The thesis aims to explore the relationship between national identity and the myth. Key to the analysis are the questions of the manner in which a collective identity becomes dependant on literary narrations as well as the particular motives that constitute these narrations. The analysis of the relationship is carried out in reference to particular literary texts. The discussion is based on the critical approach of literary theory and the analyses of relevant socio-political aspects. The discussion is based on a comparative approach to the chosen literary texts. The comparative method focuses on the socio-political and historical contexts of the literary works, as well as on the different concepts of communal identity portrayed. Key texts to the debate are the collection of poems of James Macpherson, Poems of Ossian, Sir Walter Scott's historical novel, Waverley, and the Czech Manuscripts of Dvůr Králové and Zelená Hora. This thesis commences the discussion with a theoretical approach to the relationship between myth and history. The discussion aims at the manner in which both the mentioned elements constitute collective identity. The thesis emphasises those aspects which give rose to manipulative statements and conceptions that shape the discourse. To the fore thus comes the question of...

Marie de France a rédigé en Angleterre vers 1170 le premier recueil de fables en français, original à la fois par son ampleur (104 fables) et par sa variété.Sa première partie est une réécriture des fables classiques issues de la tradition du Romulus et en particulier d’un de ses remaniements, le Romulus de Nilant, composé avant le Xe siècle. Marie a traduit du latin un recueil intermédiaire perdu, le *Romulus anglo-latin, d’où provient également un recueil latin, le Romulus hexamétrique (Xe siècle). Si Marie prétend, à la fin de son recueil, s’appuyer sur un recueil anglais, celui-ci n’a jamais été retrouvé et les indices historiques suggèrent plutôt une source factice. Sa réécriture des fables antiques se caractérise par une réinterprétation des rapports de force dans un contexte féodal.La seconde partie, composée d’éléments variés, contient d’autres fables antiques dont le rassemblement est imputable à Marie elle-même. Le reste des fables n’a pas de source connue mais leurs origines peuvent être liées à différents genres en formation au XIIe siècle : les formes hétérogènes du récit comique qui aboutissent plus tard au fabliau (chansons, contes, aphorismes) et que Marie a pu connaître par l’intermédiaire du monde clérical ; le roman épique animalier qui prend forme aux XIe et XIIe siècles et qui pouvait circuler sous la forme d’assortiments de poèmes latins ; au moins deux exemples de fables arabes ; des fables « philosophiques » issues peut-être du monde de la prédication ou de l’invention personnelle de l’auteur.La répartition de ces fables dans le recueil montre que Marie a pu l’élaborer en « trovant » (découvrant, inventant) différents matériaux de multiples origines sur une longue période de temps. / Marie de France wrote in England, around 1170, the first book of fables in the French language, original both by its extent (104 fables) and by its diversity.The first half is an adapation of classical fables taken from the Romulus tradition and in particular from one of Romulus’ many offsprings, the Romulus de Nilant, written before the 10th century. Marie translated from latin a lost intermediary, the *Anglo-latin Romulus, from which also derives the Hexametrical Romulus (10th century). Though Marie asserts in her epilogue that she worked from an English book, historical context and contemporary sources suggest a fictitious claim. The main characteristic of her adaptation of the fables from Antiquity is the recasting of the classical power struggles into the feodal context.The second half is far more diverse and contains other fables from Antiquity probably gathered by Marie herself as well as many fables of unknown sources but whose origins can be linked to different emerging genres of the XIIth century : the comic story in all its varied forms from which the fabliau will soon be born (songs, tales, aphorisms), known to Marie by way of the clerical world ; the beast epic taking shape during the XIth and the XIIth centuries, accessible to Marie in manuscripts collecting latin animal poems ; at least two exemples of Arabic fables and “philosophical” fables taken from predicators or entirely invented by the author.The repartition of theses fables in her anthology-like book shows that Marie could have built it by “finding” (trover, meaning both finding and inventing) diverse materials from many origins over a lenghty period of time.

