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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

Nickel (II) phthalocyanine-multi-walled carbon nanotube hybrids as supercapacitors

Chidembo, Alfred Tawirirana 13 August 2010 (has links)
The thesis examines for the first time the supercapacitive properties of three different nickel (II) phthalocyanine complexes, nickel (II) tetraamino phthalocyanine (NiTAPc), nickel (II) phthalocyanine and nickel (II) tetra tert-butylphthalocyanine as a) nanocomposites with multiwalled carbon nanotubes and as (b) an electropolymer supported on multiwalled carbon nanotube platform (MWCNT-polyNiTAPc). The supercapacitive properties of nickel (II) tetraaminophthalocyanine (NiTAPc)/multi-walled carbon nanotube (MWCNT) nanocomposite films have been found to possess a maximum specific capacitance of 981 F g-1 (200 mF cm-2), a maximum power density of 700 Wkg -1, a maximum specific energy of 134 Wh kg-1 and excellent stability of over 1500 chargedischarge continuous cycling. When compared to MWCNTs modified with unsubstituted nickel (II) phthalocyanine (MWCNT-NiPc) or nickel (II) tetra tert-butylphthalocyanine (MWCNT-tBuNiPc), MWCNT-NiTAPc exhibited superior supercapacitive behaviour, possibly due to the influence of nitrogen-containing groups on the phthalocyanine. The MWCNTpolyNiTAPc electrode had a maximum (112 mF cm-2) capacitance which was higher than that observed for MWCNT-polyNi(OH)TAPc (84.9 mFcm-2) but lower that of the MWCNT-NiTAPc (200 mF cm-2). Copyright / Dissertation (MSc)--University of Pretoria, 2010. / Chemistry / unrestricted
2

Avaliação da atividade citotóxica, clastogênica e genotóxica do composto ditionato de cis-tetraamino(oxalato)rutênio(III) em linfócitos do sangue periférico humano / Evaluation of cytotoxic activity, clastogenic and genotoxic compound ditionato tetraamino cis-(oxalate) ruthenium (III) in human peripheral blood lymphocytes

