<p>Doktorska disertacija razmatra kori&scaron;ćenje računarskog adaptivnog testa u evaluaciji znanja programskih jezika C++ i Java. Za potrebe istraživanja realizovana je aplikacija koja omogućava adaptivno testiranje i njena funkcionalnost proverena je u praksi. Izvr&scaron;eno je anketiranje studenata radi evaluacije, dobijeni podaci su statistički obraĎeni i protumačeni. Na osnovu rezultata istraživanja utvrĎeno je da postoji statistički značajna razlika u korist studenata eksperimentalne grupe, naspram studenata koji su test radili na konvencionalan način (papir i olovka).</p> / <p>The doctoral dissertation discusses the application of the computer adaptive test in knowledge evaluation of the programming languages C++ and Java. For the purpose of this research an application was realized which enables adaptive testing. Its functionality was checked in practice. A survey was carried out among students for the purpose of evaluation, the attained data was statistically analyzed and interpreted. Based on the results of the research it was determined that there is a statistically significant difference in favor of the students in the experimental group as opposed to the students who had taken the test in the conventional way (paper-pencil tests).</p>

<p>Razvojna disleksija je specifičan deficit čitanja uprkos prosečnoj inteligenciji, &scaron;kolovanju i obrazovnom okruženju, a u odsustvu senzornih ili psihijatrijskih poremećaja. Disortografija predstavlja otežano učenje pravopisa maternjeg jezika u vreme kada su deca istog uzrasta, sposobnosti i obuke već savladala pravopisna pravila. Deficit fonolo&scaron;ke obrade obja&scaron;njava disleksiju i disortografiju kao posledicu individualnih smetnji u fonolo&scaron;kom procesiranju koja se ispoljava kao slabost u sposobnosti stvaranja veze između fonema i grafema. Ciljevi ovog istraživanja bili su da se utvrdi nivo razvijenosti fonolo&scaron;ke svesnosti kod dece sa disleksijom i disortografijom, zatim u kojoj meri govorno jezički poremećaji utiču na ispoljavanje disleksije i disortografije, kao i da se utvrdi da li postoji razlika u ispoljavanju ovih smetnji u odnosu na pol dece. Istraživanje je obuhvatilo 689 dece, od prvog do trećeg razreda osnovne &scaron;kole čiji je maternji jezik srpski. Deca su podeljena u grupe u odnosu na razred koji pohađaju. Za procenu fonolo&scaron;ke svesnosti primenjen je test FONT koji obuhvata osam tipova zadataka:spajanje slogova, slogovna segmentacija, identifikovanje početnog fonema, prepoznavanje rime, fonemska segmentacija, identifikovanje zavr&scaron;nog fonema, eliminacija fonema, fonemska supstitucija i spajanje slogova. Brzina, tačnost, fluentnost čitanja i razumevanje sadržaja pročitanog procenjena je testom čitanja The Gray Oral Reading Tests-GORT 5. Za potrebe ovog istraživanja urađena je kros-kulturalna adaptacija testa, prema vodiču za adaptaciju u odnosu na jezičke i kulturalne različitosti. Za procenu razvijenosti govora i poznavanje reči, apstraktne inteligencije, faktora distraktibilnosti i koncentracije, kao i procene vizuomotorne koordinacije, kori&scaron;ćeni su subtestovi Revisk-revidirane skale za merenje inteligencije. Skalom za procenu pravopisnog nivoa rukopisa procenjeno je prepoznavanje semantičkih oblika i njihovo kori&scaron;ćenje u kontekstu saop&scaron;tavanja misaonih sadržaja. Rezultati pokazuju da najveći broj dece, od prvog do trećeg razreda, ima razvijeno čitanje u kategoriji proseka. U drugom i trećem razredu 61 dete (13.7%) ispoljava disleksiju, a 82 (18,4%) dece disortografične smetnje. Deca sa disleksijom i disortografijom če&scaron;će imaju deficit fonolo&scaron;ke svesnosti u odnosu na decu tipičnog razvoja. Deca sa disleksijom i disortografijom ispoljavaju deficit svih elemenata koji čine fonolo&scaron;ku svesnost. Elementi fonolo&scaron;ke svesnosti kod dece mlađeg &scaron;kolskog uzrasta čiji je maternji jezik srpski, predstavljaju značajne prediktore za sticanje čitanja i pravopisa. Govorno jezički poremećaji zastupljeni su kod 137 dece (19.9%), od prvog do trećeg razreda. Kod dece sa govorno jezičkim poremećajima se če&scaron;će ispoljava disleksija i disortografija u odnosu na decu tipičnog razvoja. Najveći broj dece sa disleksijom i disortografijom ima podprosečne rezultate na subtestu Rečnik. Disleksija i disortografija, kao i deficit fonolo&scaron;ke svesnosti su če&scaron;će zastupljeni kod dečaka, ali ta razlika nije značajna. U odnosu na rezultate istraživanja napravljen je Protokol za detekciju, procenu i korekciju disleksije i disortografije.</p> / <p>Developmental dyslexia is a specific reading deficit occurring in spite of average intelligence, appropriate schooling and educational environment, in the absence of any sensory or psychiatric disorders. Dysorthography represents a child`s impaired acquisition of the orthography of his/her mother tongue at the age when children of equal abilities and schooling have already mastered orthographic rules. A deficit in phonological awareness explains both dyslexia and dysorthography as a consequence of individual difficulties in phonological processing displayed as impairment in creating associations between phonemes and graphemes. The aims of this research were to establish the level of development of phonological awareness in children with dyslexia and dysorthography, the extent to which speech disorders affect dyslexia and dysorthography, and if there is a difference in their frequency with regard to gender. The study included 689 children, attending 1st, 2nd and 3rd grade of primary school, whose mother tongue was Serbian. Children were divided into groups according to school grade. For the assessment of phonological awareness the FONT test was used which entails eight types of tasks: syllable blending, syllable segmentation, identifying the initial phoneme, recognizing rime, phoneme segmentation, identifying the ending phoneme, phoneme deletion, and phoneme substitution. Reading accuracy, fluency and comprehension were assessed by The Gray Oral Reading Tests &ndash; GORT 5. For the purposes of this study, a cross-cultural adaptation was performed, in accordance with the guidelines provided in the guide for adaptation regarding linguistic and cultural differences. Subtests of the REVISK &ndash; revised scale for the assessment of intelligence were used to assess the developmental level of speech and vocabulary, attention and distractibility, as well as visual-motor coordination. A scale for the assessment of the orthographic level of handwriting was used to recognize semantic forms and their application in the context of conveying thought content. The results show that the majority of children, attending 1st, 2nd and 3rd grade have an average reading ability. 61 children (13.7%) attending 2nd and 3rd grade have dyslexia, while 82 (18.4%) have difficulties with the orthography. These children more often have a phonological awareness deficit compared to typically developing children. Children with dyslexia and dysorthography display a deficit in all the elements of phonological awareness. The elements of phonological awareness have proven to be significant predictors of mastering reading and writing in children attending lower grades of primary school, whose mother tongue is Serbian. Speaking disorders were found to be present in 137 (19.9%) children attending 1st, 2nd and 3rd grade. These children more often have dyslexia and dysorthography compared to typically developing children. The majority of children with dyslexia and dysorthography have below average results on the Vocabulary subtest. Dyslexia and dysorthography, as well as the phonological awareness deficit are more present in boys but the gender difference is not significant. In accordance with our results, a protocol was developed to detect, assess and correct dyslexia and dysorthography.</p>

