Bibliography: pages 310-325. / At the end of World War II, volunteers from the University of Cape Town began literacy and post-literacy evening classes for African adults near the Blouvlei squatter settlement in Retreat. From this small beginning a significant voluntary adult education movement developed until, at the peak of its expansion, there were night schools located at fourteen different sites in the Cape Peninsula from Sea Point to Simonstown. The thesis studies the twenty-three year lifespan of this movement which provided tuition at both primary and secondary level and from 1950 called itself the "Cape Non-European Night Schools Association" (CNENSA). The history of the organisation deals chronologically with three distinct periods: (1) 1945-1948, the opening phase, when in the aftermath of a Commission of Enquiry into adult education, volunteer groups undertaking adult night classes were encouraged and were granted small subsidies; (2) 1949-1957, a period of continuing and rapid expansion; (3) 1958-1967, the years in which the government reduced, restricted and finally eliminated all the CNENSA's schools. While the movement is studied with regard to its educational programme, choice of subjects, curricula, text-books and general organisation, much of the central interest derives from an examination of its origin and operation in relation to the political and socio-economic developments in the country. The study is thus concerned with the causes of African poverty and illiteracy and the continuous backdrop of major external events during the existence of the Association. In the inter-relatedness of the two historical themes thus pursued, the participants in the education movement, both teachers and pupils, are seen to reflect the wider society, and the study in its broad survey refers to many events of profound historical significance; these include the setting up of Bantu Education and the other pillars of apartheid, the development of major protest organisations and trade unions, the staging of the Civil Disobedience Campaign and the Congress of the People, the events at Sharpeville and in Langa in 1960 and the eventual emergence of underground movements and armed resistance. There is a strong focus on the motives and attitudes of both the learners and teachers in the movement and on their perceptions of their times and of each other. In this respect an interesting liberal-radical continuum is seen running right through the history of the Association. In the concluding chapters, to question the evidence from an alternative viewpoint before final evaluations are made, the work of the CNENSA is examined in the light of a Paulo Freirian perspective.

The study explored professional nurses' experience of working in a remote rural hospital in the Eastern Cape Province. A qualitative phenomenological design was used and the study was conducted in a remote rural hospital in region `D'. Eight professional nurses were selected non-randomly from a population of professional nurses who had been working in the hospital for more than one year. Purposive sampling was used to select the participants and semi-structured phenomenological interviews were conducted to collect data. Colaizzi's eight-step method was used for data analysis. The themes that emerged from the data analysis were shortage of human and material resources, poor access, communication problems and lack of safety and insecurity. The study found that the professional nurses at the remote rural hospital experience many obstacles to quality service delivery. / Health Studies / M.A. (Health Studies)

Thesis (MOccTher)--Stellenbosch University, 2015. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Background: The high number of mental health care users requiring care, the quick turnover in psychiatric hospitals and the scarcity of community-based mental health services are some of the factors that have led to a dramatic increase in the number of high frequency users of in-patient psychiatric services. In an attempt to address these issues, an occupational therapy-led day treatment centre was established at Stikland Hospital in the Western Cape province of South Africa. The aim of this study was to determine whether attendance at an occupational therapy-led community day treatment centre for mental health care users affects the use of in-patient services in the Western Cape Province of South Africa. Methods: A pre-test/post-test quasi-experimental study design was used to determine the benefits of the occupational therapy-led day treatment centre. Total population sampling was used. Forty four mental health care users participated in the study. The number of admissions and number of days spent in hospital before and after occupational therapy intervention were compared using statistical analysis. Results: The analysis showed a significant difference in the number of admissions (p = .00) and the number of days spent in hospital (p = .00) before and after the occupational therapy intervention. There was a decrease in the number of admissions of 62.3% after intervention. Twenty-five participants (56.8%) had fewer admissions after intervention than before. Total days spent in hospital for the group showed a decrease of 74.6% after intervention. Days spent in hospital became shorter by up to 7 months after occupational therapy intervention. This indicated a medium effect size (r = .436) for number of admissions and a large effect size (r = .504) for number of days spent in hospital after intervention. The frequency of attending the day treatment centre had no influence on number of admissions (p = .410) or on the number of days spent in hospital (p = .579) after intervention. Conclusion: The findings suggest that an occupational therapy-led day treatment centre is effective in reducing the use of in-patient services within the Western Cape, South Africa. In addition providing a range of opportunities for meaningful participation may be more important than the intensity of treatment when promoting recovery. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Agtergrond: Die groot hoeveelhied persone wat psigiatriese sorg benodig, die vinnige omset in psigiatriese hospitale asook die tekort aan gemeenskaps psigiatriese dienste is van die faktore wat lei tot ‘n toename in persone wat gereëlde heropname benodig. As moontlike oplossing vir die probleem is ‘n dagbehandelingsentrum geopen by Stikland Hospitaal in die Wes-Kaap provinsie van Suid Afrika. Die doel van die studie was om vas te stel of ‘n dagbehandelingsentrum, onder leiding van ‘n arbeidsterapeut, effektief is in die Wes-Kaap provinsie van Suid Afrika vir persone met psigiatriese siektes. Metode: ‘n Voortoets-natoets kwasi-eksperimentele studie metode is gebruik om die voordele van ’n arbeidsterapie gedrewe dagbehandelingsentrum te bepaal. Totale bevolking steekproef is gebruik. Vier en veertig persone met ‘n psigiatriese diagnose het deelgeneem aan die studie. Die hoeveelheid opnames asook hoeveelheid dae spandeer in die hospitaal voor en na die arbeidsterapie intervensie is vergelyk. Resultate: Resultate het getoon dat daar ‘n beduidende verskil was tussen die hoeveelheid opnames (p = .00) en die hoeveelheid dae in die hospital (p = .00) voor en na arbeidsterapie intervensie. Die groep se hoeveelheid opnames het met 62.3% gedaal na intervensie. Vyf en twintig deelnemers (56.8%) het minder opnames gehad na intervensie as voor intervensie. Data toon ‘n medium effekgrootte (r = .436). Die totale dae in die hospitaal vir die groep het met 74.6% afgeneem na intervensie. Dae spandeer in die hospitaal het met tot 7maande verkort na arbeidsterapie intervensie. Dit toon‘n groot effekgrootte (r = .504). Die frekwensie van bywoning het geen invloed getoon op die hoeveelheid opnames (p = .410) of hoeveelheid dae in die hospitaal (p = .579) nie. Gevolgtrekking: Die studie het gevind dat, in die Wes-Kaap, ‘n arbeidsterapie gedrewe dagbehandelingsentrum ‘n effektiewe en uitvoerbare opsie is om die druk op binne-pasiënt dienste te verlig. Die studie het verder getoon dat betekenisvolle deelname aan aktiwiteite moontlik belangriker is vir herstel na ‘n psigiatriese siekte as intensiteit van behandeling.

