This study presents a new way for new 3D energy harvesting energy with vertically aligned nanorods arrays. ZnO nanoparticles array on Au/Cr/Si substrate are directly patterned by electrospray. First, gel solutions with zinc acetate, monoethanolamine and 2-methoxyethanol as the precursor by sol-gel technology were formulated. Then, the solutions were stirred to become clear and homogeneous liquid. Second, the precursor solutions were prepared by electrospray, where a Taylor cone was formed to produce ZnO nanoparticles. Then the ZnO nanoparticles were annealed as seed layers for nanorods. By varying the property of the ZnO solution, needle with collector distance, applied voltage, annealing temperature and molar ratio were discussed. After annealing, the orientation of the ZnO nanorods depend on the crystalline orientation of ZnO nanoparticles. The ZnO nanorods were obtained at a temperature of 90 ¢XC by aqueous solution method. The experimental parameters of lengths, diameters, and pH level of the reaction medium of the Zno nanorod were observed and controlled. The physical structures of ZnO were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM) analyses. The results show that the ZnO nanoparticles become more intensity with increasing in annealing temperature. The SEM analysis reveals that the ZnO nanorods have diameters about 100-400 nm and length about 200-1200 nm. Finally, Pt electrode atop as Schottky contacts were packed to fabricate nanogenerator with ZnO nanorods. Then the nanogenerator was driven by ultrasonic wave vibration. The wave drives the electrode up and down to vibrate the nanorods, and its voltage and current were also characterized. The measurement results show the maximum power is 0.004х10-8 W during the operation frequency of 42 kHz.

In this thesis, the lithium tantalite [LiTaO3, abbreviated to LT] thin films were deposited on Pt/Ti/SiO2/Si substrates by spin coating with sol-gel processing and rapid thermal processing. 1,3 propanediol was used as solvent to minimize the number of cycles of spin coating and drying processes to obtain the desired thickness of thin film. By changing the heating rate (600~3000¢J/min) and the heating temperature (500~800¢J), the effects of various processing parameters on the thin films growth are studied. In addition, the thermal isolation of detecting elements was achieved by the anisotropic wet etching of back silicon substrate. In order to reduce the thermal mass and thermal time constant of detector, the sensing element was built-up on a thin membrane. By changing the membrane thickness (20~350 £gm), the effects of various membrane thickness on the response of pyroelectric IR detector devices are studied also. Experimental results reveal that the heating rate will influence strongly on grain size, dielectricity, ferroelectricity and pyroelectricity of LT thin films. With the increase of heating rate, the grain size of LT thin film decreases slightly, and the c-axis orientation is enhanced. The relative dielectric constant (£`r ) of LT thin film increases from 28 up to 45.6, the dielectric loss (tan

Hydroxyl terminated polybutadiene (HTPB) based polyurethanes (PUs) are low modulus materials and degrade easily at low temperature. Polycarbodiimide (PCDI) and polysiloxane (PSi) are reactive-type fillers when formed by carbodimidzation and sol-gel process, respectively. During the combustion, PCDI and PSi give off non-toxic, non-corrosive volatile gases, and finally form carbonaceous and siliceous chars. In this study, modified PUs were prepared by incorporating PCDI or PSi into PUs to give high carbon, nitrogen and silicon materials. These modified PUs are kinds of organic-inorganic hybrids with higher modulus and higher thermal stability than HTPB-based PUs. In addition, new silicone based insulation materials were prepared by mixing two silicone rubber materials LSR-2670 and RTV-627 from GE Silicones, in order to improve the heat insulation and to reduce the ablation rate. These inhibitors can keep the rocket motor from the high temperature ablation for a long time, especially castable silicone based heat insulations for the case of the ramjet engines. The mechanical properties at room temperature and the thermal stability of these modified PUs and silicone rubbers were investigated using a tensile tester and a thermogravimetric analyzer (TGA). ATR/FTIR (Attenuated total reflectance / Fourier transform infrared) technique is applied to monitor the synthesis process of PCDI and to examine the change of surface chemistry of insulator before and after thermal degradation via TGA. TGA coupled with FTIR (TGA/FTIR) was used to analyze the kinetics and the mechanism of thermal degradation under nitrogen and/or air. The Friedman and Kissinger methods of analysis were used for calculating the activation energy of degradation from dynamic TGA. The modified PUs (HIPTD-40%Psi¤ÎHIPTD-30%PMPS-PSi) with average activation energy of 88 and 112 kcal/mole (0.5¡Õ£\¡Õ0.9, under N2) and the modified silicone rubber (LR-5%HTB) with activation energy of 46.2~67.0 kcal/mole (0.1¡Õ£\¡Õ0.9, under N2) and 34.0~59.1 kcal/mole (0.1¡Õ£\¡Õ0.9, under air).The maximum degradation temperature (Tmax) and char yield (CY) of thermal degradation were estimated from a series of experiments with heating rates of 1, 3, 5, 10, 20, 30, 40 and 50 ¢J/min, under nitrogen or air. It is apparent that the maximum degradation temperature is dependent on heating rate. By assuming the heating rate for the insulator used in a rocket operating environment is about 5000¢J/min, Tmax calculated for the modified PUs (HIPTD-40%PSi and HIPTD-30%PMPS-PSi under N2) are found as 538 and 562¢J and for the modified silicone rubber (LR-5%HTB under N2 and air) are found as 576 and 562¢J, respectively. CY calculated for the modified silicone rubber (LR-5%HTB under N2 and air) is found as 71.5% and 66.2%. The morphology of modified PUs and silicone rubbers before and after thermal degradation via TGA was observed by optical and scanning electron microscope (SEM).

