Police use-of-force is a topic of interest to most Americans. High-profile shootings of minority citizens and the increase in ambush death rates of police officers has been problematic by dividing society into segments of harsh critics of an entire profession or supporters of the nation'€™s heroes. While use-of-force is highly researched, most existing work has typically forgone the examination of officer mindset in lieu of the more patent explanatory variables of race, sex, and method. The purpose of this study was to gain insight into the psychological influences of officer motivation from those responsible for providing instruction to police officers. This quantitative study focused on perceptions of Public Attitude Towards Police (PATP) as held by police training officers, specifically Academy Instructors (AIs), Departmental Training Officers (DTOs), and Field Training Officers (FTOs) (N = 120). Conflict and organizational theories provided the theoretical foundation for citizen-police conflict, and departmental influence. Data were collected with a Likert scaled questionnaire to discover and present (a) the impacts of perceptions of (PATP) held by police training officers in eleven departments, and (b) variances of those impacts between the three types of trainers. Simple regression analysis revealed a significant statistical impact of use-of-force training by perceptions of PATP by all groups of police trainers, and one-way between groups analysis of variance (ANOVA) revealed a significant difference between impacts of PATP on FTOs in comparison to AIs and DTOs. The present study'€™s results may have a positive impact on social change through the awareness in consideration of mitigating the frequency of use-of-force incidents and increasing safety to law enforcement and the citizenry.

Abstract not available

In today’s hectic society, opportunities to receive pastoral care and to participate in relevant adult or continuing education are greatly valued by organisational employees. For the police community in the English-speaking world, police chaplains have emerged as a group of professionals in police organisations providing specialised pastoral care and associated education to their constituents. As a relatively new community of practitioners, little is known about the emergence of this group in terms of its needs for learning, education and support and processes of acquisition of knowledge and skills. Major purposes of this study were to explicate the learning engaged in by police chaplains to become a professional practitioner and to project the role for future sustainability for all stakeholders. This is the first doctoral thesis to examine the development and practice of police chaplaincy in New South Wales (Australia), New Zealand and the United Kingdom. It was argued that neither police chaplains themselves nor the police communities they serve understand the potential of the role and implications for future learning and performance of that role. Prior to this study, there were no strategies in place to assess consequences of change, to address work-related problems or to determine future training. Consequently, this study explored how police chaplains perform their role so they could better justify the value of their roles for multiple stakeholders and make suitable professional development plans and strategies to improve services, address work-related problems adequately and respond appropriately to social changes. In order to understand and articulate the experiences of police chaplains, a reflective analysis was provided of the work of practising police chaplains in New South Wales, Australia, and a comparative study of police chaplains in New Zealand and the United Kingdom. The qualitative research design was interpretive and used ethnography and autoethnography as methodologies. The researcher is a police chaplain herself and is a current member of this professional group in New South Wales and was for a period of time in New Zealand. Four key objectives guided the inquiry and were addressed in determining an explanatory framework in the literature review and in the findings and discussion chapters. The first objective was to investigate the nature of the professional police chaplain. The findings suggested that police chaplains were male or female, ordained or lay, highly educated and pastoral and have a passion for policing. They are professional in nature from their qualifications as a minister, practising professionalism in their role as minister and chaplain and behaving appropriately as a professional. It was discovered in this study that because police chaplains largely act alone they have developed four distinct ‘walking styles’ of having a presence and performing their role in a police station or other venues. The second objective to explicate the nature of police chaplaincy culture focused on kinship among police chaplains and incorporated notions of community of practice, culture and identity. The findings showed that kinship was a useful explanatory concept for analysing the culture of police chaplaincy. It became evident in the study that learning, belonging, connecting, participating and knowing were essential in the police chaplain’s role in complex and diverse communities of practice and various community and organisational cultures that influenced their identities as a minister, chaplain and pastoral carer. The third objective was to identify the major challenges faced by police chaplains. The findings indicated that police chaplains consistently faced challenges in representing the spiritual to police, managing their time, finding best practices, being credible and understanding others relationally as well as attending critical incidents in their ongoing honorary position. Senior Chaplains played an important role providing the support and training that police chaplains require for their ongoing practice while mentors and/or spouses also provided necessary time to listen to the police chaplain’s challenging day. The fourth objective was to examine the professional development and training of police chaplains. The findings revealed that training offered to the honorary police chaplain was minimal and did not meet the police chaplains’ needs. Strategies including a program of continuing professional education have been suggested to enhance training and development for the future of police chaplaincy. Police chaplains interviewed for this research have given a broad range of perspectives making this exploratory study a significant contribution towards capturing the culture of police chaplaincy for the first time. This exposition of the work of police chaplains contributes to setting future directions for police chaplaincy practice and research enabling a better service for police officers and staff of police services worldwide.