Thesis (MScAgric)--University of Stellenbosch, 2004. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Botrytis cinerea Pers.: Fr., a pathogen of grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.), moves mainly through conidia by air currents in vineyards which are deposited intermittently on the surfaces of leaves, inflorescences and bunches. Little is known about the relationship between the inoculum dosage in air and incidence of Botrytis bunch rot, and how the relationship is influenced by environmental and host factors. To better understand this relationship, information is needed on the period over which conidia have accumulated, the time they are able to survive and remain infectious, time of symptom expression in relation to conidium arrival at the infection court and host surface wetness. The aims of this study were (i) to estimate the amount of viable B. cinerea occurring in air in vineyards, and at different positions on leaves, inflorescences and bunches of grape at different phenological stages, (ii) to determine the relationships between the number of B. cinerea colonies recorded on spore traps placed in the bunch zone of vines and the incidence of B. cinerea recorded from the different tissues, and (iii) to compare the efficacy of fenhexamid on leaves and inflorescences carrying natural B. cinerea inoculum with those inoculated with dry, airborne conidia. Different techniques were used to detect viable Botrytis cinerea in air currents and on plant material obtained from table (cultivars Dauphine and Waltham Cross in Paarl- and Worcester-district) and wine grape (cultivars Chardonnay, Sauvignon Blanc and Merlot in Stellenbosch- and Malmesbury district) vineyards in the Western Cape province during 2001-02 and 2002-03. For four consecutive days during prebloorn, bloom, pea-size, bunch closure, veraison and harvest, sets of Petri dishes with freshly prepared Kerssies' B. cinerea selective medium (spore traps) were left overnight in the bunch zone of vines. Plant material was collected from the vines on the fourth day. Leaves, infloresence and bunches were treated with paraquat to terminate host resistance and to promote the development of the pathogen on the tissues. The B. cinerea inoculum dosage in air, and the incidence at which the pathogen was detected at various positions on leaves and in bunches normally differed between vineyards. However, the various tests revealed that the pathogen generally occurred in a consistent pattern in air in the bunch zone of vines, on leaves and in bunches from all vineyards. The inoculum dosage in air in the bunch zone of the vine was generally highest during prebioom or during bloom, it decreased at pea size and mostly remained at a very low level at the later growth stages. The estimations of viable B. cinerea residing naturally on leaves and in bunches, showed that their amounts depicted levels occurring in air in the bunch zone of the vine. Necrotic leaves occurring early season in vineyards were identified as an important source of secondary inoculum for dispersal to the developing bunches. Latent infections at the various positions in bunches were few at véraison and harvest. However, due to the necrotrophic ability of the pathogen, extensive berry rot (due to berry-to-berry contact) and thus severe bunch rot developed from a single berry that become symptomatic at the base of the pedicel/berry attachment zone. The B. cinerea occupation pattern explains why Botrytis bunch rot develops mostly from the inner bunch and why disease management strategies should concentrate on the bloom to pre-bunch closure stage and on inhibiting B. cinerea development in the inner bunch during the early part of the season. Thus, to effectively reduce B. cinerea in grapevine, preventative applications are recommended to reduce two primary infection events: (a) between budding and pre-bloom to counteract primary leaf infection; (b) during late bloom or early pea size stage, to reduce the amount of the pathogen on leaves and infloresences and to prevent colonisation of floral debris. A third spray can be applied at bunch closure to reduce the amount of B. cinerea at various positions of the inner bunch, especially for cultivars with tight bunches. The efficacy of fenhexamid on leaves and inflorescences carrying natural B. cinerea inoculum was compared with those inoculated with dry, airborne conidia. Shoots were obtained during late bloom from a vineyard (wine grape cultivar Merlot) in the Stellenbosch region. The shoots were divided into two main groups. One group of shoots was left uninoculated, the other shoots were inoculated by dusting with dry B. cinerea conidia in a settling tower. Before inoculation, equal numbers of shoots in each main group was sprayed with fenhexamid, or left unsprayed. Following inoculation and incubation, shoots of each treatment were divided in two equal groups. The one lot of shoots were rinsed in water. The other lot of shoots were immersed in paraquat solution to terminate host resistance and to promote the development of the pathogen from the tissues. For both uninoculated and inoculated shoots, irrespective of fungicide treatment, leaves remained asymptomatic at both the blade and petiole position for the water rinse treatment. No symptom of B. cinerea decay developed at any of the positions on leaves from shoots sprayed with fenhexamid. Spraying of shoots with fenhexamid completely suppressed B. cinerea infection and symptom expression on both uninoculated and inoculated inflorescens. For inoculated shoots, B. cinerea developed from approximately 50% of the laterals in the water rinse treatment. However, inflorescences rinsed in water remained asymptomatic. The laboratory studies showed that fungicides, if applied properly to shoots and bunches under controlled conditions, effectively reduced the amount of B. cinerea at the various positions on leaves and inflorescence, and prevented infection and symptom expression at bloom. However, these goals are not achieved in vineyards where the fungicides are applied by conventional spraying methods. Therefore, more work is needed to evaluate fungicide application techniques by conventional spraying methods for proper fungicide coverage, and the reduction of B. cinerea in bunches. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Botrytis cinerea Pers.: Fr., 'n patogeen van druiwe (Vilis vinifera L.), beweeg hoofsaaklik deur middel van konidia in lugstrome deur die wingerd, en word dan afwisselend op die oppervlakte van die blare, bloeiwyses en trosse gedeponeer. Daar is nog min bekend oor die verhouding tussen die hoeveelheid inokulum in die lug en die voorkoms van Botrytis op die trosse, en hoe die verhouding deur omgewings- en gasheerfaktore beïnvloed word. Ten einde hierdie interaksie beter te verstaan, word inligting benodig oor die tydperk waarin die konidia akkumuleer, die tyd wat hulle oorleef en virulent bly, en die tyd van simptoom-uitdrukking in verhouding tot die verspreiding van die konidia by die infeksie-setel en benatbaarheid van die gasheer-oppervlakte. Die doel van hierdie studie was (i) om die hoeveelheid lewensvatbare B. cinerea wat in die lug voorkom, asook by verskeie posisies op blare, bloeiwyses en trosse by verskillende fenologiese stadiums te kwantifiseer, (ii) om die verhouding tussen die aantal aangetekende B. cinerea kolonies op spoorvangers wat in die trossone van die wingerd geplaas is, en die voorkoms van B. cinerea, aangeteken van verskeie weefsels, te bepaal, en (iii) om die effektiwiteit van fenhexamid op blare en bloeiwyses wat natuurlike B. cinerea inokulum dra, te vergelyk met dié wat met droë, luggedraagde konidia geïnokuleer is. Verskillende tegnieke is gebruik om lewensvatbare Botrytis cinerea in lugstrome en op plantmateriaal van tafeldruiwe (kultivars Dauphine en Waltham Cross In Paarl- en Worcester-distrik) en wyndruiwe (kultivar Chardonnay, Sauvignon Blanc en Merlot in Stellenbosch- en Malmesbury distrik) in wingerde van die Wes-Kaap provinsie gedurende 2001-02 en 2002-03 te kwantifiseer. Petri bakkies met vars voorbereide Kerssies medium, selektief vir B. cinerea (spoorvangers), is vir vier agtereenvolgende dae gedurende vóórblom, blom, ertjiekorrel, trostoemaak, kleurbreek en oes, oornag in die trossone van wingerdstokke in betrokke wingerde, gelaat. Plantmateriaal is op die vierde dag versamel. Blare, bloeiwyses en trosse is met paraquat behandel ten einde die gasheerweerstand af te breek en ontwikkeling van die patogeen op die weefsel te bevorder. B. cinerea inokulum in die lug, en die frekwensie waarby die patogeen op verskeie posisies op blare en in die trosse voorgekom het, het normaalweg tussen wingerde verskil. Die verskeie toetse het getoon dat die patogeen normaalweg in 'n vaste patroon in die lug en die trossones van wingerde, asook op blare en in trosse van alle wingerde voorkom. Die inokulumkonsentrasie in die lug in die trossones van wingerdstokke was normaalweg die hoogste gedurende vóórblom of gedurende blom. Die inokulumdruk het by ertjiekorrel verminder en meestal by 'n 'n baie lae vlak tydens die latere groeistadia gebly. Die bepaling van lewensvatbare B. cinerea wat natuurlik op blare en in trosse gedeponeer is, het getoon dat hul hoeveelhede ooreenstem met vlakke wat in die lug in die trossone van die wingerd voorkom. Nekrotiese blare vroeg in die seisoen is 'n belangrike bron van sekondêre inokulum en speel dus 'n belangrike rol by die verspreiding van Botrytis tussen die ontwikkelende trosse. Latente infeksies by die verskeie posisies in trosse was laag by kleurbreek en oes. Weens die saprofitiese vermoëns van die patogeen, kan uitgebreide korrelvrot (a.g.v. korrel-tot-korrel kontak) en dus ernstige trosvrot, ontwikkel. 'n Enkele korrel kan by die basis van die pedisel/korrel vashegtingsone simptomaties raak, en vandaar na aangrensende korrels versprei. Die B. cinerea kolonisasiepatroon verduidelik waarom Botrytis trosvrot meestal vanaf die binneste tros ontwikkel en waarom siektebeheerstrategieë op die vóórblom- tot blomstadium gekonsentreer moet word, en op die inhibering van B. cinerea ontwikkeling in die binneste tros gedurende die vroeë stadia van die seisoen. Dus, om B. cinerea effektief tydens die twee primêre infeksie stadiums in wingerde te verminder, kan voorkomende toedienings aanbeveel word: (a) tussen knopvorming en vóórblom om primêre blaarinfeksie te verhoed; (b) gedurende láátblom en vroeë ertjiekorrel om die hoeveelheid inokulum op die blare en bloeiwyses te verminder, en die kolonisasie van blomdebris te voorkom. 'n Derde toediening kan tydens trostoemaak aangewend word om B. cinerea by verskeie posisies in die binneste tros te verminder, veral by kultivars met digte trosse. Die effektiwitiet van fenhexamid op blare en bloeiwyses waarop natuurlike B. cinerea inokulum voorkom is vergelyk met dié wat met droë, luggedraagde konidia geïnokuleer is. Lote is vanaf 'n wingerd (wyndruif kultivar Merlot) in die Stellenbosch distrik tydens láátblom verkry en in twee hoofgroepe verdeel. Die een groep lote is geïnokuleer deur droë B. cinerea konidia in 'n afsettingstoring te strooi, terwyl die ander groep nie geïnokuleer is nie. Vóór inokulasie, is die helfte van die lote in elke groep met fenhexamid behandel, terwyl die ander helfte onbehandeld gelaat is. Ná inokulasie en inkubasie, is lote van elke behandeling verder in twee eweredige groepe verdeel. Die een groep lote is in water gespoel, terwyl die ander groep lote in 'n paraquatoplossing gedompel is om die gasheerweerstand te verwyder, en die ontwikkeling van die patogeen vanuit die weefsels te bevorder. Vir die waterspoelbehandeling van beide ongeïnokuleerde en geïnokuleerde lote, ongeag van die fungisiedbehandeling, het die blare asimptomaties by beide die bladoppervlakte en blaarsteelposisie gebly. Geen simptome van B. cinerea verrotting het by emge van die blaarposisies van die lote, met fenhexamid gespuit, ontwikkel nie. Die spuit van die lote met fenhexamid het die B. cinerea infeksie en die simptoomontwikkeling op beide die ongeïnokuleerde en geïnokuleerde bloeiwyses heeltemalonderdruk. By die geïnokuleerde lote, het B. cinerea vanaf ongeveer 50% van die laterale in die waterspoelbehandeling ontwikkel, alhoewel, bloeiwyses wat in water afgespoel is, heeltemal asimptomaties gebly het. Laboratoriumstudies het getoon dat fungisiedes, indien korrek toegedien op lote en trosse onder gekontroleerde toestande, tot effektiewe vermindering van B. cinerea getalle by die verskillende posisies op blare en bloeiwyses lei, en infeksie en simptoomuitdrukking tydens blom voorkom. Weens die feit dat die doelwitte nie behaal kan word in wingerde waar die fungisiede deur konvensionele spuitmetodes toegedien is nie, moet meer studies gedoen word om fungisied toedieningstegnieke, by konvensionele spuitmetodes, VIr deeglike fungisiedbedekking en die vermindering van B. cinerea in trosse, te evalueer.