REZENDE, Manuela da Rocha Matos 24 February 2010 (has links)
Made available in DSpace on 2014-07-29T15:16:29Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 MANUELA da rocha.pdf: 1137336 bytes, checksum: 8f429c6f06f0af7ebb98f1fc1b0badbe (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-02-24 / Chemotherapy agents are increasingly being utilized due to their promising effects in cancer treatment. The desired actions of these drugs are obtained at the cost of frequent and severe side effects. It is essential that drugs utilized for cancer treatment are tested in relation to not only their cytotoxic, but also their clastogenic and genotoxic potentials to establish their clinical risk. Thus, there is increased interest in searching for new metallic compounds presenting antitumor activity with therapeutic potential and reduced side effects, such as those containing platinum (Pt), iron (Fe), titanium (Ti), rhodium (Rh), gold (Au) and ruthenium (Ru). In this work, the cytotoxic, clastogenic and genotoxic properties of cis-tetraamine(oxalato)ruthenium(III) dithionite, cis-[Ru(C2O4)(NH3)4]2(S2O6), were evaluated in peripheral human blood lymphocytes in vitro. Mitotic index (MI), chromosomal aberrations (CA) and DNA damage were analyzed by comet assay. The MI values of human peripheral blood lymphocyte cultures treated with 0.0075, 0.075, 0.75 and 7.5 μM cis-[Ru(C2O4)(NH3)4]2(S2O6) were 6.1, 3.9, 3.2 and 0.2%, respectively. The lowest concentration 0.0075 did not show cytotoxic activity compared to negative control. The CA values obtained for the 0.0075, 0.075 and 0.75 μM concentrations presenting low frequency (1.5, 1.6 and 2.3%, respectively) not expressing clastogenic activity compared to negative control and only at the highest concentration 7.5 μM, showed clastogenic activity, predominantly chromatid breaks and gaps. The data obtained by the comet assay, using cis-[Ru(C2O4)(NH3)4]2(S2O6), suggest that this compound does not show genotoxic activity at concentrations lower than 0.0075 μM. The results of these studies show that cis-[Ru(C2O4)(NH3)4]2(S2O6) has no potential cytotoxic, clastogenic and genotoxic in vitro at concentrations less than or equal to 0.0075 μM. / Estudos de citoxicidade e genotoxicidade têm sido realizados para o desenvolvimento de novos agentes anticâncer com maior seletividade e menores efeitos colaterais de agentes antitumorais convencionais. Neste trabalho, foram avaliadas as propriedades citotóxicas, clastogênicas e genotóxicas do composto ditionato de cis-tetraamino(oxalato)rutênio(III), {cis-[Ru(C2O4)(NH3)4]2(S2O6)}, em cultura de linfócitos de sangue periférico humano in vitro. Foram analisados os parâmetros índice mitótico (IM), aberrações cromossômicas (ACs) e danos induzidos no DNA detectados pelo ensaio cometa. O IM de cultura de linfócitos de sangue periférico humano tratados com 0,0075; 0,075; 0,75 e 7,5μM de {cis-[Ru(C2O4)(NH3)4]2(S2O6)} foram 6,1; 3,9; 3,2 e 0,2%, respectivamente. A menor concentração 0,0075 não apresentou atividade citotóxica comparada ao controle negativo. As ACs derivadas das concentrações 0,0075; 0,075 e 0,75, apresentaram frequência de 1,5; 1,6 e 2,3 %, respectivamente, não manifestando atividade clastogênica comparadas ao contole negativo e somente na concentração de 7,5μM, demonstrou atividade clastogênica, predominando quebras e falhas cromatídicas. Os dados obtidos por meio do ensaio cometa, utilizando {cis-[Ru(C2O4)(NH3)4]2(S2O6)}, sugerem que este composto não apresenta atividade genotóxica em concentrações menores que 0,0075 μM. Os resultados desses estudos demonstram que {cis-[Ru(C2O4)(NH3)4]2(S2O6)} não possui potencial citotóxico, clastogênico e genotóxica in vitro em concentrações menor ou igual a 0,0075 μM.
3

Avaliação do Potencial Citotóxico, Genotóxico e Antitumoral do Ditionato de cis-Tetraamino(oxalato)rutênio(III) em Diferentes Linhagens Celulares / Assessment of the Potential genotoxic and the Antitumor Ditionato Tetraamino cis-(oxalate) ruthenium (III) in Different Cell lines