<p>Raloksifen je predstavnik selektivnih modulatora estrogenih receptora koji se koristi u terapiji osteoporoze i invazivnog oblika raka dojke u postmenopauzi. Raloksifen se relativno dobro resorbuje iz gastrointestinalnog trakta, ali pri prvom prolasku kroz jetru podleže biotransformaciji u značajnom procentu, &scaron;to je uzrok njegove niske biolo&scaron;ke raspoloživosti. Bioraspoloživost kod ljudi iznosi 2%, a kod Wistar pacova 39%. Različite supstance se koriste da bi se pobolj&scaron;ala bioraspoloživost lekova. Žučne kiseline, kao &scaron;to je deoksiholna kiselina, omogućavaju bolji prolazak kroz biolo&scaron;ke membrane drugim supstancama, te mogu povećati bioraspoloživost lekova. Apigenin je &scaron;iroko rasprostranjeni flavonoid koji inhibi&scaron;e različite metaboličke puteve i na taj način može usporiti metabolizam i eliminaciju i povećati koncentraciju lekova u krvi. Ciljevi ovog istraživanja su bili da se ispita da li apigenin i natrijum-deoksiholat mogu povećati bioraspoloživost raloksifena, njihov uticaj na biohemijske parametre i parametre hemostaze, kao i da se ispita antioksidativni potencijal apigenina. Ispitan je i uticaj apigenina na akutno o&scaron;tećenje jetre usled primene toksične doze paracetamola. U istraživanju su kori&scaron;ćeni zdravi, beli pacovi mu&scaron;kog roda, soja Wistar. U ogledu su ukupno kori&scaron;ćene 84 eksperimentalne životinje. Sva ispitivanja na životinjama je odobrila Etička komisija Univerziteta u Novom Sadu. Raloksifen je primenjen intravenski i per os, dok su natrijum-deoksiholat i apigenin aplikovani peroralno. Uzorci krvi, urina i fecesa su kori&scaron;ćeni za određivanje farmakokinetskih parametara, dok su za određivanje biohemijskih, hemostatskih i parametara oksidativnog stresa kori&scaron;ćeni serum i uzorci jetre laboratorijskih životinja. Pretretman natrijum-deoksiholatom je doveo do smanjenja koncentracije raloksifena u krvi zbog olak&scaron;anog i brzog prodora raloksifena u periferne kompartmane. Time je značajno produženo poluvreme eliminacije i srednje vreme zadržavanja raloksifena i značajno je povećan volumen distribucije raloksifena. Apigenin je doveo do manjeg pada koncentracije raloksifena u prvim satima nakon intravenske primene raloksifena, dok su koncentracije raloksifena bile značajno vi&scaron;e nakon osmog časa od primene leka. Uticaj raloksifena na biohemijske parametre je bio značajno veći nakon intravenske nego nakon peroralne primene. Nakon intravenske primene raloksifena je značajno povećana aktivnost enzima jetre, ALP, ALT, AST i GGT, dok su pokazatelji funkcije bubrega, urea, mokraćna kiselina i kreatinin bili sniženi. U grupama koje su pretretirane natrijum-deoksiholatom i apigeninom vrednosti ovih parametara bile su niže u odnosu na grupu tretiranu samo raloksifenom. Statistički najznačajniji uticaj je imala primena trojne kombinacije, raloksifena, natrijum-deosiholata i apigenina, koja je dovela do značajnog pada aktivnosti enzima jetre, i u odnosu na grupu tretiranu raloksifenom i u odnosu na kontrolnu grupu. Kod životinja tretiranih kombinacijom apigenina i paracetamola pokazatelji toksičnosti su bili značajno niži, naročito vrednosti ALT i ALP, u odnosu na grupu koja je dobijala samo paracetamol. Hepatotoksičnost izazvana toksičnom dozom paracetamola je potvrđena i histopatolo&scaron;kim promenama na jetri, koje nisu primećene u grupi životinja tretiranih kombinacijom apigenina i paracetamola. Ispitivanjem je utvrđeno da apigenin može da spreči paracetamolom indukovano povećanje nivoa MDA, &scaron;to ukazuje da apigenin pozitivno utiče na očuvanje integriteta ćelije. Aktivnost enzima CAT i GR u homogenatima jetre je bila značajno povećana nakon primene toksične doze paracetamola u odnosu na kontrolnu grupu. Aktivnost enzima CAT i GR u grupi tretiranoj kombinacijom apigenina i paracetamola je bila približna vrednostima u kontrolnoj grupi. Na osnovu rezultata istraživanja može se zaključiti da natrijum-deoksiholat i apigenin značajno utiču na farmakokinetiku raloksifena. Primena natrijum-deoksiholata dovela je do pada koncentracije raloksifena u krvi, značajnog prelaska raloksifena iz krvi u periferne kompartmane i povećanja njegovog volumena distribucije, dok je apigenin značajno usporio metabolizam i eliminaciju raloksifena i doveo do njegovog produženog zadržavanja u krvi. Natrijum-deoksiholat i apigenin su pokazali pozitivan uticaj na biohemijske parametre, parametre hemostaze i smanjenje nivoa oksidativnog stresa. Kombinacija natrijum-deoksiholata i apigenina je pokazala sinergistički uticaj na navedene parametre, odnosno dovela je do značajnih promena u odnosu na pojedinačnu primenu ovih supstanci. Rezultati ispitivanja ukazuju na to da apigenin smanjuje stepen lipidne peroksidacije i da dovodi do značajnog povećanja enzimskih antioksidantnih mehanizama odbrane kod pacova kod kojih je hepatotoksičnost indukovana paracetamolom.</p> / <p>Raloxifene is selective estrogen receptor modulator used in treatment of osteoporosis and invasive breast cancer in postmenopausal women. Raloxifene is well absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract, but undergoes extensive first-pass metabolism, which results in very low bioavailability of raloxifene, 2% in humans, and 39% in Wistar rats. Various supstances are used for increasing bioavailability of other drugs. Bile acids, such as deoxycholic acid, promote transport of other supstances through biological membranes, and consequently, may increase their bioavailability. Apigenin is a widespread flavonoid, which inhibits different metabolic pathways. Thus, apigenin can slow down metabolism and elimination of drugs, and raise drug concentration in blood. Aims of this study were to investigate if apigenin and sodium deoxycholate could increase bioavailability of raloxifene, their influence on biochemical and hemostasis parameters, and to investigate antioxidative potential of apigenin. Furthermore, influence of apigenin on acute liver damage after toxic dose of paracetamol was examined. In vivo experiments were performed on 84 laboratory healthy male Wistar rats. All experiments were approved by Ethics Committee of University of Novi Sad. Raloxifene was applied intravenously and per os, while sodium deoxycholate and apigenin were given perorally. Blood, urine and feces samples were used for pharmacokinetic parameters measurement, whereas serum and liver samples were used for evaluation of biochemical, hemostasis and oxidative stress parameters. Pretreatment of sodium deoxycholate led to raloxifene blood concentration decrease due to easier penetration of raloxifene in peripher compartments. As a result, raloxifene half-life and mean residence time were significantly longer and volume of distribution was increased. Apigenin caused lower decrease in raloxifene concentration in first few hours after raloxifene intravenous application, while raloxifene concentrations after apigenin pretreatment were significantlny higher 8 hours after raloxifene application. Influence of raloxifene on biochemical parameters was more significant after intravenous than after per os application. Intravenous application of raloxifene led to increased activity of liver enzymes, ALP, ALT, AST and GGT, while parameters of