Thesis (MSc)--University of Stellenbosch, 2001. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The foraging mode of the Cape grass lizard, Chamaesaura anguina, was determined by using three criteria: 1) the number of movements per minute (MPM) and the percentage of time spent moving (PTM) during periods of activity; 2) the amount of tongueflicking directed at cotton applicators labelled with prey chemicals as a measure of prey chemical discrimination; 3) the stomach contents of the lizards as an indication of the natural diet. Observations were made by means of binoculars from an observation tower using a seminatural outdoor enclosure, and through a one-way glass panel using a seminatural indoor enclosure. Each lizard was observed for aIO minute period during peak activity and the times it was moving and the times it was stationary were recorded. Data obtained in the indoor- and outdoor enclosures did not differ significantly and were pooled. "MPM(0.37 ± 0.21 SD) and PTM (1.92 % ± 0.93 SD) values recorded for C. anguina (N = 10) fall within the range given as characteristic for sit-and-wait foragers. Nine C. anguina individuals were habituated in glass terraria to accept mealworms offered to them. When all lizards accepted food without hesitation, they were tested for their ability to discriminate among three different odours presented to them in a randomized block design: prey odours consisting of mealworm surface odours, distilled water as an odourless control stimulus, and cologne as a pungency control. The number of tongue-flicks directed at the cotton applicator containing the stimulus odour during 60 s was recorded. No statistically significant differences were found among the responses to the three treatment odours (Kruskal-Wallis, H = 2.41, dj = 2, P = 0.30). An analysis of the stomach contents of21 C. anguina specimens revealed a diet of mostly diurnally active arthropod prey species. The preferred body temperatures selected by 12 grass lizards in a thermal gradient were measured six times during a 48 hour period, using a copper-constantan thermocouple inserted into the cloaca. The measured body temperatures (N = 72) ranged from 22.62 oe - 27.07 oe with a mean of24.82 oe ± 2.27 SD. The low preferred body temperature exhibited by C. anguina as compared to other cordylids may be attributed to the combined influence of vegetative cover, high altitude, and high surface-volume ratio. To determine movement patterns and microhabitat use, six lizards were observed in a seminatural outdoor enclosure (4 x 4 m). The location of the grass tufts in the enclosure was mapped, and the position of each lizard within the enclosure was noted on 17 mornings. Observations of lizard behaviour during periods of activity were made by means of binoculars from an observation tower. Although C. anguina did not show reliance on a specific shelter site, the taller, broader tufts were generally preferred as refuges during inactivity. There were significant differences between the heights (student's z-test; P < 0.001) and the diameters (Mann-Whitney; P < O.00 1) of the preferred grass tufts, and those grass tufts that were not preferred as refuges, respectively. The lizards usually sheltered in a coiled-up position in the middle of the grass tufts close to the ground. During active periods, the lizards perched in an elevated position in the vegetation by entangling their elongated bodies and tails in the grass for efficient weight distribution. Locomotion was mainly restricted to the strike action when attacking prey. Fynbos and grassland, which are the main habitat of grass lizards of the genus Chamaesaura, are fire-prone. With their serpentiform morphology, grass lizards differ markedly from other cordylids, the majority of which are rock-dwelling. One aim of this study was to determine whether grass lizards make use of refuges like burrows or crevices within their grasslrestioid habitat during periods of inactivity or when threatened by fire. Refuge selection during inactivity was determined experimentally. Twelve lizards were offered different refuge options, namely grass tufts, crevices, burrows and loose sand. All twelve lizards preferred to shelter in the grass tufts. When the grass tufts were removed, only two lizards made use of the burrows and crevices provided, the other 10 not sheltering at all. Refuge selection when threatened by fire was tested by placing the 12 lizards in an enclosure provided with grass tufts and two types of refuges, burrows and crevices. The grass was set alight at one end of the enclosure and the fire was fanned on towards the other end with the aid of a high-speed fan. Precautions were taken to ensure the safety of all the lizards and to intervene when they were in direct danger. Only two of the 12 lizards sought shelter in the refuges provided. Of the remaining 10, six fled and four were trapped by the flames, requiring intervention. The results of these experiments, as well as field observations, suggest that C. anguina seldom makes use of shelter options other than grass and restio tufts, even when threatened by fire. In the case of fire, it flees by 'grass-swimming'. Field observations also suggest that mortality during and after a fire is considerably higher than in the case of rock-dwelling cordylids. The reproductive status of adult females (N = 85) were determined on the basis of the developmental stage of ovarian follicles and the presence or absence of oviductal eggs. Females were grouped into four reproductive categories: pre-vitellogenic, early vitellogenic, pre-ovulatory and gravid. To determine the reproductive cycle exhibited by the males (N = 46), testicular volume and seminiferous tube diameter were measured, as well as the spermatogenic activity assessed qualitatively. Spermatogenic activity was assessed by using Licht's (1967) classification system. The snout-vent length (SVL) of 144 specimens was measured. Sexual size dimorphism (SSD) recorded for C. anguina was quantified by a size dimorphism index (SDI). Reproductive activity was asynchronous among females, differing from the normal cordylid cycle of autumn/winter vitello genic activity, followed by winter/spring ovulation and gestation in late summer to autumn. The significant seasonal variation that existed in testes volume (ANOVA; F (7,22) = 3.70; P < 0.05) and seminiferous tubule diameter (ANOVA; F (10,25) = 4.90; P < 0.05), as well as sermatogenic activity as observed by histological examination, indicated that C. anguina males follow an annual spermatogenic cycle that can be described as post-nuptial. The cycle is characterized by summer/autumn spermiogenesis, associated with sperm storage throughout winter. Chamaesaura anguina males differ from other cordylids following a post-nuptial cycle, by starting with spermatogenesis in spring. The mean SVL of female grass lizards (109.51 mm ± 20.60 SD) was significantly larger (Mann-Whitney; P < 0.001) than that of males (84.77 mm ± 9.39 SD). A positive SDI of 1.29 and a SDImax of lAO were determined. Female-biased dimorphism in SVL recorded for C. anguina corresponds with the general pattern recorded for terrestrial cordylids, but contrasts with male-biased dimorphism in rupicolous forms. The longer SVL of C. anguina females facilitates higher fecundity. This, in turn, might be an adaptive survival strategy for this lizard species in the fire-prone environment where it occurs, because successful recruitment is facilitated by high fecundity. KEYWORDS: Chamaesaura anguina; serpentiform body; cryptic colouration; grass/restio habitats; undulatory locomotion; foraging mode; preferred body temperature; movement patterns; microhabitat use; fire susceptibility; refuge selection; reproductive cycle; sexual size dimorphism. 