Cracked beam problem is an elliptic boundary value problem with singularity. It is often used as a testing model for numerical methods. We use numerical and symbolic boundary approximation methods and boundary collocation method to compute its extremely high accurate solution with global error $O(10^{-100})$. This solution then can be regarded as the exact solution. On the other hand, we vary the boundary conditions of this problem to obtain several related models. Their numerical solutions are compared to those of cracked beam and Motz problems, the prototypes of singularity problems. From the comparison we can conclude the advantage of each model and decide the best testing model for numerical methods.

A simulation study was conducted to explore the performance of the linear logistic test model (LLTM) when the relationships between items and cognitive components were misspecified. Factors manipulated included percent of misspecification (0%, 1%, 5%, 10%, and 15%), form of misspecification (under-specification, balanced misspecification, and over-specification), sample size (20, 40, 80, 160, 320, 640, and 1280), Q-matrix density (60% and 46%), number of items (20, 40, and 60 items), and skewness of person ability distribution (-0.5, 0, and 0.5). Statistical bias, root mean squared error, confidence interval coverage, confidence interval width, and pairwise cognitive components correlations were computed. The impact of the design factors were interpreted for cognitive components, item difficulty, and person ability parameter estimates. The simulation provided rich results and selected key conclusions include (a) SAS works superbly when estimating LLTM using a marginal maximum likelihood approach for cognitive components and an empirical Bayes estimation for person ability, (b) parameter estimates are sensitive to misspecification, (c) under-specification is preferred to over-specification of the Q-matrix, (d) when properly specified the cognitive components parameter estimates often have tolerable amounts of root mean squared error when the sample size is greater than 80, (e) LLTM is robust to the density of Q-matrix specification, (f) the LLTM works well when the number of items is 40 or greater, and (g) LLTM is robust to a slight skewness of the person ability distribution. In sum, the LLTM is capable of identifying conceptual knowledge when the Q-matrix is properly specified, which is a rich area for applied empirical research.

It is a Key player for Doctrine of Equivalents of interpretation and application in the patent infringement. While the use of Doctrine of Equivalents on the judicial decisions they may not otherwise. The Doctrine of Equivalents of patent infringement litigation often is used to determine the key to victory or defeat. So can interpretation and application of Doctrine of Equivalents be used to explain the lack of fairness and justice? Two levels affect this. First, it will hinder the development of human resources for innovation and invention; on the other hand, it will hinder the use of proprietary information with competitors in the industry and then R & D innovation. Therefore, how to strike a balance, and provide companies with operations on the coping strategies? It must provide light to the government to develop policies to make the state's industrial economic development not have a negative impact, it will be able to make Taiwan high-tech industries the key to scale new heights. The development of Taiwan's high-tech industries has its advantages which, if they can continue to innovate and pursue new knowledge, create new knowledge, apply new knowledge, will be able to continue to successful development. In the arena of global competition, technological innovation in creating and maintaining the competitive edge play an important role. In the big picture, the State must be able to establish an economic growth patent policy..Taking into account the economic advantages of science and technology policy is the most important contribution of science and technology enterprises and will provide support to business and trade activities to encourage government, industry, education and cooperation between research units, to encourage and support scientific and technological innovation, and to develop plans to enhance the creativity and support research and development activities.This must be done as soon as possible due to the necessary Doctrine of Equivalents on the legal structure to ensure the rights and interests of both parties, thus contributing to the sustainable development of Taiwan's high-tech industries.

abstract: The current study employs item difficulty modeling procedures to evaluate the feasibility of potential generative item features for nonword repetition. Specifically, the extent to which the manipulated item features affect the theoretical mechanisms that underlie nonword repetition accuracy was estimated. Generative item features were based on the phonological loop component of Baddelely's model of working memory which addresses phonological short-term memory (Baddeley, 2000, 2003; Baddeley & Hitch, 1974). Using researcher developed software, nonwords were generated to adhere to the phonological constraints of Spanish. Thirty-six nonwords were chosen based on the set item features identified by the proposed cognitive processing model. Using a planned missing data design, two-hundred fifteen Spanish-English bilingual children were administered 24 of the 36 generated nonwords. Multiple regression and explanatory item response modeling techniques (e.g., linear logistic test model, LLTM; Fischer, 1973) were used to estimate the impact of item features on item difficulty. The final LLTM included three item radicals and two item incidentals. Results indicated that the LLTM predicted item difficulties were highly correlated with the Rasch item difficulties (r = .89) and accounted for a substantial amount of the variance in item difficulty (R2 = .79). The findings are discussed in terms of validity evidence in support of using the phonological loop component of Baddeley's model (2000) as a cognitive processing model for nonword repetition items and the feasibility of using the proposed radical structure as an item blueprint for the future generation of nonword repetition items. / Dissertation/Thesis / M.A. Educational Psychology 2011

