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The Implications of the Estonian E-Residency Project on Statehood and Territoriality Liis Peets Charles University Prague 2017 Faculty of Social Sciences; Political Studies Programme; Geopolitical Studies Curriculum Academic Supervisor Mgr. Martin Riegl, Ph.D. Abstract In 2014 Estonia became the first country in the world to launch an e-residency project. It is advertised as opening the country's digital borders to the world. This allows for anyone anywhere to apply for an e-resident status and thus gain access to certain parts of the Estonian e-governance platform allowing almost complete location independence when it comes to creating and running a limited company. The e-residency card also gives the holder a secure state guaranteed digital identity. The program has sparked a lot of international interest on both governmental levels in various states as well as in the media. One can find an abundance of claims and expectations regarding what the e-residency project is and what it could be. Many authors in the media claim that the program could quite likely change the meaning of concepts such as citizenship, residency, borders, territoriality and sovereignty. There are also claims that the whole meaning of statehood is under threat and the behavioral logic of countries in fundamentally changing. The paper...

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Shifts in centre-periphery relations in Ethiopia and the complex relationships between the Ethiopian state and neighbouring countries motivate this thesis to contribute a nuanced historical reading of the relationship between Ethiopia's eastern periphery and the central state and the wider regional implications of this relationship. It does so by examining the interplay between the state projects of controlling territory and asserting authority and the experiences and responses of local populations to these attempts in the Harar and Jijiga localities. Using an interpretive approach and a qualitative methodology that is underlined by historical methods, the thesis argues that the narrative on the integration of the Harar and Jijiga peripheries into the state is shaped by a history of negotiation. However, this negotiation is ongoing and is far from completion because there is no consensus on the nature of, and meanings associated with territoriality and identification when conceptualising statehood in Ethiopia. The condition of partial integration has afforded local actors in the peripheries the liberty to occasionally engage in discourses on territoriality and identification with neighbouring countries regardless of attempts by the Ethiopian state to enforce its ideas of these aspects of statehood. This investigation highlights the presence of a British Military Administration from 1942 and the changes this made to the territorial boundary between eastern Ethiopia and the British Somaliland Protectorate, and the establishment of the Republic of Somalia in 1960. Previous studies have approached the centre-periphery relationship from the perspective of the Ethiopian state - highlighting conflict and resistance. This thesis contests these perspectives because of their inability to reveal a history of peripheral agency. Centre-biased and ahistorical approaches often overlook the shadings that exist in centre-periphery relations. The thesis also challenges the myth of a homogenous eastern periphery by demonstrating that the marginality of Harar and Jijiga is mitigated by their history of being centres in the periphery. The findings of this thesis challenge the narratives of conflict and resistance that dominate interpretations of the relationship between the eastern periphery and the Ethiopian state. The empirical evidence presented in this thesis confirms and develops current scholarly debates on the existence of complex empirical manifestations of statehood in Africa, specifically in the Horn of Africa. Thus the thesis contributes to the ongoing turn in the study of statehood, which promotes the investigation of the state from the margins for a more balanced view of political reality. Finally, rather than attempting to resolve questions on the nature of statehood in Ethiopia, in the Horn of Africa or in sub-Saharan Africa, this thesis draws attention to the alternative ways of interpreting ideas of statehood as they manifest themselves in diverse historical, social and political contexts.