4 / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die voedingswyse van Chamaesaura anguina is bepaal deur drie kriteria: 1) die getal bewegings per minuut (BPM) en die persentasie tyd wat aan beweging bestee word (PTB) tydens aktiewe periodes; 2) die hoeveelheid tongskiete wat gerig word na wattepluisies bedek met prooi chemikalieë as 'n maatstaf van prooi chemiese diskriminasie; 3) die maaginhoud van die akkedisse as 'n indikasie van hul natuurlike diëet. Waarnemings is met 'n verkyker vanaf 'n waarnemingstoring langs 'n buitemuurse kampie gemaak, terwyl dit deur 'n eenrigting glaspaneel in die geval van 'n binnemuurse opstelling gemaak is. Elke akkedis is vir 'n periode van 10 minute tydens piek-aktiwiteit dopgehou, en die tye wat dit beweeg het en nie beweeg het nie, is aangeteken. Data verkry in die binnemuurse - en buitemuurse opstellings het nie statisties van mekaar verskil nie en is saamgevoeg. BPM (0.37 ± 0.21 SD) en PTB (1.92 % ± 0.93 SD) waardes aangeteken vir C. anguina (N = 10) val binne die reeks waardes wat as kenmerkend vir sit-en-wag voeders beskou word. Nege C. anguina individue is in glas terraria gewoond gemaak om meelwurms te aanvaar wat hul aangebied is. Toe al die akkedisse die kos sonder huiwering aanvaar het, is hul vermoë getoets om tussen drie verskillende geure wat hul aangebied is in 'n ewekansige blokontwerp, te diskrimineer: prooigeur bestaande uit die reuk van meelwurms, gedistilleerde water as 'n geurlose kontrole stimulus, en reukwater as 'n skerp kontrole. Die hoeveelheid tongskiete gerig na die gegeurde wattepluisie gedurende 'n 60 s periode, is aangeteken. Geen statisties-beduidende verskille is gevind tussen die reaksies tot die drie geure nie (Kruskal-Wallis, H = 2.41, df= 2, P = 0.30). 'n Analise van die maaginhoude van 21 C. anguina individue het meestal dag-aktiewe arthropoda prooispesies onthul. Die voorkeur liggaamstemperature wat deur 12 akkedisse in 'n termiese gradiënt geselekteer is, is ses maal gemeet gedurende 'n 48 uur periode, deur van 'n termo-koppel wat in die kloaka geplaas is, gebruik te maak. Die bepaalde liggaamstemperature (N = 72) het gevariëer van 22.62 oe - 27.07 oe met 'n gemiddeld van 24.82 oe ± 2.27 SA. Die lae voorkeur liggaamstemperatuur van C. anguina mag dalk toegeskryf word aan die gekombineerde invloed van plantbedekkingskadu, hoë hoogte bo seevlak, en hoë oppervlakte-volume verhouding. Die bewegingspatrone en mikrohabitat-gebruik van C. anguina is bestudeer deur ses akkedisse in 'n buitemuurse kampie aan te hou. Die ligging van die graspolle binne die kampie is op 'n kaart aangeteken, en die posisie van elke akkedis binne in die kampie is op 17 oggende aangeteken. Verdere waarnemings is gemaak met 'n verkyker vanaf 'n waarnemingstoring terwyl die akkedisse aktief was. Alhoewel die C. anguina individue nie herhaaldelik 'n spesifieke skuilplek gebruik het nie, het hul die langer, breër graspolle as skuilplek gedurende onaktiwiteit verkies. Daar was 'n hoogs beduidende verskil tussen onderskeidelik die hoogtes (studente z-toets; P < 0.001) en die deursnitte (studente I-toets; P < 0.001) van die verkose graspolle, en die graspolle wat nie gekies is as skuilplekke nie. Hulle het gewoonlik in 'n opgerolde wyse, in die middel en na aan die bodem van die graspolle, geskuil. Daar is gevind dat C. anguina vanaf 'n verhewe posisie voed deur sy verlengde liggaam en stert in die grass te vervleg om doeltreffende gewigsverspreiding te verseker. Beweging was hoofsaaklik tot die vangaksie van prooi beperk. Vuur is 'n algemene verskynsel in fynbos en graslande, wat die hoof habitat van grasakkedisse van die genus Chamaesaura uitmaak. Met hulle slangagtige morfologie, verskil grasakkedisse drasties van ander lede van die Cordylidae, waarvan meeste rotsbewonend is. Die doelwit van hierdie studie was om te bepaal of die grasakkedisse gebruik sal maak van skuilplekke, soos gate en klipskeure binne die grashabitat, gedurende periodes van onaktiwiteit of wanneer bedreig word deur vuur. Twaalf akkedisse is verskillende skuilopsies aangebied, naamlik graspolle, klipskeure, gate en los sand. Al twaalf het verkies om in die graspolle te skuil. Toe die graspolle verwyder is, het slegs twee akkdisse die klipskeure en die gate benut, terwyl die ander 10 nie geskuil het nie. Skuilplek-seleksie wanneer bedreig word deur vuur, is getoets deur 12 akkedisse in In afskorting te plaas wat met graspolle en twee tipes skuilplekke, gate en klipskeure, voorsien is. Die gras aan die een kant van die afskorting is aan die brand gesteek en is aangehelp m.b.v. 'n hoë-spoed waaier. Voorsorgmaatreëls om die veiligheid van al die akkedisse te verseker en om in te gryp as hulle in direkte gevaar sou verkeer, is getref. In twee van die 12 gevalle het die akkedisse skuiling gesoek in die beskikbare skuilings. In die oorblywende 10 gevalle het ses akkedisse gevlug, terwyl vier deur die vlamme vasgevang was en daar ingegryp moes word. Die resultate van hierdie eksperimente, sowel as waarnemings wat in die veld gemaak is, dui daarop dat C. anguina selde van skuilopsies, anders as graspolle en restio's, gebruik maak as hulle deur vuur bedreig word. In die geval van vuur, vlug hulle deur te "swem" deur die gras. Veldwaarnemings dui ook daarop dat mortaliteit gedurende en na die vuur heelwat hoër is as in die geval van rotsbewonende gordelakkedisse. Die reproduktiewe status van volwasse wyfies (N = 85) is bepaal deur die ontwikkelingsfase van ovarium follikels te ondersoek en deur die teenwoordigheid of afwesigheid van eiers in die oviduk. Wyfies is in vier reproduktiewe kategorieë gegroepeer: pre-vitellogenies, vroeg vitellogenies, pre-ovulatories en dragtig. Testikulêre volume en saadbuisdeursnit is gemeet, en spermatogeniese aktiwiteite soos histologies vasgestel, is gebruik om die reproduktiewe siklus van die mannetjies (N = 46) te bepaal. Spermatogeniese aktiwiteit is bepaal deur van Licht (1976) se klassifikasie sisteem gebruik te maak. Die snoet-kloaak lengte (SKL) van 144 individue is gemeet en die seksuele grootte-dimorfisme (SGD) soos