Title of work: The condition development by Czech Ice Hockey Association performance tests in years 2014 and 2015 and the possibilities of its evaluation. Aim of work: The aim of this master's thesis is to research the development of fitness abilities in junior category and the possibilities of its evaluation. The main aim is to evaluate the results of tests from Czech ice hockey association database for preliminary period 2014 and 2015, and find out frequency of achieved performance, moreover compare it with indicative point value in model tests report. Thereafter, suggest oral evaluation for individual fitness tests. Method: Results were statistically processed in MS Office Excel and transcribed into charts. I set ten intervals for which I found out data. I always compound two intervals for the evaluation, therefore was created five point scale. I calculated the absolute frequency and relatively absolute frequency of given intervals. Cumulative values were calculated for both of them. I used oral evaluation, which was divided into five values. I orally evaluate what kind of prerequisites the player has for ice hockey according to the points which were gained in individual tests. For differences between seasons was done Cohen's d. .Results: I did not find out any statistic differences in results...

As atividades de validação, verificação e teste contribuem para melhorar a qualidade dos programas, independentemente do paradigma de programação utilizado. Erlang é um exemplo de linguagem funcional, e aspectos como: dados imutáveis, higher-order functions, lazy evaluation e pattern matching impõem restrições à atividade de teste estrutural de software, as quais requerem uma atenção especial do testador. A linguagem Erlang foi criada para o desenvolvimento de aplicações concorrentes, em tempo real e com tolerância a falhas. A aplicação da atividade de teste de software torna-se necessária para aplicações desenvolvidas em Erlang. Um mapeamento sistemático realizado identificou os trabalhos relacionados e também a identificação de falhas típicas encontradas em programas Erlang. O resultado do mapeamento evidenciou a falta de propostas que considerem as principais características de Erlang, incluindo uma ferramenta de teste que dê suporte à aplicação prática da atividade de teste. Esta lacuna foi considerada significativa. Foi proposto um conjunto de critérios de teste estruturais para verificar a cobertura de códigos em aplicações sequenciais e distribuídas de programas Erlang. Os critérios de teste exploram as possíveis falhas relacionadas à comunicação entre funções, comunicação entre processos, sincronização, concorrência, recursividade e tolerância a falhas. A definição dos critérios contou com o suporte de um modelo de teste para a obtenção das informações sobre o fluxo de controle, fluxo de dados e fluxo de comunicação de programas Erlang. O modelo estabeleceu 15 tipos de nós, 9 tipos de arestas e 5 tipos de usos de variáveis. Para apoiar a aplicação dos critérios, uma ferramenta de teste, chamada Valierlang, também foi implementada. A ValiErlang é composta por 5 módulos que realizam as seguintes etapas: análise estática, instrumentação do código fonte, geração do GFC, definição dos elementos requeridos, execução do código instrumentado, geração do rastro de execução e avaliação dos elementos cobertos e elementos não executáveis. Foi realizado um estudo experimental para verificar a aplicabilidade dos critérios de teste por meio da ValiErlang. Neste estudo foram utilizados seis programas com diferentes características, todas essenciais aos programas em Erlang. Com base nos resultados obtidos, foi possível comprovar que a abordagem contribui com o testador devido ao sucesso na aplicação dos critérios e também a eficácia dos critérios em revelar defeitos. E as etapas para o testador de software realizar a aplicação do teste estrutural, tem o apoio ferramental da ValiErlang. / The validation, verification and test activities contribute to improve the quality of the programs, independently of the used programing paradigm. Erlang is an example of functional language and aspects such as: immutable data, higher-order functions, lazy evaluation e pattern matching impose restrictions to the software structural testing activity, which require a special attention by the tester. The Erlang language was created for the development of concurrent applications, in real time and with fault tolerance. The application of the software testing activity becomes necessary for applications developed in Erlang. An executed systematic mapping identified the related works and the identification of typical failures found in Erlang programs. The result of the mapping highlighted the lack of proposals that consider the main features of Erlang, including a testing tool that supports the practical application of the testing activity. This gap was considered significant. A set of structural testing criteria was proposed to verify the coverage of codes in sequential and distributed applications in Erlang programs. The test criteria explore the possible failure related to the communication between functions, communication between processes, synchronization, concurrence, recursion and fault tolerance. The definition of the criteria had the support of a test model to obtain information about control flux, data flux, and communication flux of Erlang programs. The model established 15 types of nodes, 9 types of edges and 5 types of variable uses. To support the application of criteria, a testing tool called ValiErlang was also implemented. ValiErlang is composed of 5 modules that execute the following stages: static analysis, source code instrumentation, CFG generation, definition of the required elements, instrumented code execution, execution trace generation and evaluation of the covered and non-executable elements. An experimental study was executed to verify the applicability of the testing criteria by ValiErlang. In this study six programs with different characteristics were used. All characteristics were essential to the Erlang programs. Based on the obtained results, it was possible to prove that the approach contributes with the tester because of the success in the criteria application and the efficiency of the criteria in revealing defects. The stages for the testes to execute the structural test application have the support of the Erlang tool.