kidney function, urea, uric acid and creatinine were decreased in comparison to the control group. In experimental groups pretreated with sodium deoxycholate and apigenin these parameters were lower than in the group treated only with raloxifene. Statistically the most significant effects were in the group treated with combination of raloxifene, sodium deoxycholate and apigenin, which caused significant decrease in activity of liver enzymes compared both with raloxifene and control group of animals. In experimental animals treated with combination of apigenin and paracetamol bioindicators of paracetamol toxicity were significantly lower, especially activity of ALT and ALP, in comparison to the group treated only with paracetamol. Hepatotoxicity induced by toxic dose of paracetamol was also confirmed by histopathological alterations in liver, which were not observed in the experimental group treated with combination of apigenin and paracetamol. In this study it was confirmed that apigenin could prevent paracetamol-induced MDA level increase, which suggests that apigenin have positive effects on cell integrity. Activity of CAT and GR in liver homogenates was significantly increased after toxic dose of paracetamol in comparison to the control group, while activity of these enzymes in the group treated with apigenin and paracetamol was similar to values in the control group. Results of this study showed that sodium deoxycholate and apigenin can significantly change pharmacokinetic parameters of raloxifene. Sodium deoxycholate caused signicant decrease in raloxifene blood concentration, extensive distribution from blood to peripheral compartments and increase of raloxifene volume of distribution. Apigenin inhibited metabolism and elimination of raloxifene and thus prolonged half-life and mean residence time of raloxifene. Sodium deoxycholate and apigenin showed positive effects on biochemical and hemostasis parameters and decreased the level oxidative stress. Combination of sodium deoxycholate and apigenin showed synergistic effects on these parameters in comparison to effects of separate application of sodium deoxycholate and apigenin. The result of our study indicates that apigenin inhibits the level of lipid peroxidation and significantly increase the enzyme antioxidant defence mehanisms in paracetamol induced hepatotoxicity in rats.</p>

<p>Predmet izučavanja ove disertacije obuhvatio je ispitivanje uticaja starenja stabilizovanog/solidifikovanog&nbsp; (S/S)&nbsp; sedimenta&nbsp; zagađenog te&scaron;kim metalima i arsenom, i efikasnost primenjenih imobilizacionih agenasa (Portland cement, kreč, leteći pepeo, zeolit, montmorilonit i kaolinit) nakon dugogodi&scaron;njeg starenja S/S sme&scaron;a. Shodno tome ispitana je dugoročna stabilnost i postojanost dobijenih S/S sme&scaron;a sa aspekta izluživanja pomenutih metala, promene u minerolo&scaron;kim i strukturnim karakteristikama, kao i uticaj su&scaron;enja i zrenja materijala na pomenute parametre. Istraživanja u disertaciji obuhvatila su dve faze. Prva faza imala je za cilj procenu rizika i&nbsp; početnu karakterizaciju netretiranog sedimenta primenom analize pseudo-ukupnog sadržaja metala kojom je utvrđen sadržaj metala u početnom uzorku sedimenta. Druga faza uključivala je primenu tretmana stabilizacije i solidifikacije na kontaminirani sediment dodavanjem različitih imobilizacionih agenasa. Analize su se vr&scaron;ile nakon 7 i 28 dana od primenjenog S/S tretmana, kao i nakon 7 godina sa ciljem da se utvrdi uticaj vi&scaron;egodi&scaron;njeg starenja i zrenja monolitnih sme&scaron;a na mobilnost metala i strukturne karakteristike sme&scaron;a. U&nbsp; okviru&nbsp; druge faze istraživanja ispitana je toksičnost S/S sme&scaron;a primenom DIN i TCLP testova izluživanja, dok je test toksičnosti primenom bakterija Vibrio Fischeri&nbsp; doprineo u&nbsp; sagledavanju&nbsp; procene rizika S/S sme&scaron;a po organizme. Nakon 28 dana i 7 godina kori&scaron;ćena je sekvencijalna ekstrakcija za&nbsp; određivanje mobilnost i biodostupnost metala u monolitnim matriksima. U cilju&nbsp; utvrđivanja mikrostukturnih karakteristika sedimenta primenjena je rendgenska difrakciona analiza (XRD) za ispitivanje kristalnih struktura&nbsp; S/S sme&scaron;a i detekciju mineralnog sastava. Pomoću elektronskog mikroskopa i energodisperzivnog detektora&nbsp; sa X-zrakom (SEM/EDS) određena je kvalitativna i kvantitativna distribucija metala i&nbsp; drugih elemenata od interesa, dok se za identifikaciju formiranih funkcionalnih grupa u monolitnim sme&scaron;ama primenio spektrometar sa infracrvenom Furijeovom transformacijom (FTIR). Na osnovu dobijenih rezultata zaključeno je da se mobilnost te&scaron;kih metala i arsena značajno smanjila nakon 7 godina za sme&scaron;e tretirane cementom (C5), krečom (L10), letećim pepelom (F30) i kaolinitom&nbsp; (K20), a efekat stabilizacije je pokazan transformacijom metala iz direktne toksične frakcije u&nbsp; stabilnije oblike. Sme&scaron;e C5 i K20 ispoljavaju&nbsp; najmanje toksične efekate od svih sme&scaron;a, jer je procenat inhibicije&nbsp; na&nbsp; bioluminiscentnim&nbsp; bakterijama manji od 13%, dok je u pogledu izdržljivosti monolitna sme&scaron;a C5 pokazala najveću pritisnu čvrstoću od svih sme&scaron;a. Dobijeni podaci su neprocenjivi za dobijanje stvarnog uvida u dugoročnu efikasnost&nbsp; primenjenog&nbsp; tretmana i mogućnost bezbedne upotrebe ili odlaganja dobijenih S/S sme&scaron;a sa aspekta za&scaron;tite životne sredine, kao i ekonomski i ekolo&scaron;ki prihvatljivog upravljanja opasnim otpadom.</p> / <p>The subject of study in this dissertation included to investigate the&nbsp; effect&nbsp; of&nbsp; aging&nbsp; of&nbsp; stabilized/solidified&nbsp; (S/S)&nbsp; sediment&nbsp; contaminated with&nbsp; heavy&nbsp; metals&nbsp; and&nbsp; arsenic,&nbsp; and&nbsp; the&nbsp; efficacy&nbsp; of&nbsp; the&nbsp; applied immobilization&nbsp; agent&nbsp; (Portland&nbsp; cement,&nbsp; lime,&nbsp; fly&nbsp; ash,&nbsp; zeolite, montmorillonite and kaolinite) after long-term aging of S/S mixtures. The<br />long&nbsp; -&nbsp; term stability and stability of the obtained S/S mixtures from the aspect of leaching of the mentioned metals, changes in mineralogical and structural characteristics,&nbsp; as&nbsp; well&nbsp; as&nbsp; the&nbsp; influence&nbsp; of&nbsp; drying&nbsp; and maturation of the material on the mentioned parameters were examined. The&nbsp; research&nbsp; in&nbsp; the&nbsp; dissertation&nbsp; included&nbsp; two&nbsp; phases.&nbsp; The&nbsp; first&nbsp; phase aimed&nbsp; at&nbsp; risk&nbsp; assessment&nbsp; and&nbsp; initial characterization&nbsp; of&nbsp; untreated sediment using pseudo-total metal content analysis which determined the<br />metal content in the initial sediment sample.&nbsp; The second phase involved applying&nbsp; stabilization&nbsp; and&nbsp; solidification&nbsp; treatments&nbsp; to&nbsp; the&nbsp; contaminated sediment&nbsp; by&nbsp; adding&nbsp; various&nbsp; immobilizing&nbsp; agents.&nbsp; The&nbsp; analyzes&nbsp; were performed after 7 and 28&nbsp; days from the applied S/S treatment, as well as after 7 years in order to determine the influence of perennial aging and maturation&nbsp; of&nbsp; monolithic&nbsp; mixtures&nbsp; on&nbsp; metal&nbsp; mobility&nbsp; and&nbsp; structural characteristics&nbsp; of&nbsp; the&nbsp; mixtures.