Em vigência desde Janeiro de 2012, a regulamentação Proconve P7 para veículos comerciais pesados exige que a demonstração de emissões de poluentes do motor seja realizada no ciclo de teste transiente europeu (ETC), desenvolvido de acordo com perfil de condução tipicamente europeu e assim pouco representativo de diversas situações de tráfego no Brasil. Especialmente quanto a aplicações de ônibus urbanos, altamente dinâmicas e submetidas a perfis de baixa velocidade e média carga, não é possível correlacionar plenamente o funcionamento do motor e seus sistemas de controle de emissões baseando-se apenas neste ciclo. Com essa motivação, o principal objetivo deste estudo é desenvolver ciclos de teste compactos para banco de provas de chassis e de motores que representem as condições reais de condução de ônibus urbanos da cidade de São Paulo. Estes ciclos de teste específicos possibilitam avaliações mais precisas não apenas das emissões de poluentes, mas também do consumo de combustível, além de proporcionarem melhor compreensão do real desempenho de motores e novas tecnologias dos sistemas de propulsão usados em frotas de ônibus urbanos no Brasil. A metodologia aplicada para construção dos ciclos utiliza o conceito de potência específica veicular (VSP), variável que apresenta alta correlação com emissões de poluentes e consumo de combustível e é calculada a partir de dados coletados em condições reais de condução de ônibus (velocidade, aceleração e inclinação das vias). A seleção dos veículos e linhas para realização das aquisições de dados considera tanto as especificações de trem-de-força e de chassis disponíveis na frota, como também os índices operacionais e a topografia dos trajetos como métodos para determinação de linhas com perfil operacional mais representativo. Como resultado do estudo foram propostos cinco ciclos de teste, um para cada tipo de ônibus selecionado (miniônibus, midiônibus, básico, padron e articulado), e as análises comparativas com o ciclo ETC quanto ao comportamento do motor mostram claramente a falta de representatividade do ciclo europeu adotado pela regulamentação brasileira. / Since January 2012, the Proconve P7 regulation is mandatory for heavy duty commercial vehicles requiring that the demonstration of pollutant gases emissions must be carried out by submitting the engine to the European transient test cycle (ETC), which has been developed according to European driving patterns and therefore is not representative of several driving situations in Brazil. Particularly for driving patterns of urban buses, which are highly dynamic with low vehicle speed and medium load profiles, it is not possible to fully correlate the operating conditions of the engine and its emission control systems based only on this test cycle. With this motivation, the main objective of this study is to develop compact test cycles for use in both chassis and engine test benches that represent the actual driving pattern of transit buses in São Paulo city. These specific test cycles may allow more accurate assessment of pollutant gases emissions and fuel consumption, as well as provide a better understanding concerning the real performance of engines and new propulsion technologies used in urban bus fleets in Brazil. The methodology used for construction of the cycles is based on the concept of vehicle specific power (VSP), a variable that is highly correlated with pollutant emissions and fuel consumption and is calculated from data collected under real-world driving conditions (vehicle speed, acceleration and road grade). The selection of the buses and routes for the on-board data collection considers the specifications of powertrain and chassis that are available in the bus fleet of São Paulo\'s public transportation system, operational indexes and route topography as a method for determining the bus routes with a more representative operational pattern. As the result of this study five test cycles were proposed, one for each bus type (minibus, midibus, basic, padron and articulated), and an analysis of the engine\'s operating behavior in comparison to the ETC cycle clearly shows the lack of representativeness of the European cycle adopted by the Brazilian regulation.

