Saarbrücken, Univ., Diss., 2005. / Erscheinungsjahr an der Haupttitelstelle: 2004. Computerdatei im Fernzugriff.

The main source of energy in the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) remains fossil fuels (oil and gas). The massive and accelerated used of such sources of energy not only depletes the traditional energy sources in those states and thus undermines exports and long-term prosperity; it also causes devastating damages to the environment and to human health. The nature of the Arabian Peninsula is very suitable for renewable energy sources (RES), thus many GCC states have started to consider those resources for their future energy plans. Like any technology, renewable energy technologies (RET) face many challenges such as economic, technical, social and environmental. This research analyses renewable energy (RE) possibilities and barriers in the GCC states in depth, using Kuwait as a case study. Questionnaires were distributed to three different groups to measure their attitudes and knowledge with regard to RE. Moreover, this research investigates the economic and environmental implications of RES adoption for Kuwait. A cost analysis between the traditional energy generated by the Ministry of Electricity and Water (MEW) using oil and gas, and RE energy generated by Al- Shagaya project has been carried out. It was found that most participants were environmentally aware of fuel issues and supported RE; they were prepared to forego subsidies on traditional energy to promote RE, but they doubted the government’s ability to implement RE successfully. Although Al-Shagaya Project was targeted to contribute up to 15% of Kuwait’s total power production by 2030, the cost analysis presented in this thesis revealed that the energy generated from the Al-Shagaya Project accounts for only 2% the energy needs projected at 2030, therefore current plans would only reduce CO2 emissions by 2% by 2030, but a program was proposed whereby larger investment would cause a 92% reduction in costs and reduce CO2 emissions to zero within the same timeframe.

Master of Arts / Department of Economics / Steven P. Cassou / In this report, I investigate the possibility of a monetary unification among the Arab States. The Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) states that include Bahrain, Saudi Arabia, Qatar, UAE, Kuwait and Oman are coming together on the basis of common ethnicity, religion, culture, traditions, and monetary issues. This research will discuss different factors upon which the monetary unification and the birth of a new currency depend. For comparison to the Euro, I closely examined different factors such as inflation rates, exchange rates, trade, etc. over the past decade. As stated, this examination was done to see how these factors compare with those of the Euro region to determine if a similar monetary unification among the GCC states is possible. The target date for launching the new GCC currency was January 1, 2010; however that date has long passed. Although the above mentioned factors are favorable to currency unification of the GCC states, ample time is necessary to achieve such a herculean feat. After all, the Europeans did not achieve the unification of the Euro in one night. One hurdle to unification is that the GCC states still need to control the inflation rates in their own economies. Other economic factors, such as trade, have been favorable for all the GCC states, and all the states have been doing well in terms of the U.S. dollar (USD). Although unification may not have met the January 1, 2010 goal, the GCC will still be observing the economic factors and considering other possible scenarios. All the GCC countries vow to achieve this unification.

Title: GIMPLE Model Checker Author: Ondrej Krč-Jediný Department: Department of Distributed and Dependable Systems Supervisor: RNDr. Ondřej Šerý Ph.D. Supervisor's e-mail address: Ondrej.Sery@mff.cuni.cz The goal of the thesis is a prototype implementation of explicit-state model checker of C - an advanced tool for finding errors in programs. This tool ex- plores all possible paths of program execution as well as all thread interleavings. It is based on GIMPLE - output of front-end of GCC compiler, which is the input language for GMC. The thesis is based on the previous work 'Memory represen- tation for GIMPLE Model Checker', that implements work with memory for this tool. Since it is based on GIMPLE, it makes it possible to verify systems directly in C. In addition, it is easily extensible to other languages supported by GCC. Keywords: model checking, GIMPLE, GCC, C 1

This work evaluates the current situation in the six member states of the Gulf Cooperation Council. The main areas of evaluation are the ongoing reforms, the proposed monetary union and the relationship with the United States. As for the reforms, the main focus is the transition from a closed to an open market economy and the mitigation of their oil dependence. Furthermore, the following chapter deals with an analysis of the Optimum Currency Area for the GCC region. Finally, the last chapter is aimed to provide a brief insight into the US-GCC relationship and its prospects in the near future.