Submitted by Geyciane Santos (geyciane_thamires@hotmail.com) on 2015-05-19T13:20:57Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação - Juliana Mitoso Belota.pdf: 7763402 bytes, checksum: 1d3de1b8f76a86f48f490345d0621ef6 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-05-19T13:20:57Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação - Juliana Mitoso Belota.pdf: 7763402 bytes, checksum: 1d3de1b8f76a86f48f490345d0621ef6 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-12-05 / CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / This paper focuses on the discussion of the Astronomical Calendar Desana and its (re ) signification in the context of tourism and etnoconservação in Desana Tupé , locus of the research community . The initial objective of the research was to analyze those aspects of mythology contained in the experiences Desana in Tupe . We leave the narrative of the book , published by ISA , Bueri Kadiri Marirye " The lessons you never forget " ( DIAKURU & KÍSIBI , 2006) for the analysis of elements present in the cosmogonic statement schedule Desana Tupé . Empirical plurality theme made we push the analysis to identify not only the elements of the mythical calendar, contained in the tour package offered to the public in the RDS Tupe , but the social function of shamanism Desana , where he survives the modes of globalized tourism . Observance of environmental dynamics altered by changing factor , both caused by territorial mobility from high to low river Negro , as caused by climate change, which are observed in the region , was something that , transversely , we are dedicated in understanding the meanings of the use of this calendar among this group . From the point of view of the process of expropriation and breach of their culture , in dealing with exogenous to its tradition activities, analyzing the return to en- reza - focused on aspects of traditional shamanic experiences - resulting in our hypothesis , the assertion a field reterritorialidade recognized by Desana . The approach with the elements that keep the memory of tradition - myths and hierophanies gifts modes - of - doing transiting the prior knowledge to generations, to modern - contemporary modes of know-how Desana in Tupe - led us to the structures that are the path to the understanding of memory as a system of adaptation to the group. Systems from which appropriate the tradition in a different way , to your local development and establishment as culturally distinct ethnic group the Black River in semi-urban context, around the city of Manaus . In this way , memory , find the schedule , the " edge " [ 1 ] of culture itself . Jerusa Pires Ferreira (2010) defines the term as " contour drawing " where , in my view , the Desana at Tupe , pass and permeate , " a flowing in and out of the culture." This interlacing of contours and knowledge was the object of our analysis. The group , led by Kísibi - Kʉmʉ Desana , Raimundo Sources Vaz , is a descendant of the group of grandmothers cited by Diakuru & Kísibi (2006 ) , the sib Wahari Dihputiro Pora [ 2 ] , urucú the creek , a tributary of river Tiquié . Our approach was qualitative and resorted to structured and semistructured interviews , in order to know the different aspects of culture Desana transiting in their current survival pathways . Our hypothesis is that Desana at Tupe, maintains a relationship with the sacredness of mythical - ritual memory of their traditional astronomical calendar and are able to describe the symbolic and cosmological relationships associated with it, allowing us to analyze the modern polarity - traditional, in this experience . / O presente trabalho centra-se na discussão do Calendário Astronômico Desâna e em sua (re) significação no âmbito do turismo e da etnoconservação na comunidade Desâna do Tupé, lócus da pesquisa. O objetivo inicial da investigação foi fazer uma análise dos aspectos da mitologia contidos nas vivências Desâna, no Tupé. Partimos das narrativas do livro, publicado pelo ISA, Bueri Kãdiri Marirye “Os ensinamentos que não se esquecem” (DIAKURU&KÍSIBI, 2006) para a análise dos elementos cosmogônicos presentes no calendário demonstrativo Desâna do Tupé. A pluralidade empírica do tema fez com que estendessemos a análise à identificação não só dos elementos do calendário mítico, contidos no pacote turístico oferecido ao público, na RDS do Tupé, mas à função social do xamanismo Desâna, onde ele sobrevive aos modos do turismo globalizado. A observância da dinâmica ambiental alterada pelo fator mudança, tanto a ocasionada pela mobilidade territorial do alto para o baixo rio Negro, como a ocasionada pelas mudanças climáticas, as quais são observadas na região, foi algo a que, de um modo transversal, nos dedicamos no entendimento dos significados do uso deste calendário entre este grupo. Do ponto de vista do processo de ruptura e expropriação da sua cultura, na lida com atividades exógenas à sua tradição, a análise do retorno à casa-de-reza - focada nos aspectos xamânicos das vivências tradicionais – resulta, em nossa hipótese, na afirmação de um campo de reterritorialidade reconhecido pelos Desâna. A aproximação com os elementos que guardam a memória da tradição - mitos e hierofanias presentes nos modos-de-fazer que transitam do conhecimento anterior às gerações, aos modos modernos-contemporâneos do saber-fazer Desâna, no Tupé - nos levaram às estruturas que são o caminho percorrido até o entendimento da memória como sistema de adaptação para o grupo. Sistemas a partir dos quais se apropriam da tradição, de um modo diferenciado, para seu desenvolvimento local e estabelecimento como etnia culturalmente diferenciada do rio Negro, em contexto semiurbano, no entorno da cidade de Manaus. Neste caminho, da memória, encontramos o calendário, na “borda”[1] da própria cultura. Jerusa Pires Ferreira (2010) define o termo como “desenho de contornos” por onde, a meu ver, os Desâna, no Tupé, passam e perpassam, “num fluir de dentro e fora da cultura”. Este entrecruzar de contornos e saberes foi nosso objeto de análise. O grupo, liderado pelo Kísibi- Kʉmʉ Desâna, Raimundo Fontes Vaz, é descendente do grupo de avós citados por Diakuru & Kísibi (2006), o sib Wahari Dihputiro Porã[2], do igarapé Urucu, afluente do rio Tiquié. Nossa abordagem foi qualitativa e recorreu a entrevistas estruturadas e semiestruturadas, no propósito de conhecer os diversos aspectos da cultura Desâna que transitam em suas vias de sobrevivência atuais. Nossa hipótese é de que os Desâna, no Tupé, mantém uma relação de sacralidade com a memória mítica-ritual tradicional do seu calendário astronômico e que são capazes de descrever as relações simbólicas e cosmológicas associadas a ele, o que nos permite analisar a polaridade moderno-tradicional, nesta vivência.

Territorial Sovereignty has been treated as a presupposition without the perspective of history in the study of international relations. This paper aims at tracing back the relationship between authority and space in the Middle Ages, finding it was defined by feudatory¡¦s fealty and alliance rather than by boundaries. Therefore, authority space in the Middle Ages could overlap and coexist above one land. On the contrary, modern national boundary excludes other authorities from its territory; territory serves as a container to reify power in the modern time. Besides, this paper shows that processes of re-scaling of authority space, which include sub-national spatial scales of global cities and supra-national spatial scales of the European Union, constitute the current round of globalization. This development of overlapping authority spaces could be conceived as a sign of arrival of Neo-Medievalism.