PEREIRA, Flávia de Castro 22 January 2010 (has links)
Made available in DSpace on 2014-07-29T15:16:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Flavia de Castro Pereira UFG 2010 - part 1.pdf: 495954 bytes, checksum: 284a68ffbde993ede09791444dec1865 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-01-22 / Despite the resounding success of cisplatin and closely related platinum antitumor agents, the movement of other transition-metal antitumor agents toward the clinic has been exceptionally slow. Non-Platinum chemotherapeutic metallopharmaceuticals hold much promise for the future, and needs to be actively explored in a large variety of tumor types in combination therapies. The preparations of metallocomplexes with potential antitumor activity has been one of the main targets of transition metal chemistry since Rosenberg s discovery of cisplatin cisdiamminedichloridoplatinum (II), cis-[Pt(NH3)2Cl2]} cytotoxic activity in the 1960s. In 1978, cisplatin was approved as the first platinumbased drug for the oncology treatment, although several negative side-effects (nephrotoxicity, neurotoxicity, nausea, etc.) had been induced on treated patients. Nevertheless, cisplatin was followed by carboplatin {cis-diammine-1,1´ - yclobutanedicarboxylateplatinum(II), [Pt(NH3)2(cbdc)], approved in 1985} and oxaliplatin 1R,2Rdiamminocyclohexaneoxalatoplatinum(II), [Pt(dach)(ox)], approved in 1996}, which met requirements of improving antitumor activity and reducing disadvantages of cisplatin, carboplatin and oxaliplatin represent the second, and third platinum-based drug generations, respectively. Nowadays, not only platinum-bearing complexes are extensively studied with the aim to broaden a spectrum of transition metal-based complexes which could be used in the treatment of cancer. Ruthenium complexes have shown potential utility in chemotherapy and photodynamic therapy. Ruthenium complexes generally have lower toxicities compared to cisplatin attributed to their specific accumulation in cancer tissues. In vitro and in vivo studies show high anticancer activity of Ruthenium complexes and some of them are currently undergoing clinical trials. In the present work we studied the antitumor activity of the Ruthenium(III) compound cis-Tetraammine(oxalato)Ruthenium(III) Dithionate {cis- [Ru(C2O4)(NH3)4]2(S2O6)} against different tumor and normal cells lineages, analising cell viabilities, cell cycle distribution, apoptosis induction mecanistics and genome DNA damage. Correlation tests were performed to determine the effects of the time of exposure and concentration of Ruthenium complex on mitotic index (MI) and mitotic aberration index on Allium cepa root cells. A comparison of MI results of cis- [Ru(C2O4)(NH3)4]2(S2O6) to those of lead nitrate reveals that the Ruthenium complex demonstrates an average mitotic inhibition eightfold higher than lead, with the frequency of cellular abnormalities almost fourfold lower and mitotic aberration threefold lower. A. cepa root cells exposed to a range of Ruthenium complex concentrations did not display significant clastogenic effects. The cis- Tetraammine(oxalato)Ruthenium(III) Dithionate therefore exhibits a remarkable capacity to inhibit mitosis, perhaps by inhibiting DNA synthesis or blocking the cell cycle in the G2 phase. Results showed that Ruthenium(III) causes a significant reduction of proliferation of A549 cells with viabilities ranging from 55.5% to 24.6% when treated with 40 μM for 24 and 48h; and 32% to 18.2% when treated with 150 μM for 24 and 48h. The Ruthenium(III) compound induced a moderate (31.9% and 39.6% for concentrations 10 and 40 μM, respectively) to high degree (74% for concentration 32 μM) of cytotoxic activity against A549 cells (IC50= 33.72 μM). On the other hand, the normal lung fibroblast MRC-5 did not show significant reduction proliferation in the presence of Ruthenium(III) compound. Even when treated with higher concentrations of cis-Tetraammine(oxalato)Ruthenium(III) Dithionate for 48 hours, MRC-5 cells showed viabilities ranging from 85% to 78,4% for 40 μM and 150 μM, respectively. The antiproliferative and cytotoxic activity revealed that K562 cells cultured with concentrations 40 and 150 μg mL-1 of Ruthenium(III) compound showed significant reduction of proliferation after 72h of exposition, with viabilities ranging from 88.2% to 55.6% when treated with 40 μM for 24 and 72h; and 76.2% to 26.7% when treated with 150 μM for 24 and 72h. The Ruthenium(III) compound induced low [22.4% (24h) to 28.2% (48h) and 29.8% (24h) to 35.7% (48h) for concentrations 