Šiame darbe buvo išnagrinėtos Intel Itanium (IA-64) architektūros savybės, įtakojančios kompiliatoriaus generuojamą kodą, ir išanalizuotos kompiliatoriaus optimizacijos, kurios buvo pritaikytos IA-64 architektūrai. Buvo prieita prie išvados, kad tokias optimizacijas galima susiskirstyti į kelis tipus. Pirmiausia nuo architektūros priklausomos optimizacijos, kurių efektyvumą galima padidinti išnaudojant predikaciją ir prognozavimo savybes ar kitas IA-64 specifines savybes. Antra, nuo architektūros nepriklausomos tradicinės optimizacijos, kurių pertvarkomo kodo efektyvumą galima padidinti parenkant kitokius šias optimizacijas valdančius kompiliavimo parametrus. Tyrime buvo išnagrinėtos ciklų optimizacijos, kurių kodą galimą būtų pakeisti valdomais parametrais. Tyrimas parodė, kad iš tiesų įmanoma sugeneruoti efektyvesnį kodą Intel Itanium architektūroje, keičiant šių parametrų reikšmes nuo numatytųjų reikšmių. / This thesis deeply explored Intel Itanium architecture features that improve a code generated by compiler. Compiler optimizations which are tuned to this architecture are also described. Accomplished research showed that there were several types of optimizations which can be improved on IA-64 architecture. Firstly, optimizations which are dependent on architecture can be optimized using predication and speculation or other unique IA-64 features. Secondly, optimizations that are undependable from traditional architecture can be improved using more aggressive compilation controllable parameters than they are by default. Loop optimizations were chosen for final research. Research proved that changing values of these parameters from default can improve program performance.

This study sets out to investigate the causal relationship between concentration and exports in the Saudi economy, to explain the pattern of diversification over time in relation to planning periods, to examine the effectiveness of the diversification policy in achieving growth, and to consider the implications of the GCC groupings on the diversification argument. In the course of this investigation, the theoretical foundations of trade policy and economic integration are discussed and the economic features of Saudi Arabia and the GCC countries. The Saudi Government has sought to diversify the economy, and these efforts have been reinforced by greater regional integration with the GCC member countries. Yet, attempts at diversification do not appear to have produced substantial effects on the pattern of production and trade. The study employed the Gini-Hirschman coefficient to measure concentration and has related values of these coefficients to measures of fluctuations in total earnings. In addition, the study applied a proportionate contribution statistics model, which is based on the Markowitz-type model, to investigate more directly the extent to which instability in total export earnings of Saudi Arabia is related to concentration. For this purpose, the work focused on Saudi GDP, exports and markets for a period of 26 years from 1970 to 1994. The general conclusion of this study was that there is ample theoretical and practical justification for diversification policies in terms of commodity and geographic markets. When the concentration and instability measures were applied to the Saudi economy, the following were indicated: (a) while the thrust of policy is based on a widening of the composition of export products and market zones to achieve a fall in export instability, it is found instead that the level of instability has been falling in the more recent part when Gini-Hirschman coefficients indicated increasing levels of commodity concentration and decreasing levels of geographic concentration; (b) according to the results from the proportionate contribution statistic, Saudi oil exports and traditional markets contributed disproportionately to total earning instability; and, (c) the GCC market is more stable than other markets, although there are several impediments that delayed the establishment of customs union among member countries.

Universiẗat, Diss., 2005--Saarbrücken. / Erscheinungsjahr an der Haupttitelstelle: 2004.

The focus of this thesis is the establishment and evolution of the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC). Furthermore, analyzing the U.S. relations with the GCC multilaterally and the Gulf States bilaterally. The final phase is to analyze the prospects of future relations between the U.S. and GCC collectively and individually.

This research is concerned with the drivers to utilize Renewable Energy in Gulf Cooperation Council countries with a focus on Kuwait. Such countries show high rates of electricity subsidies with high rate of emissions. At present, there is a continuous need to build new power stations to increase the electrical capacities, in order to cover the high peak loads that occurs in summers to avoid blackouts. The aim of this research is to create a combination of approaches to assess the adoption (economic and environmental) of Photovoltaic for electricity generation in Kuwait, which can be used to assist policy makers to compare various energy mixes and hence determine whether their current and future strategies are appropriate. Kuwait is in this research representative of an exemplar of oil-based economy in Gulf Cooperation Council region since they share similar energy policies and geographic location. The research provides an insight into the adoption of renewables in the region and the impact that particular energy mixes may have. Nine future potential scenarios are created showing different levels of PV deployment within Kuwait. The combination of approaches in this research estimates the economic and environmental impacts using Levelized Cost of Electricity and Life Cycle Assessment respectively of differing RE mixes. The findings show that energy storage increases the cost of electricity and the emissions from the photovoltaic sector. However, for the energy mix (PV and conventional), assuming oil price greater than 10.1$/Bbl. (when no storage required) and 15.2$/Bbl. (when using storage), PV generally lowers the cost of electricity, CO2 and SO2 emissions. Whilst, human toxicity is increased when storage is used. Taking all these factors into account, PV deployment is generally beneficial. However, if different combinations of impacts are considered, environmental and economic impacts may take different patterns. This led to a multi-objective problem to be solved. Using Pareto Front analysis, scenarios without storage requirement (i.e. 13% or less of photovoltaic) are preferable if only cost and human toxicity are considered. The contribution to knowledge from this research is that the deployment of large scale PV technology is beneficial in Kuwait economically and environmentally at least until 30% of the maximum peak load of electricity. The results have implications for other GCC countries with similar geographical, political and energy drivers; the methodology used in this research would be appropriate for these contexts.