This thesis about rank and file police takes place from within a class framework with its foundations in the works of Marx, Engels and Gramsci who theorised that revolution is the result of the contradictions in class society reaching breaking point. This thesis contends that ‘progressive’ intellectuals, journalists and politicians act, as Gramsci theorised, as the ‘subalterns’ of the state by creating a ‘moral panic’ about police corruption. They ignore the wider spread of corruption within a criminal justice system that is shaped and reinforced by a highly politicised criminal justice establishment. The supporting data of the argument is provided in open ended, semi structured interviews with operational police. This is integrated with material from media sources, parliamentary inquiries, commissions of inquiry, legal transcripts and various published data from journals, newspaper articles, personal diaries, conference papers, Internet publications and policy documents. / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

本論文研究的目的，旨在探討鄧小平復出之後，提出「一個中心，兩個基 本點」的具有中國特色的社會主義建設下，為應付日益嚴重的社會治安問 題，及鞏固「人民民主專政」而組建的「人民武裝警察部隊」的實際狀況 及其相關情形，使得我們對「第二武裝」有確切的了解，進而掌握其 未 來的角色。 本論文，共分五章十六節，約十一萬餘字，大致內容如下： 前言說明研究動機與目的。第一章緒論。敘述人民民主專政的內涵與中共 的政法機關，並對中共公安工作沿革簡單分析，亦也描述其公安體制演變 。第二章中共人民武裝警察部隊的性質、沿革與任務。敘述武警部隊的歷 史沿革與性質，及其各警種之任務及特點、執勤方式及紀律要求。第三章 中共人民武裝警察部隊的現行體制。敘述武警之現行組織編制與指揮系統 、及共黨的絕對領導，並描述其司令部之分工及其部隊建設與總部成立以 來歷年概況。第四章中共人民武裝警察部隊的評估。評估其現存問題，另 也討論解放軍恢復「警備區」的影響。第五章結論。探討鄧小平路線下的 武警未來角色。

In today’s hectic society, opportunities to receive pastoral care and to participate in relevant adult or continuing education are greatly valued by organisational employees. For the police community in the English-speaking world, police chaplains have emerged as a group of professionals in police organisations providing specialised pastoral care and associated education to their constituents. As a relatively new community of practitioners, little is known about the emergence of this group in terms of its needs for learning, education and support and processes of acquisition of knowledge and skills. Major purposes of this study were to explicate the learning engaged in by police chaplains to become a professional practitioner and to project the role for future sustainability for all stakeholders. This is the first doctoral thesis to examine the development and practice of police chaplaincy in New South Wales (Australia), New Zealand and the United Kingdom. It was argued that neither police chaplains themselves nor the police communities they serve understand the potential of the role and implications for future learning and performance of that role. Prior to this study, there were no strategies in place to assess consequences of change, to address work-related problems or to determine future training. Consequently, this study explored how police chaplains perform their role so they could better justify the value of their roles for multiple stakeholders and make suitable professional development plans and strategies to improve services, address work-related problems adequately and respond appropriately to social changes. In order to understand and articulate the experiences of police chaplains, a reflective analysis was provided of the work of practising police chaplains in New South Wales, Australia, and a comparative study of police chaplains in New Zealand and the United Kingdom. The qualitative research design was interpretive and used ethnography and autoethnography as methodologies. The researcher is a police chaplain herself and is a current member of this professional group in New South Wales and was for a period of time in New Zealand. Four key objectives guided the inquiry and were addressed in determining an explanatory framework in the literature review and in the findings and discussion chapters. The first objective was to investigate the nature of the professional police chaplain. The findings suggested that police chaplains were male or female, ordained or lay, highly educated and pastoral and have a passion for policing. They are professional in nature from their qualifications as a minister, practising professionalism in their role as minister and chaplain and behaving appropriately as a professional. It was discovered in this study that because police chaplains largely act alone they have developed four distinct ‘walking styles’ of having a presence and performing their role in a police station or other venues. The second objective to explicate the nature of police chaplaincy culture focused on kinship among police chaplains and incorporated notions of community of practice, culture and identity. The findings showed that kinship was a useful explanatory concept for analysing the culture of police chaplaincy. It became evident in the study that learning, belonging, connecting, participating and knowing were essential in the police chaplain’s role in complex and diverse communities of practice and various community and organisational cultures that influenced their identities as a minister, chaplain and pastoral carer. The third objective was to identify the major challenges faced by police chaplains. The findings indicated that police chaplains consistently faced challenges in representing the spiritual to police, managing their time, finding best practices, being credible and understanding others relationally as well as attending critical incidents in their ongoing honorary position. Senior Chaplains played an important role providing the support and training that police chaplains require for their ongoing practice while mentors and/or spouses also provided necessary time to listen to the police chaplain’s challenging day. The fourth objective was to examine the professional development and training of police chaplains. The findings revealed that training offered to the honorary police chaplain was minimal and did not meet the police chaplains’ needs. Strategies including a program of continuing professional education have been suggested to enhance training and development for the future of police chaplaincy. Police chaplains interviewed for this research have given a broad range of perspectives making this exploratory study a significant contribution towards capturing the culture of police chaplaincy for the first time. This exposition of the work of police chaplains contributes to setting future directions for police chaplaincy practice and research enabling a better service for police officers and staff of police services worldwide.

Thesis (M.Com.)--Potchefstroom University for Christian Higher Education, 2000.

Thesis (M.A.)--Potchefstroom University for Christian Higher Education, 2000.

Thesis (M.A.)--Potchefstroom University for Christian Higher Education, 1999.

Thesis (M. P. A.)--University of Hong Kong, 2006. / Title proper from title frame. Also available in printed format.