&nbsp; In&nbsp; the&nbsp; second&nbsp; phase&nbsp; of&nbsp; the&nbsp; study,&nbsp; the toxicity&nbsp; of&nbsp; S/S&nbsp; mixtures&nbsp; using&nbsp; DIN&nbsp; and&nbsp; TCLP&nbsp; leaching&nbsp; tests&nbsp; was examined, while&nbsp; the&nbsp; toxicity&nbsp; test&nbsp; using&nbsp; bacteria&nbsp; Vibrio&nbsp; Fischeri contributed&nbsp; to&nbsp; the assessment&nbsp; of&nbsp; the&nbsp; risk&nbsp; of&nbsp; S/S&nbsp; mixtures&nbsp; to&nbsp; organisms. After&nbsp; 28 days&nbsp; and&nbsp; 7 years,&nbsp; sequential extraction was&nbsp; used to&nbsp; determine the mobility and bioavailability of metals in monolithic matrices. In order to&nbsp; determine&nbsp; the&nbsp; microstructural&nbsp; characteristics&nbsp; of&nbsp; the&nbsp; sediment,&nbsp; x-ray diffraction analysis (XRD) was used to examine the crystal structures of&nbsp; S/S mixtures and&nbsp; to detect the mineral composition.&nbsp; The qualitative and quantitative&nbsp; distribution&nbsp; of&nbsp; metals&nbsp; and&nbsp; other&nbsp; elements&nbsp; of&nbsp; interest&nbsp; was determined using an electron microscope and an energy-dispersive X-ray detector&nbsp; (SEM&nbsp; /&nbsp; EDS),&nbsp; while&nbsp; an&nbsp; infrared&nbsp; Fourier&nbsp; transform spectrometer(FTIR) was used to identify the formed functional groups in monolithic mixtures. Based on the obtained results, it was concluded that the mobility of heavy metals and arsenic decreased significantly after 7 years&nbsp; for&nbsp; mixtures&nbsp; treated&nbsp; with&nbsp; cement&nbsp; (C5),&nbsp; lime&nbsp; (L10),&nbsp; fly ash&nbsp; (F30) and&nbsp; kaolinite&nbsp; (K20),&nbsp; and&nbsp; the&nbsp; stabilization&nbsp; effect&nbsp; was&nbsp; shown&nbsp; by transformation&nbsp; of&nbsp; metals&nbsp; from&nbsp; direct&nbsp; toxic&nbsp; fractions&nbsp; into&nbsp; more&nbsp; stable forms. Mixtures&nbsp; C5&nbsp; and&nbsp; K20&nbsp; exhibit&nbsp; the&nbsp; least&nbsp; toxic&nbsp; effects&nbsp; of&nbsp; all mixtures, because the percentage of inhibition on bioluminescent bacteria is less than 13%, while in terms of durability, the monolithic mixture C5 showed&nbsp; the&nbsp; highest&nbsp; compressive&nbsp; strength&nbsp; of&nbsp; all&nbsp; mixtures.&nbsp; The&nbsp; obtained data are invaluable for gaining real insight into the long-term efficiency of the applied treatment and the possibility of safe use&nbsp; or disposal of the obtained&nbsp; S/S&nbsp; mixtures&nbsp; from&nbsp; the&nbsp; aspect&nbsp; of&nbsp; environmental&nbsp; protection,&nbsp; as well&nbsp; as&nbsp; economically&nbsp; and&nbsp; ecologically&nbsp; acceptable&nbsp; hazardous&nbsp; waste management.</p>

<p>Astma i hronična opstruktivna bolest pluća (HOBP) su najče&scaron;će hronične nezarazne bolesti respiratornog sistema i predstavljaju značajan zdravstveni problem. U dijagnostici i proceni stepena poremećaja disajne funkcije u ovih bolesnika najče&scaron;će se koriste spirometrija i telesna pletizmografija. Impulsna oscilometrija predstavlja novu metodu u dijagnostici poremećaja plućne funkcije. Ova metoda je jednostavna za izvođenje i minimalno zavisi od saradnje pacijenta.Osnovni cilj ove doktorske disertacije bio je da se uporede parametri dobijeni impulsnom oscilometrijom, spirometrijom i telesnom pletizmografijom kod pacijenata sa astmom i hroničnom opstruktivnom bolesti pluća, utvrdi senzitivnost navednih metoda u detekciji opstruktivnog poremećaja ventilacije kao i povezanost parametara impulsne oscilometrije, spirometrije i telesne pletizmografije i stepena težine dispnoičnih tegoba kod odraslih pacijenata sa astmom i HOBP. Korelacijom parametara dobijenih impulsnom oscilometrijom i spirometrijom dobijena je umerena negativna korelacija vrednosti R5 sa FEV1 kod pacijenata sa astmom (r= -0.47, r&lt;0.001) i HOBP (r= -0.50, r&lt;0.001), kao i umerena pozitivna korelacija X5 sa FEV1 (r= 0.54, r&lt;0.001, kod pacijenata sa astmom; r= 0.56, r&lt;0.001 kod pacijenata sa HOBP). Registrovana je dobra korelacija Rt sa vrednostima R5 (r=0.63, r&lt;0.001) i H5 (r= -0.55, r&lt;0.001) kod pacijenata sa astmom, kao dobra korelacija Rt sa R5 (r=0.73, r&lt;0.001) i H5 (r= -0.74, r&lt;0.001) kod pacijenata sa HOBP. Kod pacijenata sa astmom nije registrovana razlika između tri metode u detekciji opstruktivnog poremećaja ventilacije kod pacijenata sa simptomima bolesti, dok se upotrebom sve tri metode povećala se senzitivnost. Sve tri metode bile su u slaboj korelaciji sa stepenom dispnoičnih tegoba kod pacijenta sa astmom. Svi HOBP pacijenti imali su spirometrijski registrovanu opstrukciju disajnih puteva. Senzitivnost impusne oscilometrije raste sa stepenom opstrukcije disajnih puteva, te je sposobnost detekcije opstruktivnog poremećaja ventilacije kod pacijenata sa FEV1%&lt;80 % iznosila 55%, 95% CI 43-67 %, a kod pacijenata sa FEV1%&lt;70 % 61%, 95% CI 47-73%. Registrovana je statistički značajna razlika vrednosti oscilometrijskih parametara u odnosu na spirometrijski stadijum HOBP. Kod pacijenata sa HOBP, sve tri metode bile su u umerenoj korelaciji sa stepenom dispnoičnih tegoba. Zaključujemo da postoji umerena korelacija impulsne oscilometrije sa spirometrijom i telesnom pletizmografijom kod pacijenta sa astmom i HOBP. Impulsna oscilometrija bolje korelira sa telesnom pletizmografijom u poređenju sa spirometrijom. Korelacija tri metode raste sa stepenom opstrukcije disajnih puteva. Komplementarna upotreba tri metode daje sveobuhvatniju sliku respiratorne funkcije kod pacijenata sa astmom i HOBP.</p> / <p>Asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) are most common chronic noninfectious diseases of the respiratory system, representing a major health issue. Spirometry and body plethysmography are the procedures which are most often performed to diagnose these diseases and evaluate the lung function impairment of the affected patients. Impulse oscillometry is a novel procedure to establish the lung function impairment. It is easy to perform, and minimally depends on a patient&#39;s cooperation. The major objective of this Ph. D. thesis is to compare the parameters obtained by impulse oscillometry, spirometry and body plethysmography in patients with asthma and COPD, establish the sensitivity of these procedures in detecting an obstructive ventilation disorder, and correlate the parameters of impulse oscillometry, spirometry and body plethysmpography to the severity of dyspneic symptoms in adult asthma and COPD patients. Correlating the parameters obtained by impulse oscillometry and spirometry, a moderate negative correlation of R5 values to FEV1 in asthma (r= -0.47, р&lt;0.001) and COPD patients (r= -0.50, р&lt;0.001) has been obtained, as well as a moderate positive correlation of X5 to FEV1 (r= 0.54, р&lt;0.001, in asthmatics; r= 0.56, р&lt;0.001 in COPD patients). A good correlation of Rt to R5 (r=0.63, р&lt;0.001) and Х5 values (r= -0.55, р&lt;0.001) has been registered in asthmatics, as well as a good correlation of Rt to R5 (r=0.73, р&lt;0.001) and Х5 (r= -0.74, р&lt;0.001) in COPD patients. In asthma patients, the three analysed procedures exhibited no difference in detecting an obstructive ventilation disorder in the patients with manifested symptoms, while the sensitivity improved when the procedures were complementary performed. Any of the three procedures correlated poorly to the severity of dyspneic symptoms in asthma patients. All COPD patients had a spirometry-registered airway obstruction. The sensitivity of impulse oscillometry increased with the severity of the airway obstruction, so its capacity to detect an obstructive ventilation disorder in the patients with FEV1%&lt;80 % was 55%, 95% CI 43-67 %, and in the patients with FEV1%&lt;70 %, it amounted to 61%, 95% CI 47-73%. A statistically significant difference in the values of all oscillometry parameters was registered depending on the spirometric COPD stage. In COPD patients, all the three procedures were moderately correlated to the severity of dyspenic symptoms. In conclusion, there is a moderate correlation of impulse oscillometry to spirometry and body plethysmography in asthma and COPD patients. Impulse oscillometry correlates better to body plethysmography than to spirometry. The correlation of the three procedures increases with the severity of the airway obstruction. The complementary application of these three procedures provides a more accurate assessment of the respiratory function in asthma and COPD patients.</p>