Diss. Stockholm : Handelshögskolan, 2002.

As atividades de validação, verificação e teste contribuem para melhorar a qualidade dos programas, independentemente do paradigma de programação utilizado. Erlang é um exemplo de linguagem funcional, e aspectos como: dados imutáveis, higher-order functions, lazy evaluation e pattern matching impõem restrições à atividade de teste estrutural de software, as quais requerem uma atenção especial do testador. A linguagem Erlang foi criada para o desenvolvimento de aplicações concorrentes, em tempo real e com tolerância a falhas. A aplicação da atividade de teste de software torna-se necessária para aplicações desenvolvidas em Erlang. Um mapeamento sistemático realizado identificou os trabalhos relacionados e também a identificação de falhas típicas encontradas em programas Erlang. O resultado do mapeamento evidenciou a falta de propostas que considerem as principais características de Erlang, incluindo uma ferramenta de teste que dê suporte à aplicação prática da atividade de teste. Esta lacuna foi considerada significativa. Foi proposto um conjunto de critérios de teste estruturais para verificar a cobertura de códigos em aplicações sequenciais e distribuídas de programas Erlang. Os critérios de teste exploram as possíveis falhas relacionadas à comunicação entre funções, comunicação entre processos, sincronização, concorrência, recursividade e tolerância a falhas. A definição dos critérios contou com o suporte de um modelo de teste para a obtenção das informações sobre o fluxo de controle, fluxo de dados e fluxo de comunicação de programas Erlang. O modelo estabeleceu 15 tipos de nós, 9 tipos de arestas e 5 tipos de usos de variáveis. Para apoiar a aplicação dos critérios, uma ferramenta de teste, chamada Valierlang, também foi implementada. A ValiErlang é composta por 5 módulos que realizam as seguintes etapas: análise estática, instrumentação do código fonte, geração do GFC, definição dos elementos requeridos, execução do código instrumentado, geração do rastro de execução e avaliação dos elementos cobertos e elementos não executáveis. Foi realizado um estudo experimental para verificar a aplicabilidade dos critérios de teste por meio da ValiErlang. Neste estudo foram utilizados seis programas com diferentes características, todas essenciais aos programas em Erlang. Com base nos resultados obtidos, foi possível comprovar que a abordagem contribui com o testador devido ao sucesso na aplicação dos critérios e também a eficácia dos critérios em revelar defeitos. E as etapas para o testador de software realizar a aplicação do teste estrutural, tem o apoio ferramental da ValiErlang. / The validation, verification and test activities contribute to improve the quality of the programs, independently of the used programing paradigm. Erlang is an example of functional language and aspects such as: immutable data, higher-order functions, lazy evaluation e pattern matching impose restrictions to the software structural testing activity, which require a special attention by the tester. The Erlang language was created for the development of concurrent applications, in real time and with fault tolerance. The application of the software testing activity becomes necessary for applications developed in Erlang. An executed systematic mapping identified the related works and the identification of typical failures found in Erlang programs. The result of the mapping highlighted the lack of proposals that consider the main features of Erlang, including a testing tool that supports the practical application of the testing activity. This gap was considered significant. A set of structural testing criteria was proposed to verify the coverage of codes in sequential and distributed applications in Erlang programs. The test criteria explore the possible failure related to the communication between functions, communication between processes, synchronization, concurrence, recursion and fault tolerance. The definition of the criteria had the support of a test model to obtain information about control flux, data flux, and communication flux of Erlang programs. The model established 15 types of nodes, 9 types of edges and 5 types of variable uses. To support the application of criteria, a testing tool called ValiErlang was also implemented. ValiErlang is composed of 5 modules that execute the following stages: static analysis, source code instrumentation, CFG generation, definition of the required elements, instrumented code execution, execution trace generation and evaluation of the covered and non-executable elements. An experimental study was executed to verify the applicability of the testing criteria by ValiErlang. In this study six programs with different characteristics were used. All characteristics were essential to the Erlang programs. Based on the obtained results, it was possible to prove that the approach contributes with the tester because of the success in the criteria application and the efficiency of the criteria in revealing defects. The stages for the testes to execute the structural test application have the support of the Erlang tool.