10 and 40 μM, respectively] to moderate [44% (24h) and 53% (48h) for concentration 150 μM] of cytotoxic activity against K562. After incubation for 48 h, the IC50 value was 18.28 μM. Compared to the cell cycle profiles of untreated cells, flow cytometric analysis indicated a sub-G1 arresting effect of Ruthenium compound on K562 cells, inducing a 1.7-fold, 2.2-fold and 2.4-fold increase in the number of sub-G1 cells for 24, 48 and 72 h, respectively, when compared to control. The compound also caused a significant increase in tailed cells in any of the concentrations tested compared with negative control that can be associated cytotoxicity with direct effect on K562 cells DNA. / Apesar do sucesso da cisplatina e dos medicamentos à base de platina, o mercado de fármacos ainda é acessível para novas drogas á base de metal que oferecem uma melhor viabilidade, tais como a administração oral, o que pode ajudar a diminuir os efeitos colaterais graves e custos clínicos. Além disso, novos estudos concentram-se na investigação de novas drogas com maior eficácia, ou seja, drogas que interajam de forma diferente com o DNA, o que pode levar à superação da resistência inata ou adquirida de certos tipos de tumores. Dentre os vários complexos a base de metais desenvolvidos, os complexos de rutênio (III) representam uma nova família de promissores agentes anticâncer. No presente estudo foi investigado in vitro o efeito do composto Ditionato de cis- Tetraamino(oxalato)rutênio(III) sobre a viabilidade celular, distribuição das fases do ciclo celular, mecanismos de indução de apoptose e danos a molécula de DNA. Os resultados provenientes da análise do teste Allium cepa mostraram um efeito tempo dose-dependente. A avaliação mostrou que a concentração de rutênio teve um impacto maior do que o tempo de exposição. O efeito também se mostrou cumulativo, com uma quase completa inibição da mitose em uma concentração de rutênio de 0,1 mg mL-1 ou superior por períodos superiores a 24 h. Por outro lado, os resultados não revelaram efeitos clastogênicos significativos nas células meristemáticas expostas ao complexo de rutênio (III). A comparação entre os valores dos Índice Mitótico de células meristemáticas de cebolas tratadas com o complexo de rutênio em relação às células tratadas com nitrato de chumbo também mostrou que o complexo de rutênio induziu uma inibição mitótica média oito vezes maior do que o chumbo. Notadamente, as freqüências de anomalias e aberrações celulares mitóticas foram quase quatro vezes e três vezes menores, respectivamente. Os resultados mostram que o composto estudado causa significativa redução da proliferação das células A549 com viabilidades entre 55,5% para 24,6% quando tratados com 40 μM por 24 e 48h; e 32% para 18,2% quando tratados com 150 μM por 24 e 48h. O composto de rutênio(III) induz moderada (31,9% e 39,6% para concentrações 10 e 40 μM, respectivamente) para alta degradação (74% para a concentração 150 μM) para avaliação da atividade citotóxica das células A549 (IC50= 33,72 μM). Quanto à linhagem de fibroblasto de pulmão humano normal MRC-5, não mostrou redução significativa na proliferação celular na presença do composto. Quando tratadas com altas concentrações do Ditionato cis-Tetraamino(oxalato)rutênio(III) por 48 horas, celulas MRC-5 mostraram viabilidades altas de 85% e 78,4% para 40 μM e 150 μM, respectivamente. A atividade citotóxica e antiproliferativa revelou que a cultura de células K562 nas concentrações de 40 e 150 μg mL-1 do composto de Rutênio(III) mostrou redução significativa na proliferação 72h de exposição, com viabilidades de 88,2% para 55,6% quando tratadas com 40 μM por 24 e 72h; e 76,2% para 26,7% quando tratadas com 150 μM por 24 e 72h. O composto de Rutênio(III) induziu baixa [22,4% (24h) para 28,2% (48h) e 29,8% (24h) para 35,7% (48h) para concentrações de 10 e 40 μM, respectivamente] para moderada [44% (24h) e 53% (48h) para concentrações de 150 μM] atividade citotóxica em células K562. Após a incubação de 48 h, o valor da IC50 foi de 18,28 μM. Quando comparado o ciclo celular de células não tratadas, a análise indica que as células foram arrastadas para sub-G1 apresentando um aumento de 1,7 para 2,2 e 2.4% no número de células em sub-G1 por 24, 48 e 72 h, respectivamente, quando comparado com o grupo controle. O composto também causou um significativo aumento em danos celulares nas concentrações testadas quando comparado com o controle negativo, o que pode estar associado com efeitos citotóxicos diretamente no DNA celular.

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