<p>UVOD:&nbsp; Citopenija je jedna od glavnih&nbsp; karakteristika mnogih hematolo&scaron;kih bolesti. U&nbsp; rutinskoj transfuziolo&scaron;koj upotrebi su metode&nbsp; detekcije prisustva antitela u serumu ili na&nbsp; eritrocitima bolesnika. Primena direktnog testa utro&scaron;ka antihumanog globulina predstavlja&nbsp; efikasan način da se stekne kompletan uvid u imunolo&scaron;ka zbivanja na svim krvnim lozama, prati dinamika razvoja antitela i toka bolesti. MATERIJAL I METODE: Svim pacijentima su se iz uzoraka periferne&nbsp; krvi vr&scaron;ile sledeće analize krvi: 1) direktni antiglobulinski test mikrometodom&nbsp; aglutinacije u gel karticama (LISS)/ Coombs ID. Dobijeni rezultat aglutinacije mikrometodom na gelu moţe biti negativan ili pozitivan i 2) direktni test utro&scaron;ka antihumanog globulina metodom aglutinacije u epruveti. Očitavanje se vr&scaron;ilo određivanjem razlike u titru antihumanog globuli na i očitavanjem postojeće reakcije aglutinacije dobijene u uzorcima pacijenta u odnosu na rezultate reakcije aglutinacije dobijene sa uzorcima zdrave kontrolne osobe. Test se smatra o pozitivnim ukoliko se dobijala razlika u titru AHG - a za bar dva razređen ja sa pacijentovim ćelijama u odnosu na ćelije zdrave kontrolne osobe. Statistička značajnost&nbsp; je analizirana t - testom, Spirmanovim&nbsp; koeficijentom korelacije REZULTATI: Analizirano je 100 pacijenata sa dijagnozom anemije, leukopenije,&nbsp; limfoproliferativnih bolesti,&nbsp; trombocitopenije, trombotične trombocitopenijske purpure, idiopatske trombocitopenične purpure, mijelodisplastičnog sindroma, miastenije gravis i sistemskog eritematoznog lupusa pre i nakon primljene terapije. Direktni antiglobulinski test je biopozitivan u 20% slučajeva dok je direktni test utro&scaron;ka antihumanog globulina bio u 51%, odnosno za 31% vi&scaron;e. Nakon primljene terapije direktni antiglobulinski test je ostao pozitivan u 18% slučajeva a direktni test utro&scaron;ka antihumanog globulina u 46% &scaron;to je za 28% vi&scaron;e. Utvrđivanjem povezanosti između citopenije i stepena utro&scaron;ka antihumanog globulina dokazano je da svi praćeni parametri utiču na stepen utro&scaron;ka AHG-a: hemoglobin (&beta;=-0,579, p=0,000), hematokrit (&beta;=-0,568, p=0,000), eritrociti (&beta;=-0,519, p=0,000), trombociti (&beta;=-0,617, p=0,000) i leukociti(&beta;=-0,119, p=0,237). Takođe je dokazano da &scaron;to su vrednosti posmatranih parametara veće, razlika u titru direktnog testa utro&scaron;ka antihumanog globulina je manja &scaron;to bi i&scaron;lo u prilog boljoj prognozi posmatranog oboljenja. ZAKLJUČAK: Direktni test utro&scaron;ka antihumanog globulina je značajno osetljiviji test u odnosu na direktni antihumani globulinski test. Postoji pozitivna korelacija između citopenije i stepena konzumacije antihumanog globulina. Smanjenje titra antitela direktnog testa utro&scaron;ka antihumanog globulina je jedan od pokazatelja bolje prognoze bolesti.</p> / <p>INTRODUCTION: Cytopenia is one of the main characteristics of many hematologic diseases. In routine use are methods of detecting the presence of antibodies in the serum or on red blood cells of patients. The application of direct consumption test of antihuman globulin is an efficient way to gain complete insight into the immunological events at all bloodlines, monitor the dynamics of the development of antibodies and disease progression. MATERIALS AND METHODS: All patients samples were tested for: 1) direct antiglobulin test by micro agglutination method in the gel card (LISS) / Coombs ID. The result obtained by micro agglutination gel can be negative or positive, 2) direct consumption test of antihuman globulin in a test tube. Interpretation is performed by determining differences in titer of antihuman globulin by reading existing reactions of agglutination in samples of the patient and compare it to the results obtained with the samples of the healthy control persons. The test is considered positive if the difference in titres obtained AHG differs for at least two dilutions of a patient&#39;s cells compared to cells of healthy control persons. Statistical significance was analyzed by t-test, Spearman correlation coefficient. RESULTS: A total of 100 patients diagnosed withanemia, leukopenia, lymphoproliferative disease, thrombocytopenia, thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura, idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura, myelodysplastic syndrome, myasthenia gravis and systemic lupus erythematosus were analyzed before and after receiving treatment. Direct antiglobulin test was positive in 20% cases, while the direct consumption test of anti-human globulin was 51%, that is the difference of 31%. After treatment direct antiglobulin test remained<br />positive in 18% of cases and direct consumption test of antihuman globulin was in 46%, which is 28% higher. Determining the relationship between the degree of cytopenia and consumption of anti-human globulin showed that all monitored parameters affect the level of consumption: hemoglobin (&beta; = -0.579, p = 0.000), hematocrit (&beta; = -0.568, p = 0.000), erythrocytes (&beta; = -0.519 , p = 0.000), platelets (&beta; = -0.617, p = 0.000) and leukocytes (&beta; = -0.119, p = 0.237). It was also proved that if the values of observed parameters are higher, difference in titer of direct consumption test of antihuman globulin is lower, which can indicate better prognosis of disease. CONCLUSION: Direct consumption test of antihuman globulin was significantly more&nbsp; sensitive test than the direct anti-human globulin test. There is a positive correlation between the degree of cytopenia and consumption of anti-human globulin. Decrease in antibody titer in direct consumption test of antihuman globulinis an indicator of a better prognosis of the disease.</p>