The aim of this thesis is to shed light on the handbook as a multimodal resource from a reader perspective, with the material consisting of 32 Swedish handbooks on gardening from 1643 to 2005. The study draws theoretically on social semiotics and multimodal discourse analysis, as well as dialogism. There is an emphasis on the addressivity of the text, which is taken as a starting point for tracing signs of the intended text use in the design of the texts. The analysis is meaning-based, with the focus placed on functional features in the design of the texts. The first part of the study considers the reading goals afforded by the thematizations conveyed in titles, headings and text type patterns. The core function of these texts turns out to be action orientation, although the more recent books often include sections oriented towards other goals, like shaping individual aesthetic taste. The second part illustrates how the multimodal cohesive patterns in the books afford non-linear reading paths and make the texts searchable, which is enhanced by the presence of devices such as indices and tables of contents. Concentrating on six of the books, the third part of the study maps out the role of the reader that is naturalized by the design of the text, drawing on appraisal theory, and shows the strong, authoritative role taken by the authorial voice. The evaluative patterns naturalize a fact-seeking reading. However, the most recent book, from 1996, emphasizes emotions to a greater extent, naturalizing a parallel reading that invokes sensory experience. The conclusion drawn is that the core characteristics of the handbooks are action orientation, searchability and factuality. As different parallel functions in recent books are discerned, a tendency towards diversity and multifunctionality is described. The range of semiotic resources has also expanded, it is noted, and there is growing support for the view of a tendency towards the visualisation of written texts.

Disertacijoje tiriama Balio Sruogos kūrinio Dievų miškas teksto istorija iki ir po publikavimo, aprėpianti tekstologinius ir recepcijos (funkcionavimo) aspektus. Teksto genezės tyrimus paskatino sąmoningas noras patikrinti nuostatą, kad apie šį žinomiausią Sruogos kūrinį jau pasakyti visi esmingi dalykai. Apsispręsta susitelkti ties dokumentine konkretybe – pirminių veikalo šaltinių filologiniu tyrimu, tikintis rekonstruoti kūrinio radimosi procesą, regimą ikileidybinių ir vėlesnių jo vertinimų kontekste. Keliamas probleminis klausimas, ar iki šiol skaitomi Dievų miško 1957, 1997, 2005 leidimų tekstai atitinka tai, ką buvo parašęs Sruoga? Kurie šaltinių liudijami teksto sluoksniai atspindi autoriaus intencijas? Ar galima pasitikėti stereotipiškai kartojama kūrinio redaktorių formuluote, kad posovietiniai leidimai pateikia „kanoninį“ nekupiūruotą Dievų miško tekstą? Keliame hipotezę, kad nėra parengto stabilaus Sruogos kūrinio Dievų miškas teksto, bent sąlygiškai patikimai perteikiančio šaltinių duomenis ir kartu – autoriaus kūrybines intencijas, o iki šiol publikuotų Dievų miško tekstų grupei skirtingu laipsniu būdingas ryškus redaktorių „bendraautorystės“ fenomenas. Disertacijoje analizuojami Dievų miško recepcijos reiškiniai (kūrinio poveikis, vertinimai, ištirtumas) – siekiama suvokti apibendrintą kūrinio vaizdą lietuvių literatūrologijoje. Aprašomas kūrinio autoredagavimo procesas. Pristatomi kūrinio redagavimo darbai 1945–2005 m. laikotarpiu. / The dissertation is an analysis of the history of the work “Forest of the Gods” by Balys Sruoga before and after edition. It embraces textological and receptive (functional) aspects. Research related to text genesis was stimulated by a deliberate wish to test the entrenched attitude that all the substantial things have already been said about this most famous work by Balys Sruoga. The author decided to focus on definite documented aspects, i.e., philological research related to primary sources of the work aimed at reconstruction of the process of the work genesis as seen in the context of pre publication and later evaluations of the work. A question is raised whether the 1957, 1997 and 2005 versions of the “Forest of the Gods” text that have been read up to the present match what Sruoga wrote. Which textual layers found in the sources reflect the author's intentions? Is it possible to rely on the formulation repeated stereotypically by the work editors that post Soviet period publications present the “canonical” and non expurgated text of “Forest of the Gods”? A hypothesis is raised in the dissertation that no stable text of Sruoga's work “Forest of the Gods” has been made ready that would convey data from the sources and, simultaneously, the author's creative intentions with at least relative reliability. Meanwhile, a prominent phenomenon of editors' “co authorship” is characteristic to different degrees of the group of “Forest of the Gods” texts published by now. The... [to full text]