bepaal vir C. anguina, is gekwantifiseer deur middel van In grootte-dimorfisme-indeks (GDI). Voortplantingsaktiwiteit in die wyfies was nie gesinchroniseerd nie, en verskil dus van die normale gordelakkedissiklus met herfs/winter vitellogeniese aktiwiteit, winter/lente ovulasie en swangerskap in die volgende laat somer tot herfs. Die beduidende seisoenale verskil wat bestaan het in die testesvolume (ANOV A; F (7.22) = 3.70; P < 0.05) en die saadbuisdeursnit (ANOVA; F (10,25) = 4.90; P < 0.05), asook testis histologie, het aangedui dat C. anguina mannetjies 'n jaarlikse spermatogeniese siklus volg, beskryf as "post-nuptial". Hierdie siklus word gekenmerk deur somer/herfs spermiogenese, geassosieer met spermstoring gedurende die winter. In teenstelling met ander gordelakkedisse wat hierdie siklus volg, begin spermatogenese in C. anguina alreeds in die lente. Die gemiddelde SVL van die wyfies (109.51 mm ± 20.60 SA) was beduidend groter (Mann-Whitney; P < 0.001) as dié van die mannetjies (84.77 mm ± 9.39 SA). In Positiewe GDI van 1.29 en In GDImax van 1.40 is gemeet. Wyfie-plus dimorfisme in SKL bepaal vir C. anguina, stem ooreen met die algemene patroon waargeneem by terrestriële gordelakkedisse, maar is in kontras met mannetjie-plus dimorfisme by rotsbewonende vorme. Die langer SKL by wyfies van C. anguina kan In hoër fekunditeit fasiliteer. Dit mag dalk In oorlewingstrategie vir die species wees wat in In vuurgeteisterde omgewing voorkom, omdat suksesvolle rekolonisering deur In hoë fekunditeit aangehelp word. TREFWOORDE: Chamaesaura anguina, slangagtige liggaam; kriptiese kleuring; graslrestio habitatte; kronkel beweging; voedingsrnetode; voorkeurtemperatuur; bewegingspatrone; mikrohabitat-gebruik; vatbaarheid vir vuur; skuilplekseleksie; voortplantingsiklus; seksuele dimorfisme.

Thesis (MSc)--Stellenbosch University, 2003. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The geometric tortoise, Psammobates geometricus, found in the Western Cape, South Africa, is one of the world's rarest tortoises. At present, it is only known from five isolated geographical areas, one being the Worcester-Tulbagh Valley. The primary aims of my study were to determine the status of geometric tortoise subpopulations along the Nl highway in the Worcester Valley, to determine the population structure of these subpopulations and, if necessary, to provide recommendations for the mitigation ofNI highway-induced impacts on geometric tortoise subpopulations along the road. All Renosterveld remnants along the Nl between Du Toitskloof and Worcester were surveyed for the presence of geometric tortoises, and tortoise density and population structure were determined for each remnant that supports tortoises. Two geometric tortoise subpopulations on opposite sides of the Nl were identified. In the larger remnant of the two, females dominated both the subadult and adult classes, whereas in the other remnant male frequency was slightly higher than female frequency for the adult class only. In both remnants, adult females were significantly larger than adult males in mean carapace length. Mean body mass for adult females and males also differed significantly in both remnants. Analysis of habitat quality showed that both remnants supporting the geometric tortoise are seriously infested by encroaching indigenous and alien plants. The barrier effect of the Nl highway can be mitigated by constructing underpasses, linking the two remnants on opposite sides of the road. Furthermore, road mortality of tortoises can be avoided by erecting tortoise proof fencing along appropriate sections of the highway in the Worcester Valley. By linking the remnants, the largest single area available to the geometric tortoise in the Worcester Valley will also be formed. An additional aim of my study was to investigate the correspondence of geometric tortoise density in individual habitat remnants to the West-to-East change in vegetation composition/characteristics occurring along the Nl in the Worcester Valley. Vegetation composition/characteristics were thus determined in all remnants also surveyed for tortoises. The West-to-East change in vegetation composition/characteristics of the study area indicates that there is a transition from Renosterveld in the West to karroid veld in the East. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die geometriese skilpad, Psammobates geometrieus, wat in die Wes-Kaap, Suid- Afrika, voorkom, is een van die wêreld se skaarste skilpaaie. Vandag word hierdie skilpad net nog in vyf geïsoleerde geografiese streke gekry, een van hulle die Worcester-Tulbagh Vallei. Die primêre doel van my studie was om die status van geometriese skilpad subpopulasies langs die Nl snelweg in die Worcester Vallei te ondersoek en om die populasiestruktuur van hierdie subpopulasies te bepaal. Verder was die doelook, om aanbevelings te maak oor hoe die impakte van die pad op die geometriese skilpad subpopulasies langs die Nl verminder kan word. Al die Renosterveld oorblyfsels langs die Nl tussen Du Toitskloof en Worcester, en binne die bekende gebied van die geometriese skilpad, is deursoek vir geometriese skilpaaie. Populasiedigtheid en populasiestruktuur van die skilpaaie is bepaal vir elke oorblyfsel wat skilpaaie bevat. Twee geometriese skilpad subpopulasies is gekryaan teenoorgestelde kante van die Nl. In die groter oorblyfsel, het wyfies albei die onvolwasse en volwasse klasse gedomineer. In die ander oorblyfsel is gevind dat die frekwensie van mannetjies ietwat hoër was as die frekwensie van wyfies, maar vir slegs die volwasse kategorie. Binne albei oorblyfsels is gevind dat volwassse wyfies betekenisvol groter in gemiddelde doplengte is as volwasse mannetjies. Gemiddelde liggaamsgewig het ook betekenisvol verskil tussen volwasse wyfies en mannetjies in albei oorblyfsels. 'n Analise van habitatkwaliteit het gewys dat beide oorblyfsels wat die geometriese skilpad ondersteun grootliks ingeneem is deur inheemse indringers, sowel as uitheemse plante. Die versperrings effek van die Nl snelweg kan verminder word deur duikwege te skep wat die twee ooblyfsels, op teenoorgestelde kante van die pad, verbind. Bowendien, deur 'n ondeurdringbare heining langs passende dele van die snelweg in die Worcester Vallei op te rig, sal skilpadmortaliteit vermy word. Deur oorblyfsels te verbind, salook die grootste enkele area, beskibaar aan die geometriese skilpad in die Worcester Vallei, gevorm word. 'n Addisionele doel van hierdie studie was om veranderinge in vegetasie langs 'n wes-na-oos gradient binne die studie area te korreleer met die teenwoordigheid van skilpaaie langs hierdie gradient. Vegetasie samestelling/eienskappe is dus bepaal vir elke oorblyfsel wat deursoek is vir skilpaaie. Die wes-na-oos verandering in vegetasie samestelling/eienskappe binne die studie area wys dat daar 'n oorgang van Renosterveld in die weste na 'n karooagtige veld in die ooste is.