<p>Uvod: Interleukin 33 (IL-33) ima značajnu ulogu u inflamatornim i autoimunskim oboljenjima, ali se sve vi&scaron;e proučava njegov značaj u imunopatogenezi različitih alergijskih oboljenja, uključujući i alergijsku astmu (AA). Cilj: Ispitivanje vrednosti IL-33 u serumu pacijenata sa AA pre i posle &scaron;estomesečne inhalatorne kortikosteroidne terapije (ICS Th) i povezanosti dobijenih vrednosti IL-33 sa određenim kliničkim i laboratorijskim karakteristikama ovih pacijenata. Metode: Vrednost IL-33 u serumu određena je kod 61 pacijenta sa AA pre započinjanja i posle sprovedne &scaron;estomesečne ICS Th i kod 30 zdrave dece. U obradi podataka primenjene su standardne metode deskriptivne i analitičke statistike. Rezultati: Kod pacijenata sa nelečenom AA, serumske vrednosti IL-33 su signifikantno veće u odnosu na pacijente kod kojih je sprovedena &scaron;estomesečna ICS Th (p&lt;0,05), kao i u odnosu na zdravu decu (p&lt;0,01). Pacijenti sa AA koji su tokom 6 meseci lečeni sa ICS Th i zdrava deca imaju slične vrednosti IL-33 u serumu (p&gt;0,05). Kod pacijenata sa AA pre započinjanja i 6 meseci posle primene ICS Th ne postoji signifikantna korelacija između vrednosti IL-33 u serumu i eozinofilnih granulocita periferne krvi (p&gt;0,05), eozinofilnih granulocita u nazalnom sekretu (p&gt;0,05) i ukupnog IgE u serumu (p&gt;0,05). Kod pacijenata sa nelečenom AA postoji signifikantna negativna korelacija između vrednosti serumskog nivoa IL-33 i sledećih parametara plućne fukcije: FEV1 (p&lt;0,05), FEV1/FVC (p&lt;0,05), PEF(p&lt;0,05) i MEF 25/75 (p&lt;0,05). Posle &scaron;estomesečne ICS Th pobolj&scaron;ava se plućna funkcija, odnosno dolazi do porasta brzine protoka vazduha u disajnim putevima kao i promena u plućnim volumenima u zavisnosti od stepena opstrukcije u odnosu na vrednosti pre uključenja antiinflamatorne terapije (FEV1, FVC, FEV1/FVC, PEF, MEF 25/75, za sve vrednosti p&lt;0,01). Dok je signifikantna negativna korelacija dokazana između IL-33 i vrednosti FEV1 (p&lt;0,01), FVC (p&lt;0,01) i PEF (p&lt;0,05). Zaključak: Serumski nivo IL-33 je značajno povi&scaron;en kod dece sa nelečenom, odnosno nekontrolisanom AA. &Scaron;estomesečna primena ICS dovodi do značajne redukcije IL-33 u serumu čije su vrednosti u negativnoj korelaciji sa vrednostima FEV1, FVC i PEF, odnosno pozitivnoj korelaciji sa težinom i kontrolom AA. Rezultati na&scaron;e studije ističu da IL-33 ima značajnu ulogu u imunopatogenezi AA. Određivanje serumske vrednosti IL-33 može biti koristan indikator težine AA.</p> / <p>Introduction: Interleukin 33 (IL-33) plays a significant role in inflammatory and autoimmune diseases, but its significance in the immunopathogenesis of various allergic diseases including allergic asthma (AA) has gained increasing attention in research over recent years. Objective: Testing serum levels of IL-33 in patients with AA before and after a six-month inhaled corticosteroid therapy (ICS Th) and correlation of IL-33 values with specific clinical and laboratory characteristics of these patients. Methods: Serum levels of IL-33 were determined in 61 patients with AA prior to the initiation of ICS Th and following the six-month ICS Th as well as in 30 healthy children. Data processing was performed applying standard methods of descriptive and analytical statistics. Results: In patients with untreated AA, serum levels of IL-33 were significantly higher as compared to the patients who have received a six month ICS Th (p &lt;0.05) as well as to healthy children (p &lt;0.01). Patients with AA, who were treated with ICS Th for six months, and healthy children have similar serum IL-33 (p&gt; 0.05). In patients with AA, significant correlation between serum IL-33 levels and eosinophilic peripheral blood granulocytes (p&gt;0.05), eosinophilic granulocytes in nasal secretion (p&gt;0.05) and the total IgE in serum has not been observed for the period prior to initiation and 6 months after the administration of ICS Th. In patients with untreated AA, there is significant negative correlation between serum IL-33 and the following pulmonary functions test results: FEV1 (p&lt;0.05), FEV1/FVC (p&lt;0.05), PEF (p&lt;0.05) and MEF 25/75 (p&lt;0.05). After a six-month ICS Th, significant improvement of pulmonary functions was evident, that is, increase in airflow speed and lung volume change as compared to the values determined before the initiation of the anti-inflammatory therapy (FEV1, FVC, FEV1/FVC, PEF, MEF 25/75, for all values p&lt;0.01). Significant negative correlation between IL-33 and the values of FEV1 (p&lt;0.01), FVC (p&lt;0.01)and PEF (p&lt;0.05) has been established. Conclusion: Serum level of IL-33 is significantly elevated in children with untreated, i.e., uncontrolled AA. A six-month ICS Th asthma treatment results in significant reduction of serum levels of IL-33. This level is negatively correlated with FEV1, FVC and PEF values while positively correlated with the severity of the disease and control of AA. The results of our study point out that IL-33 plays an important role in the immunopathogenesis of AA. Quantification of serum IL-33 levels can be a useful indicator of the severity of AA.</p>

<p>Kontaktna senzibilizacija, kao stanje specifične reaktivnosti kože, može biti egzogeni pokretač psorijaze. Rezultat je interakcije endogenih i egzogenih činioca. Jedan od najznačajnijih endogenih faktora kome se pripisuje uloga faktora rizika jeste pol. Cilj istraživanja bio je da se kod obolelih od psorijaze utvrdi učestalost i distribucija kontaktne senzibilizacije u odnosu na pol, razlike u distribuciji kontaktne senzibilizacije po polu&nbsp; između osoba obolelih od psorijaze i osoba pod sumnjom na postojanje kontaktnog alergijskog dermatitisa, povezanost kontaktne senzibilizacije i težine kliničkog nalaza i povezanost kontaktne senzibilizacije i dužine trajanja oboljenja. Hipoteza istraživanja polazila je od pretpostavke da je kontaktni alergijski dermatitis redak kod obolelih od psorijaze, jer hronična inflamacija u koži smanjuje njenu sposobnost specifične senzibilizacije a da je veća učestalost kontaktne senzibilizacije kod osoba ženskog pola rezultat egzogenog faktora tj.ekspozicije, kao i da je učestalost kontaktne senzibilizacije u pozitivnoj korelaciji sa težinom i dužinom trajanja oboljenja. Istaživanje je sprovedeno kod 176 ispitanika koji su bili podeljeni u dve grupe. Eksperimentalnu grupu su činili oboleli od psorijaze, a kontrolnu grupu ispitanici upućeni na alergolo&scaron;ko testiranje pod sumnjom na postojanje kontaktnog alergijskog dermatitisa. Obolelima od psorijaze je ocenjivana težine oboljenja PASI skorom, a svi ispitanici bili su alergolo&scaron;ki testirani epikutanim -pač testom. Pozitivni rezultati alergolo&scaron;kog testiranja su analizirani, u cilju utvrđivanja kliničke relevantnosti istih. Ispitanicima u grupi obolelih od psorijaze je testom skarifikacije određivano prisustvo ili odsustvo Koebnerovog izomorfnog podražajnog fenomena. Istraživanjem je utvrđeno, da se kontaktno reagovanje kod obolelih od psorijaze na najmanje jedan standardni alergen nije statistički značajno razlikovalo od reagovanja osoba kod kojih je postavljena sumnja na postojanje kontaktnog alergijskog dermatitisa, ali je senzitivnost izražena kroz prosečan broj pozitivnih testova po jednom ispitaniku bila statistički značajno niža kod obolelih od psorijaze. Poređenjem kontaktnog reagovanja mu&scaron;karaca i žena nisu utvrđene značajna razlike u reagovanju u odnosu na pol. Težina oboljenja nije uticala na učestalost kontaktne senzibilizacije kod obolelih od psorijaze, ali je učestalost kontaktne senzibilizacije bila u pozitivnoj korelaciji sa dužinom trajanja bolesti. Niža stopa kontaktnog reagovanja utvrđena je kod osoba obolelih od psorijaze koji su imali pozitivan Koebnerov fenomen u trenutku ispitivanja.