This diploma thesis deal with the description of electrical energy quality in low voltage. A test data model is created in the thesis which can automatically evaluate the state of the quality of electric energy in terms of higher harmonic voltages in the MATLAB programming environment. To verify the correct design of the model, two possible views of simulated data are created in the form of tables and graphical dependencies. An user interface is created for more complex control of each model states of the data being considered.

Le développement de tests pour les systèmes d’avioniques met en jeu une multiplicité de langages de test propriétaires, sans aucun standard émergent.Les fournisseurs de solutions de test doivent tenir compte des habitudes des différents clients, tandis que les échanges de tests entre les avionneurs et leurs équipementiers / systémiers sont entravés. Nous proposons une approche dirigée par les modèles pour s’attaquer à ces problèmes: des modèles de test sont développés et maintenus à la place du code, avec des transformations modèle-vers-code vers des langages de test cibles. Cette thèse présente trois contributions dans ce sens. La première consiste en l’analyse de quatre langages de test propriétaires actuellement déployés. Elle nous a permis d’identifier les concepts spécifiques au domaine, les meilleures pratiques,ainsi que les pièges à éviter. La deuxième contribution est la définition d’un méta-modèle en EMF Ecore, qui intègre tous les concepts identifiés et leurs relations. Le méta-modèle est la base pour construire des éditeurs de modèles de test et des motifs de génération de code. Notre troisième contribution est un d´démonstrateur de la façon dont ces technologies sont utilisées pour l’élaboration des tests. Il comprend des éditeurs personnalisables graphiques et textuels pour des modèles de test, ainsi que des transformations basées-motifs vers un langage du test exécutable sur une plateforme de test réelle. / The development of tests for avionics systems involves a multiplicity of in-house test languages, with no standard emerging. Test solution providers have to accommodate the habits of different clients, while the exchange of tests between aircraft manufacturers and their equipment/system providers is hindered. We propose a model-driven approach to tackle these problems: test models would be developed and maintained in place of code, with model-to-code transformations towards target test languages. This thesis presents three contributions in this direction. The first one consists in the analysis of four proprietary test languages currently deployed. It allowed us to identify the domain-specific concepts, best practices, as well as pitfalls to avoid. The second contribution is the definition of a meta-model in EMF Ecore that integrates all identified concepts and their relations. The meta-model is the basis for building test model editors and code generation templates. Our third contribution is a demonstrator of how these technologies are used for test development. It includes customizable graphical and textual editors for test models, together with template-based transformations towards a test language executable on top of a real test platform.