Thesis (MA)--Stellenbosch University, 2015. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Picturesque Cape Town is the epitome of an urban/nature interface but one within which chacma baboons (Papio ursinus) face slander for transgressing both the socially constructed human/animal and nature/culture divide, and/or the actual, physical borderlines associated with these divides. The difficulties associated with retaining baboons in nature, because of their ability to traverse physical boundaries, have led to human–baboon conflict. Even though research focusing on baboon biology on the Cape Peninsula is abundant, comparatively little attention has been paid to the human aspects of the conflict. By making use of a social constructionist theoretical framework, I wished to establish what attitudes and values play a defining role in different social constructions of chacma baboons, specifically those who often cross the urban/nature divide; what these different social constructions are; whether they differ among the various stakeholders that were included in this research; and whether there is a willingness amongst stakeholders to adjust to, accommodate, or at least understand “other” social constructions. The research is strongly motivated by a suggestion in the literature that human–human conflict underpins human–wildlife conflict. The main data collection method used in this research project was personal, semi-structured interviews with members of various stakeholder groups that are involved in the Cape Peninsula’s “baboon debate”, i.e. governmental institutions, nongovernmental organisations, researchers, representatives of residential associations, local residents and journalists. In order to increase the trustworthiness of my data and to gain an enhanced understanding of the complex social interactions, practices and belief systems which are embedded within human–baboon conflicts, I also analysed the discourse embedded in numerous forms of documentation that refer to the Cape Peninsula’s baboons. The findings from this research provide evidence that conflicts over beliefs and values, conflicts of interest, and conflicts over process are the prominent underlying causes of human– human conflict regarding baboons and baboon management on the Cape Peninsula. Conflicts over beliefs and values seem to underpin all types of human–human conflict regarding baboons on the Cape Peninsula, as human–baboon conflict is riddled with the Cartesian dualisms of urban (or culture) versus nature; human versus animal; biocentrism versus anthropocentrism; and rationalism versus affective social action. The opposition between the two ontologies of rationalism and affective social action, which reflect divergent ways of thinking about baboons and are central to individual’s support of certain baboon-management techniques, is especially pronounced. Moreover, the ability of the Cape Peninsula’s baboons to transgress the nature/culture, and even the human/animal, borderline not only leads to conflict between humans and baboons, but also among humans. This thesis recommends that, in order to effectively address human–human conflict over beliefs and values, as well as human–baboon conflict, the numerous stakeholders on the Cape Peninsula should identify a common significance of baboons. While I would refrain from declaring that human–human conflict is the actual source of human–baboon conflict, addressing the human dimensions of human–wildlife conflict remains an important though neglected issue. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Skilderagtige Kaapstad is die toonbeeld van ’n stedelike/natuur skeidingsvlak, maar een waarbinne die Kaapse bobbejane (Papio ursinus) beswadder word, omdat hulle die sosiaalgekonstrueerde mens/dier en natuur/kultuur skeidslyn en/of die werklike, fisiese grens wat met hierdie skeidslyn geassosieer is, skend. As gevolg van hul vermoë om fisiese grense te oorkruis, het die probleme met die inperking van bobbejane in die natuur tot mens–bobbejaan konflik gelei. Ondanks die feit dat navorsing met die fokus op bobbejaan-biologie op die Kaapse Skiereiland volop is, is relatief min aandag geskenk aan die menslike aspekte van die konflik. Deur gebruik te maak van ’n sosiaal-konstruksionistiese teoretiese raamwerk, wou ek vasstel watter ingesteldhede en waardes ’n bepalende rol speel in verskillende sosiale konstruksies van Kaapse bobbejane, veral diegene wat dikwels die stedelike/natuur skeidingsvlak oorkruis; wat hierdie verskillende sosiale konstruksies is; of hulle verskil tussen die verskeie rolspelers wat ingesluit is in hierdie navorsingsprojek; en of daar ’n bereidwilligheid is onder belanghebbendes om aan te pas by “ander” sosiale konstruksies, dit tegemoet te kom, of ten minste te verstaan. Die navorsing is sterk gemotiveer deur ’n voorstel in die literatuur dat mens–mens konflik mens–wildlewe konflik onderskraag. Die hoof data-insamelingsmetode wat in hierdie navorsingsprojek gebruik is, was persoonlike, semi-gestruktureerde onderhoude met lede van verskillende belanghebbende groepe wat betrokke is in die Kaapse Skiereiland se “bobbejaandebat”, d.w.s regeringsinstellings, nieregeringsorganisasies, navorsers, verteenwoordigers van residensiële verenigings, plaaslike inwoners en joernaliste. Ten einde die betroubaarheid van my data te versterk en om ’n beter begrip te ontwikkel van die ingewikkelde sosiale interaksies, praktyke en oortuigings wat ingebed is in mens–bobbejaan konflikte, het ek ook die diskoers ontleed wat ingebed is in talle vorme van dokumentasie wat verwys na die Kaapse Skiereiland se bobbejane. Die bevindinge van hierdie navorsing verskaf bewyse dat konflikte oor oortuigings en waardes, konflikte van belang, en konflikte oor prosesse die prominente onderliggende oorsake van mens–mens konflik rakende bobbejane en bobbejaanbestuur op die Kaapse Skiereiland is. Konflikte oor oortuigings en waardes blyk onderliggend te wees aan alle vorme van mens–mens konflik ten opsigte van bobbejane in die Kaapse Skiereiland, aangesien mens–bobbejaan konflik deurtrek is met die Cartesiese dualismes van stedelike (of kultuur) teenoor die natuur; mens teenoor dier; biosentrisme teenoor antroposentrisme; en rasionalisme teenoor affektiewe sosiale aksie. Die teenoorgesteldheid tussen die twee ontologieë van rasionalisme en affektiewe sosiale aksie, wat uiteenlopende maniere van dink oor bobbejane weerspieël en sentraal is tot individue se ondersteuning van sekere bobbejaanbestuurtegnieke, is veral ooglopend. Verder lei die vermoë van die Kaapse Skiereiland se bobbejane om die natuur/kultuur en selfs die mens/dier grenslyn te oorkruis, nie slegs tot konflik tussen mense en bobbejane nie, maar ook tussen mense. Hierdie tesis beveel aan dat, ten einde mens–mens konflik rakende oortuigings en waardes, asook mens–bobbejaan konflik, aan te spreek, moet die talle belanghebbendes in die Kaapse Skiereiland ’n gemeenskaplike betekenis van bobbejane identifiseer. Terwyl ek myself sou weerhou om te verklaar dat mens–mens konflik die wesenlike bron van mens–bobbejaan konflik is, bly die menslike dimensies van mens–wildlewe konflik ’n belangrike, dog verwaarloosde kwessie