</p> / <p>Contact sensitization as a state of specific skin reactivity may provoke psoriasis resulting from an interaction between extrinsic and intrinsic factors. One of the most significant factors characterized, as a risk factor, is the sex. The aim of this study was to determinate the frequency and distribution of contact sensitization in patients with&nbsp; psoriasis with respect to their sex, as well as the differences in the distribution of contact sensitization in both sexes, namely&nbsp; with patients with psoriasis and patients&nbsp; suspected to allergic contact dermatitis. Consequently, appropriate attention was paid to the correlation between contact sensitization and disease severity, and between contact sensitization and disease duration. Hypothesis were based on the assumption that allergic contact dermatitis is rare in&nbsp; patients with psoriasis, as a chronic inflammation of the skin reduces its ability specific sensitization, as well as that the higher frequency of contact sensitization in females represent a result of exogenous factors, i.e. exposition, and finally that there is a positive correlation between the incidence of contact sensitization and the disease severity, and contact sensitization and the disease duration. The study included 176 patients. They were divided into two groups: the study group included patients with psoriasis, while the control group included patients referred for allergy testing, since they were suspected to allergic contact dermatitis. The severity of psoriasis was evaluated by PASI score. Thereafter,&nbsp; each patient underwent patch testing. The positive results of patch tests were evaluated with the aim to define their clinical relevancy. Subjects from the group of psoriatic patients passed scarification test carried out to indicate the presence or absence of K&ouml;ebner isomorphic phenomenon. This research led us to the conclusion that the positive reaction of psoriatic patients to at least one standard allergen did not indicate a statistically significant different reaction when compared to the reaction of patients suspected to allergic contact dermatitis. From the other side, the sensitivity expressed through the average number of positive&nbsp; tests per one&nbsp; tested&nbsp; patients was&nbsp; significantly lower in&nbsp; patients&nbsp; with psoriasis. Comparison of the contact response of men and women showed no significant differences in response with respect to&nbsp; their sex. The&nbsp; disease severity did not influence the frequency of contact sensitization in patients&nbsp; with&nbsp; psoriasis. At&nbsp; the same time, the frequency of contact sensitization stood in a positive correlation with the duration of disease. The lower rate of contact sensitization was found in patients with psoriasis who have had a&nbsp; positive K&ouml;ebner phenomenon at&nbsp; the time of testing.</p>

<p>Uvođenje nanočestica u stomatolo&scaron;ke kompozitne materijale predstavlja poku&scaron;aj da se odgovori univerzalnim zahtevima za kvalitetom direktnog zubnog ispuna, i da se stvori materijal koji kombinuje visoku mehaničku otpornost sa dobrim estetskim karakteristikama i zadovoljavajućim kvalitetom poliranja. Cilj sprovedene studije je bio da se ispita uticaj nanočestica, i soft-start metode svetlosne indukcije polimerizacije na mehanička i povr&scaron;inska svojstva savremenih stomatolo&scaron;kih nanokompozita, dostupnih na trži&scaron;tu. Ispitana su četiri stomatolo&scaron;ka nanostrukturisana kompozitna materijala na bazi smola i jedan univerzalni mikrohibridni kompozit, kao referentni materijal (Filtek Z250, 3M ESPE). Kori&scaron;ćena su po dva reprezentativna materijala iz dve podgrupe nanokompozita: nanopunjenih (Filtek Ultimate Body, 3M ESPE i Filtek Ultimate Translucent, 3M ESPE) i nanohibridnih kompozita (Filtek Z550, 3M ESPE i Tetric EvoCeram, Ivoclar Vivadent - TEC). Uzorci su polimerizovani nakon svetlosne aktivacije polimerizacije, uz kori&scaron;ćenje dva svetlosna režima: konvencionalnog i soft start režima. Pritisna i zatezna čvrstoća (dobijena poprečnim sabijanjem valjka, engl. diametral tensile strength) testirane su na Univerzalnoj ma&scaron;ini, kidalici. Tvrdoća uzoraka merena je testom za određivanje tvrdoće po Vickersu. Povr&scaron;inska tekstura i parametri hrapavosti određeni su skeniranjem povr&scaron;ine mikroskopom atomskih sila. Uop&scaron;teno, TEC je pokazao najniže vrednosti pritisne i zatezne čvrstoće, i tvrdoće, i statistićki je značajno bio slabiji od drugih testiranih materijala kroz sve mehaničke testove. Suprotno, TEC je imao najniže vrednosti parametara hrapavosti među testiranim materijalima. Spoj prepolimerizovanog punioca i polimerne baze u ovom materijalu pokazao se kao njegova slaba tačka. Navedeni materijal je iz tog razloga pokazao značajno slabiju otpornost od ostalih na razvijene napone izazvane dejstvom mehaničkih sila. Čestice nanodimenzija u sastavu stomatolo&scaron;kih polimernih kompozita, samostalno, nisu imale značajan uticaj na pobolj&scaron;anje mehaničkih i povr&scaron;inskih svojstava testiranih kompozita. Zaključeno je i da se procentualna zastupljenost neorganskih čestica u polimernoj bazi ne može smatrati apsolutnim kriterijumom kvaliteta kompozita, u pogledu njihovih mehaničkih svojstava. Samo srodni materijali, izrađeni istim tehnolo&scaron;kim postupkom, koji imaju veoma sličan ili isti hemijski sastav, pokazali su se kao mehanički superiorniji ukoliko su sadržali veći procenat neorganske komponente u svom sastavu. Nano prefiks u nazivu klase materijala ne garantuje sigurnu prednost stomatolo&scaron;kih nanokompozita nad univerzalnim mikrohibridnim kompozitima.</p> / <p>The introduction of nanoparticles in dental composite materials was an attempt to respond to the universal quality requirements for a direct dental restoration, and to create a material that meets the needs of high mechanical resistance, good aesthetic characteristics and surface properties of tooth restoratives. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of nanoparticles in materials composition, and the soft start photoactivation method on the mechanical and surface properties of contemporary dental nanocomposites, available in the market. Four dental resin based nanostructured composites were tested along with a universal microhybrid one, as reference material (Filtek Z250, 3M ESPE). Two representative materials from the two classification subgroups were tested, nanofilled (Filtek Ultimate Body, 3M ESPE and Filtek Ultimate Translucent, 3M ESPE) and nanohybrid composites (Filtek Z550, 3M ESPE and Tetric EvoCeram, Ivoclar Vivadent, TEC). Polymerization of the samples was light activated using two light modes: conventional and soft start. Compressive and diametral tensile strength were tested on the Universal testing machine. The Vickers hardness was also determined. Surface texture and roughness parameters were examined by atomic force microscopy. Generally, TEC showed the lowest values of compression, tensile strength and hardness, and was statistically different from the other tested materials throughout all mechanical tests. In contrast, TEC had the lowest values of roughness parameters among the tested materials. In this material, contact zone of prepolimeryzed filler and polymer matrix appeared to be a weak point. For this reason, this material showed significantly lower resistance than the others on mechanically developed stresses. Nanosized particles within the dental polymer composites, individually, did not have a significant influence on improving the mechanical and surface properties of tested composites. It is concluded that the inorganic volume fraction in composites cannot be considered as an absolute criterion of their quality, regarding their mechanical properties. Only similar materials, made using the same technological process, which have very similar or the same chemical composition, and similar technological method of synthesis and optimization of organic and inorganic components, showed improved mechanical strength, if they contained a higher percentage of inorganic components in their composition. Nano prefix in the name of material&rsquo;s class does not guarantee the pure advantage of dental nanocomposites in comparison with the universal microhybrid composites.</p>