Em vigência desde Janeiro de 2012, a regulamentação Proconve P7 para veículos comerciais pesados exige que a demonstração de emissões de poluentes do motor seja realizada no ciclo de teste transiente europeu (ETC), desenvolvido de acordo com perfil de condução tipicamente europeu e assim pouco representativo de diversas situações de tráfego no Brasil. Especialmente quanto a aplicações de ônibus urbanos, altamente dinâmicas e submetidas a perfis de baixa velocidade e média carga, não é possível correlacionar plenamente o funcionamento do motor e seus sistemas de controle de emissões baseando-se apenas neste ciclo. Com essa motivação, o principal objetivo deste estudo é desenvolver ciclos de teste compactos para banco de provas de chassis e de motores que representem as condições reais de condução de ônibus urbanos da cidade de São Paulo. Estes ciclos de teste específicos possibilitam avaliações mais precisas não apenas das emissões de poluentes, mas também do consumo de combustível, além de proporcionarem melhor compreensão do real desempenho de motores e novas tecnologias dos sistemas de propulsão usados em frotas de ônibus urbanos no Brasil. A metodologia aplicada para construção dos ciclos utiliza o conceito de potência específica veicular (VSP), variável que apresenta alta correlação com emissões de poluentes e consumo de combustível e é calculada a partir de dados coletados em condições reais de condução de ônibus (velocidade, aceleração e inclinação das vias). A seleção dos veículos e linhas para realização das aquisições de dados considera tanto as especificações de trem-de-força e de chassis disponíveis na frota, como também os índices operacionais e a topografia dos trajetos como métodos para determinação de linhas com perfil operacional mais representativo. Como resultado do estudo foram propostos cinco ciclos de teste, um para cada tipo de ônibus selecionado (miniônibus, midiônibus, básico, padron e articulado), e as análises comparativas com o ciclo ETC quanto ao comportamento do motor mostram claramente a falta de representatividade do ciclo europeu adotado pela regulamentação brasileira. / Since January 2012, the Proconve P7 regulation is mandatory for heavy duty commercial vehicles requiring that the demonstration of pollutant gases emissions must be carried out by submitting the engine to the European transient test cycle (ETC), which has been developed according to European driving patterns and therefore is not representative of several driving situations in Brazil. Particularly for driving patterns of urban buses, which are highly dynamic with low vehicle speed and medium load profiles, it is not possible to fully correlate the operating conditions of the engine and its emission control systems based only on this test cycle. With this motivation, the main objective of this study is to develop compact test cycles for use in both chassis and engine test benches that represent the actual driving pattern of transit buses in São Paulo city. These specific test cycles may allow more accurate assessment of pollutant gases emissions and fuel consumption, as well as provide a better understanding concerning the real performance of engines and new propulsion technologies used in urban bus fleets in Brazil. The methodology used for construction of the cycles is based on the concept of vehicle specific power (VSP), a variable that is highly correlated with pollutant emissions and fuel consumption and is calculated from data collected under real-world driving conditions (vehicle speed, acceleration and road grade). The selection of the buses and routes for the on-board data collection considers the specifications of powertrain and chassis that are available in the bus fleet of São Paulo\'s public transportation system, operational indexes and route topography as a method for determining the bus routes with a more representative operational pattern. As the result of this study five test cycles were proposed, one for each bus type (minibus, midibus, basic, padron and articulated), and an analysis of the engine\'s operating behavior in comparison to the ETC cycle clearly shows the lack of representativeness of the European cycle adopted by the Brazilian regulation.

Diesel locomotives provide versatility to the railway system as they do not depend on electric feeding. Worldwide they constitute important parts of locomotive fleets used for various tasks such as mainline services, shunting and terminal operations. The main drawbacks are emissions of CO2, NOx and other pollutants. The emissions to air are in general controlled by legislation. The European testing and approval procedure for locomotive engines is performed with the ISO 8178-F test cycle. It is alone meant to resemble all European locomotives. Good correlation was found between mainline operations and the ISO 8178-F test cycle. A good correlation was furthermore found between shunting operations and North American shunting test cycles. However, this thesis has shown that this results in inadequate description of for instance shunting operations. Typical characteristics for shunting are relatively high ratio of transient loading, low mean power output and high amount of idling. Therefore important aspects of diesel locomotive usage are thereby disregarded in certifications. Deficient correlation between test cycle and intended operations may lead to locomotives that are not properly optimised for the type of operation they are intended for. Improperly dimensioned and optimised locomotives cause impaired fuel economy and more emissions emitted. Many Swedish diesel locomotives are to a large extent used in shunting-like conditions in yards and industries for instance. Therefore, it is recommended to supplement the present ISO test cycle with a test cycle that includes the characteristic of shunting. Knowledge about duty cycles for specific operations can be of importance in locomotive acquisition, dimensioning of new locomotives or when estimating emissions and/or fuel consumption. It is essential to make proper dimensioning of propulsion systems as it can imply lower life cycle costs as well as fewer emissions. Appropriate dimensioning of the propulsion system is particularly important for non-conventional propulsion systems. If the application range of a test cycle is narrow, its emulating capability ought to be better at describing and representing the indented application. Today's test cycles state fractional power or torque as a function of engine speed. This may result in misleading duty cycles when the same kind of operation is undertaken with different locomotives that have widespread power ratings. A more powerful locomotive used for the very same load as a less powerful locomotive will result in a different duty cycle. Non-conventional propulsion systems are gaining popularity also in the railway industry where implementation of new technology usually is slow. Dual mode and hybrid systems are two examples. Related to test and duty cycles the build-up of these new propulsion systems change the prerequisites of the propulsion systems. From a duty cycle perspective it is reasonable to implement an additional test cycle for non-conventional propulsion systems if the popularity rises. / QC 20111115

Táto diplomová práca je zameraná na preukazovanie vplyvov rôznych architektúr spätnej recirkulácie spalín na preplňované benzínové motory. Simulácie boli vytvorené v termodynamickom simulačnom programme GT-Power. Práca začína porovnávaním vplyvov spätnej recirkulácie na ustálené stavy motora, najmä z hľadiska spotreby, ktoré sú následne implementované do tranzientných modelov, simulujúc emisné testovacie cykly. Na konci práce sa venujem vplyvom spätnej recirkulácie na funkciu oxidačno-redukčného katalyzátora a na funkciu turbodúchadla.