The results are not definite due to the fact that the terrace is not completely excavated. The finds indicate that Terrace III could have been used as storage house or a dwelling house. The pottery could be taken as evidence for a storage house (and possibly the amount of rivets and nails). The presence of personal finds show that the house might have been used as a dwelling house. A few finds indicate some kind of workshop activity. The finds from Terrace III can be dated to the end of the 10th Century.</p>

Abstract Terrace III in the Birka Garrison. An analysis of function based on artifact quantification and find preparation. This paper deals with Terrace III in the Garrison of Birka, Uppland, Sweden. The main purpose is to investigate the function of Terrace III. The analysis consists of two parts. One is to analyse the stratigraphy including layers, constructions and finds. Beads and coins are selected for a discussion of dating. The other part consists of a comparison between the find material from the Hall building, the Smithy and Terrace III. Beads are discussed separately. The results are not definite due to the fact that the terrace is not completely excavated. The finds indicate that Terrace III could have been used as storage house or a dwelling house. The pottery could be taken as evidence for a storage house (and possibly the amount of rivets and nails). The presence of personal finds show that the house might have been used as a dwelling house. A few finds indicate some kind of workshop activity. The finds from Terrace III can be dated to the end of the 10th Century.

This thesis presents an engineering geological and geotechnical investigation of the proposed Terrace Opencast Coalmine highwall in the Reddale Valley, Reefton. The proposed pit will target the 4-11m thick No. 4 Seam coal, which exists on the Valley floor beneath outwash gravels and Brunner Coal Measures (BCM) overburden dipping at 15-30° to the northwest. Rock coatings are providing friable sandstone units with protection from weathering in existing cut faces and may contribute to short term pit wall stability. The BCM core was divided into four geotechnical units for rock material testing purposes: unit 1 siltstone, unit 2 carbonaceous mudstone, unit 3 interbedded sandstone and carbonaceous mudstone and unit 4 loose sandstone. The average results for units 1-3 gave classifications within the medium to high porosity (9-13%) and dry density (2250-2470kg/m³) ranges, and medium to medium high slake-durability Id2 values (72-94% retained). Unit 4 (loose sandstone) recorded very low dry density (1694 kg/m³) and slake-durability Id2 (9%) average values. Strength testing confirmed that the units can be classed as weak rocks, with average UCS values of 12.8-13.7MPa for units 1-3, and for all four units Is(50) from point load testing of 0.26-0.62MPa with low cohesion values (0-6.2MPa) from triaxial testing. Friction angles from triaxial tests gave high values of 32-45°, while direct shear tests established 15° internal friction for bedding planes in carbonaceous mudstone and 37° for a high angle defect in interbedded sandstone/carbonaceous mudstone. The average Young's modulus values ranged from 0.82 to 10GPa, and Poisson's ratio between 0.39 and 0.50. Eight scanline defect surveys established that the major discontinuities in existing cut faces consist of high angle tension joints, shallow dipping bedding, and faults related to regional uplift. The defect orientations from the scanlines located in the southwest were significantly different from those in the northeast, and may be due to the faults that cross the Valley. In general the majority of defects displayed low persistence (less than 3m), were clean and tight, and had low joint roughness coefficients (JRC less than 6). Joint wall compressive strengths gave an average of 32MPa, but were affected by case-hardening on weathered faces. The results from the 8 drill holes analysed show that 37% of core was within the excellent rock quality designation class (RQD = 90-100%), while 29% was in the very poor quality rock (RQD = 0-25%). A semi-confined aquifer in the outwash gravels that will drain into the proposed pit was found to have a transmissivity of 58m²/day and hydraulic conductivity of 3.1 x 10⁻⁵ m/s. Kinematic feasibility assessment determined an optimum highwall orientation of 65° dip to 120° (dip direction), which is within at least 20° of the coal seam strike. The likelihood of planar, wedge or toppling failure depends on whether the structural conditions are similar to those encountered in the southwest or northeast scanlines, as well as the persistence of the defects present. The occurrence of small scale (less than 1m offset) 'step-up' normal faults, and the three larger faults that cross the valley, all of which are related to regional uplift, will also affect which failure mode will be kinematically feasible. Other crucial slope stability considerations include groundwater inflow from the saturated overburden and bedding parallel failures on the footwall dip slope of the pit. An investigation into case hardening on existing cut faces identified three interconnected rock coatings: iron films, lithobiontic (biological) and clay-dominated crusts. Jarosite was found at sites with abundant pyrite and the oxidation of iron may have been aided by microbial activity. A green algae inhabiting pore spaces approximately 1mm below the surface was noted beneath an iron film and it is suggested to be similar to that found in arid environments. Although lithobiontic and clay-dominated crusts did not provide the weathered surface with any additional strength, they were observed to form relatively quickly (from months to less than 5 years) and will aid short term stability by providing the batters with protection from weathering processes. This project concluded that the overburden material in the proposed highwall can be expected to behave like weak rock and in some cases (such as the loose sandstone) can be expected to have soil characteristics. Highwall stability is more likely to be affected by substantial inflows of groundwater than highly persistent joint sets. Establishment of the highwalls in their final position in the early mining stages will enable development of rock coatings that are expected to aid short and long term stability.