<p>Uvod: Traumatsko o&scaron;tećenje mozga (TOM) nastaje usled dejstva spolja&scaron;nje mehničke sile na kranijum i endokranijalni sadržaj, koje se karakteri&scaron;e privremenim ili trajnim neurolo&scaron;kim o&scaron;tećenjem, funkcionalnom onesposobljeno&scaron;ću ili psihosocijalnom neprilagođeno&scaron;ću. Blago TOM je najče&scaron;će i čini između 70% i 90% svih povređenih sa TOM. Postoji veliki broj definicija ovog kliničkog entiteta, ali gotovo sve sadrže Glazgov koma skor 13-15, poremećaj stanja svesti u različitom trajanju, te posttraumatsku amneziju kao odrednice koje defini&scaron;u blago TOM. Najveći broj povređenih sa blagim TOM ima dobru prognozu i potpunu rezoluciju tegoba u kratkom vremenskom periodu nakon povređivanja, bez medicinski relevantnih posledica. Međutim, jedna grupa povređenih koja navodi nagla&scaron;enije i dugotrajnije tegobe koje mogu imati uticaja na ukupno zdravstveno stanje i kvalitet života. U savremenom naučnoistraživačkom radu aktuelni su poku&scaron;aji da se primenom novih dijagnostičkih metoda, detaljnim praćenjem povređenih i primenom neuropsiholo&scaron;kih testova objektivizuju ove tvrdnje, kako bi se pacijenti sa povi&scaron;enim rizikom od nastanka dugotrajnih tegoba pravovremeno identifikovali i kako bi se mogao sprovesti adekvatan tretman. Cilj: Cilj ove studije je da se utvrditi da li postoji korelacija između kliničkih i radiolo&scaron;kih simptoma i znakova i rezultata neuropsiholo&scaron;kog testiranja kod povređenih sa blagim traumatskim o&scaron;tećenjem mozga, kao i da se utvrdi da li neki od od kliničkih simptoma i znakova mogu biti pouzdan prediktor pojave perzistentnih neuropsiholo&scaron;kih posledica, i koja je priroda moždanih o&scaron;tećenja koja mogu biti u njihovoj osnovi. Materijal i metode: Sprovedeno istraživanje je u celosti bilo kliničko, prospektivno, i obuhvatilo je 64 povređena sa blagim TOM koji su u periodu od 2012. do 2015. godine hospitalizovani na Klinici za neurohirurgiju Kliničkog centra Vojvodine u Novom Sadu. Pre prijema je svim ispitanicima načinjen pregled endokranijuma kompjuterizovanom tomografijom (CT) koji nije prikazivao znakove traumatskih o&scaron;tećenja kranijuma niti endokranijalnog sadržaja. U toku hospitalizacije kod povređenih su praćeni i beleženi relevantni klinički parametri. U prvih 72 sata od povređivanja je kod 37 ispitanika načinjen pregled endokranijuma magnetnom rezonancom (MRI). Kod 25 ispitanika je načinjeno neuropsiholo&scaron;ko ispitivanje baterijom neuropsiholo&scaron;kih testova mesec dana nakon povređivanja i 6-9 meseci nakon povređivanja. Rezultati su uno&scaron;eni u bazu podataka i nakon toga statistički analizirani. Rezultati: U analiziranoj grupi od 64 povređena sa blagim TOM kod 37 ispitanika (58%) je načinjen MRI pregled endokranijuma, a pozitivan nalaz u smislu postojanja traumom izazvanih o&scaron;tećenja moždanog parenhima pronađen je kod 17 ispitanika (46%). Najsenzitivnije MRI sekvence su SWI i T2* kojima se otkrivaju veoma diskretni depoziti razgradnih produkata krvi. Povređeni sa pozitivnim MRI nalazom imaju lo&scaron;ije postignuće na rekogniciji liste B Rejovog testa verbalnog učenja u odnosu na povređene iz grupe bez intrakranijalne traumatske lezije. Rezultati neuropsiholo&scaron;kih testova ukazuju na pobolj&scaron;anje rezultata između prvog i drugog testiranja u pogledu egzekutivnih i govornih funkcija u ispitivanoj grupi. U ostalim ispitivanim kognitivnim aspektima nije pronađena značajna razlika među navedenim grupama Zaključak: TOM predstavlja jedan od najvećih savremenih medicinskih izazova koji se nameće zbog svoje visoke incidence, dijagnostičkih i terapijskih problema, ali i potencijalno lo&scaron;eg ishoda i visokih tro&scaron;kova rehabilitacije i resocijalizacije povređenih. Rezultati studije se mogu iskoristiti za bolje razumevanje blagog TOM u smislu lak&scaron;eg re&scaron;avanja dijagnostičkih dilema, kreiranje efikasnijih dijagnostičkih protokola i preciznije procene ishoda nakon povređivanja ove vrste.</p> / <p>Introduction: Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a result of the influence of external mechanical forces on scull and endocranial structures which can produce temporarily or permanent neurological impairment, functional disability or psychosocial unconformity. Mild TBI is the most frequent form of TBI and represent between 70% and 90% of all TBI cases. There are several different definitions of mild TBI, but almost all of them contain Glasgow Coma Scale score 13-15, altered state of consciousness and different forms of amnesia as criteria for mild TBI diagnosis. Largest number of patients suffered mild TBI have good prognosis and complete resolution of symptoms in short period of time after injury, with out of any kind of sequeles. However, small group of patients report various symptoms and complaints which can last longer than is usual and seriously affect quality of life of this patients. Numerous researches has been conducted applying novel imaging technologies, long follow-up periods and neuropsychological testing in order to make these non-specific self-reported complaints as much objective as possible. The other reason is necessity of timely identification of patients in risk of developing long term complaints so they can be treated in a proper manner. Objective: The aim of this study was to determine is there correlation between clinical and radiological signs and symptoms and results of neuropsychological testing in patients with mild TBI. The aim also was to determine are there some clinical signs which can be reliable predictor of appearance of neuropsychological consequences and what is the nature of cerebral lesion suspected to be a cause of this consequences. Materials and methods: The research was clinical, completely prospective and included total of 64 patients with mild TBI who were hospitalized between 2012 and 2015 at Clinic for neurosurgery, Clinical Centre of Vojvodina in Novi Sad. All patients had computed tomography scan (CT) at the admission which failed to show any signs of trauma of cranial bones or endocranial content. During the first 72 hours after injury the magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has been performed in 37 patients. 25 patients had neuropsychological testing one month and 6-9 months after injury. We entered results in database and after completion we performed statistical analysis. Results: In 37 of 64 patients (58%) MRI examination has been performed and in 46% of patients we found trauma induced small haemorrhagic and oedematous brain lesions. The most sensitive sequences in our protocol were SWI and T2* confirmed superb sensitivity in detection of small foci of blood. Patients with detected MRI abnormalities showed poorer accomplishment at recognition of list B of Ray Auditory Verbal Learning Test in comparison with group with no intracranial lesions. The results of neuropsychological testing showed significant improvement of executive and speech functions between two periods in time when tests have been administered. We found no other significant differences between analysed cognitive functions in this period in our group of patients. Conclusion: TBI is one of the most important contemporary medical problems due to his high incidence, diagnostics and therapy related issues, but also potentially poor outcome and high costs of rehabilitation. Results of this study can be used for better understanding of mild TBI in order to solve some diagnostic dilemma, create more efficient diagnostic protocols and facilitate more precise outcome assessment after mild TBI.</p>