Ethnic conflict is a persistent and vexing problem for the world today. The intercommunal violence during these conflicts not only significantly alters the social and spatial geography in these regions for decades, but also frequently involves external actors who magnify the social conflict. It is within the urban areas that the impacts of violence are often most acute and deleterious to the once functioning system. Ethnic conflict transforms many urban areas into “divided cities” in which barricades and armed posts dominate the landscape. With this paradigm of conflict in mind, the overarching purpose of this dissertation is two-fold: 1) to examine how and why certain peaceful societies devolve into intercommunal conflict, and 2) to outline how ethnic conflict ultimately, and often irreparably, transforms an urban area into a “divided city.” In this dissertation, Nicosia, the ethnically divided capital of Cyprus, serves as the primary case study used to illustrate the process of social devolution from ethnic conflict to a militarily fortified urban division. The three main research questions are asked concerning Nicosia’s division. 1) What historic factors contributed to the progression and intensification of the social and spatial cleavages that appear in the urban landscape today? 2) To what extent is the urban divide diagnostic of the overarching ethnic conflict on Cyprus? 3) How is Nicosia’s urban division similar to or different from other “ethnically” divided cities and how might this comparison help further the general understanding of the causes and consequences of these entities? These three questions help frame Nicosia within the context of the larger social conflict on Cyprus as well as assist in developing linkages with other divided cities. As articulated throughout this study, Nicosia is a “model” divided city that typifies how the historically-laden process of ethno-territorial polarization can manifest itself in the physical and social geography of a contested region. In the end, divided cities epitomize the “worst-case-scenario” outcome of ethnic conflict and once the urban divisions take root, they prove exceptionally challenging to remove from the social and physical landscape. / text

This dissertation offers a comparative cross-cultural investigation into the imagination of space in three sibling centers of civilization driving the formative expansion of Europe in the early Middle Ages: the Frankish court, the papacy and Byzantium. At its center stands the Slavic world of eastern Europe, which in the eighth and ninth centuries attracted the expansive energies of a young Carolingian empire, a newly aggressive papacy and a resurgent Byzantine Empire. A close reading of Latin, Greek and Church Slavonic records reveals three models of imagining space, and three ways of conceptualizing power. Frankish authors at the courts of Charlemagne and Louis the Pious represented areas of the world under Frankish power as territories, and areas beyond Frankish reach as ethnicities. Their "imagined territoriality" of power included the Slavic world at those times and in those places when and where Frankish imperial reach was possible. At the same time, and especially in moments of crisis, court authors represented Frankish space as a heterogeneous network of nodes of landed wealth. This complex Frankish imagination of space was ultimately shaped by an exercise of power that was fundamentally economic in nature. Meanwhile, Roman authors at the ninth-century papal court imagined the spaces of eastern Europe very differently as homogeneous areas clearly delimited by strong borders. They reveal a geopolitical brand of territoriality as defined by geographers and historians of the modern nation-state. This papal vision of space was influenced by a power that was jurisdictional in nature. Finally, and in stark contrast, Byzantine authors imagined a non-territorial space of peoples in Eastern Europe: instead of drawing border lines to distinguish territories, they drew lines of faith to distinguish peoples. In the Church Slavonic sources, the most important principle ordering this ethnographic space was jezykb, a term meaning both "language" and "people," emphasizing both a Byzantine imperial ideology that was fundamentally ethnographic in nature as well as an exercise of power grounded in written cultures and even alphabets. This dissertation both exposes the critical role played by eastern European Slavlands in the origins of European conceptions of territoriality and demonstrates the power of cross-cultural investigations to deepen our understanding of the medieval past. / History

The irrigation landscape known today as Distrito de Riego 038 (southern Sonora's Mayo Valley) issues from historical struggles to construct an official order--set forth in maps, plans, and in a kaleidoscopic array of programs--out of a highly differentiated world of signs, symbols, places and peoples. This dissertation tracks and analyzes those struggles, beginning with nineteenth-century military efforts to map and colonize the valley, and ending with recent attempts to "devolve" control over the irrigated landscape to "water users." The lower Rio Mayo basin is the ancestral home of the Yoreme, or Mayos, an indigenous group for whom agricultural development--and colonization more broadly--has brought a loss of autonomy, of control over the Rio Mayo floodplain and its surroundings. Entwined with this process, particularly since the late nineteenth century, was the federalization of the river itself, and, over time, the entire hydrographic basin.In part because of the fluvial nature of water--or, rather, the implications of its unpredictability for the squest to tame it--even quintessentially modern complexes like Distrito 038 develop dependencies on and become deeply reworked in the engagement with a less-than-modern world. The district is, in many respects, quite obviously a space of capitalist-state hegemony. And yet, people have always done what they must to simply get by, to access resources any way they can for livelihood and production. Thus, while programs created to centralize/federalize hydraulic governance may have ensured a functional hegemony at certain critical moments and in particular places, the everyday micro-politics of access and allocation constantly chaffed against this process. Emergent around state-led irrigation, then, have always been counter-territorial projects, struggles to create autonomous spaces of resource access and use, and sites for alternative geographical and political imaginaries.