Thesis (MDF)--Stellenbosch University, 2012. / Poverty, which was traditionally a rural phenomenon, has become one of the main drivers behind people migrating to urban areas. It is estimated that more than 50 per cent of the global population lives in cities while the current annual growth rate of cities in sub-Saharan Africa is almost double the worldwide average. The provision of food for the growing number of poor urban citizens is a major challenge, which needs to be addressed by city authorities. As most of the urbanised poor are exposed to agriculture due to their rural backgrounds, agriculture should be viewed as a possible solution to the challenge of urban food security for the urban poor. Put differently, feeding a growing urban population living in poverty will be one of the major humanitarian and political challenges of the next century. This implies that increased pressure will be put on urban agriculture for food production inside or close to cities, especially in developing countries where poor transportation infrastructure between the cities and rural areas creates problems for food supply. This research explores the significance of urban agriculture as one of the solutions to urban poverty. The aim of this research report is to critically analyse the concept of urban agriculture and how it can contribute to urban renewal and the alleviation of poverty for the urban poor. It focuses particularly on the scope, problems and challenges of urban agriculture in the high density settlements of Khayelitsha-Mitchell’s Plain in Cape Town where widespread poverty and high unemployment intensifies the need for low cost food production for poor households. The research takes into account the lessons learned in the past and looks at the role government, individuals, community organisations, NGO’s and corporate South Africa can play in expanding urban agriculture. We look at the different types of urban agriculture and the various success factors and potential pitfalls in implementing strategies of urban agriculture. This research also takes a closer look at the various problems faced by those keen to utilise urban agriculture opportunities. This research indicates that urbanisation is inevitable and has a negative impact on the poverty levels of urban citizens due to the migration of the rural poor. This is relevant to the Western Cape and in particular, to the Cape Town townships of Khayelitsha and Mitchell’s Plain, due to the accelerating migration from the rural Eastern Cape. The City of Cape Town is doing a fair amount of work in the field of urban agriculture through the Urban Agriculture Policy it adopted in 2007. However, this research concludes that urban agriculture in Africa, including South Africa, still does not receive the necessary recognition or support when compared to the developed world.

Thesis (MBA)--Stellenbosch University, 2014. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Childhood tuberculosis is an infectious disease that can cause serious illness and mortality in especially young children. Following contact with an infectious adult tuberculosis case, the disease is easily preventable through preventive isoniazid treatment, yet very few exposed and at-risk children currently access this healthcare service in most high-burden settings. Previous research pointed out the multifactorial and complex nature of the barriers to accessing preventive care. Specifically, the lack of a formalised recording and reporting tool, such as the universally used tuberculosis treatment registers, possibly contribute to the operational barriers of preventive care delivery to these children. The purpose of this research was to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of an isoniazid preventive treatment register tool used at community level. The study utilised previously reported data from the study population and other high-burden settings to construct a decision analysis model that included varying probabilities of isoniazid preventive treatment across three high risk age groups (<1 year of age, 1 – 2 years of age, 3 – 5 years of age), coupled with disease probabilities and associated treatment costs. The scenarios simulated included 1) the routine isoniazid preventive treatment service (3% started on treatment, 17% identified as eligible); and 2) an isoniazid preventive treatment service supported by a recording register (15% (adherent to six months of treatment) and 38% (started on IPT treatment)). In addition, two hypothetical simulations were included for 76% and 100% isoniazid preventive treatment uptake; these hypothetical simulations required additional community based healthcare worker resources in addition to the register tool. The observations from the literature indicated that more children were identified (24(17%) vs. 54(38%)) and started (4(3%, base case) vs. 54) on isoniazid preventive treatment following the implementation of the register. As expected, the mean number of tuberculosis cases prevented, increased as the proportion of eligible children that received isoniazid preventive treatment, improved; the change in the number of cases prevented per simulation showed incremental improvements which were all significantly better (p<0.01) than the base case.. The incremental cost-effectiveness ratios incurred savings for each of the scenarios simulated since the mean costs for each of the simulations were significantly less (p<0.01) than the costs associated with the base case. The current evidence suggests that the proposed isoniazid preventive treatment register tool is a cost-effective alternative to the current standard of care in place at community level for at-risk children exposed to tuberculosis. It is therefore recommended that the tool be used incrementally on a bigger scale, until such time that sufficient evidence has been generated to support widespread implementation.

Thesis (MBA)--Stellenbosch University, 2015. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This research focused on the experiences of female principals of co-ed high schools in the Western Cape. It investigated the path that their careers followed from the decision to become a teacher to ultimately being appointed as a principal and then having to lead the school. It further investigated the personal, organisational and social factors that were influential along the way. In addition, it probed the motivation and drive behind their career choice as well as the barriers and challenges encountered along the way. The researcher interviewed nine female principals. They were asked to tell their life story, with emphasis on their career route thus far. Key questions were asked, focusing on the motivation behind their career choice, whether they had been actively prepared for promotion and how their appointment was received. The interviews were transcribed in order to prepare them for data analysis. Any content that recorded experiences that contributed to their growth and development in teaching was coded accordingly. This produced a spectrum of codes. The codes were then placed into a diagram and grouped together, based on their meaning and implications. Identified groups included education and training, self-belief, work-life balance, mentorship, support and the stereotyping of women. The interconnectedness of the group was considered, together with their collective impact on the individual principals’ career route. The research findings indicated that the career route of the principals was determined by various factors on a personal level as well as on organisational and social levels. On a personal level, qualifications obtained and the influence of parents, family and own teachers played a role. This was critical in preparing the individual for the career path that was to follow. On an organisational level, opportunities taken, work ethic, mentorship and gender barriers were factors encountered. On a social level, the stereotyping of women and the changing family structure were factors that had to be contended with. Once appointed, it was found that the support from family, colleagues and learners contributed to their success. It emerged that the potential of these women had been identified early on in their careers and that they gained confidence when they were granted opportunities to learn and grow. To become a principal was in most cases never their intention but something that developed as they went about doing their work with commitment and diligence. Throughout, it remained a priority for them to invest in the lives of learners and the greatest joy was derived from seeing learners develop into young adults who were contributing to society.