ABSTRACT The increase of carbon dioxide (CO2) concentration in the atmosphere has become a severe environmental problem, since it could cause global warming due to greenhouse effects. Thus, the reduction of CO2 emission to tackle the greenhouse effect has become one of the most important tasks for sustainable development. The outcomes of this study would be valuable to evaluate the feasibility of applying photocatalytic reduction process to remove CO2 from the atmosphere as well as the flue gas. This study investigated the photocatalytic reduction of CO2 in a self-designed batch UV/TiO2 photocatalytic reactor. The photocatalysts tested included commercial TiO2 (Degussa P-25) and synthesized TiO2 via modified sol-gel process (i.e. NO3-/TiO2 and SO42-/TiO2). Stainless steel supports coated with TiO2 were packed in the batch reactor. The initial concentrations of CO2 ranged from 0.5% to 7.5%. The reductants investigated included hydrogen (H2), water vapor (H2O), and hydrogen with water vapor (H2+H2O). The incident UV light with wavelength of 365 nm was irradiated by a 15-watt low-pressure mercury lamp. The photocatalytic reaction was conducted continuously for approximately 48 hours. Reactants and products were analyzed quantitatively by a gas chromatography with a flame ionization detector followed by a methaneizer (GC/FID-Methaneizer). Experimental results indicated that stainless steel coated with TiO2 had better photoreduction efficiency than that of quartz glass. The optimal operating conditions of CO2 photoreduction were observed by using H2 over SO42-/TiO2, which could produce major products of CO and CH4 and minor products of C2H4 and C2H6. Sulfuric acid used as a stabilizer in the sol-gel process could produce TiO2 of high specific surface area. Results obtained from the operating parameter tests showed that the photoreduction rate increased with the initial concentration of carbon dioxide and resulted in more product accumulation. Higher photoreduction efficiency of carbon dioxide was observed by using the hydrogen (H2) than water vapor (H2O). The photoreduction rate of carbon dioxide increased with reaction temperature, which promoted the formation of products. In addition, proper water vapor (ie. relative humidity of water vapor =25%~75%) could increase the photoreduction efficiency. However, the photoreduction efficiency decreased white it was close to (ie. relative humidity of water vapor =75%~100%). Concurred with previous researches, the reaction rate of major products over SO42-/TiO2 were higher than previous investigations of CO2 photoreduction. This study proposed the reaction pathway using hydrogen and/or water vapor as the reductants. Moreover, a one-site Langmiur-Hinshewood kinetic model (L-H model) was successfully applied to simulate the reaction rate of CO2 during the photoreduction reaction process.

In the work, photocatalytical treatment of acetic acid wastewater by nanostructured film of TiO2 under ultra-violet ¡]UV¡^ light illumination was studied. Nanosized TiO2 suspension was prepared by the sol-gel process. Then it was dip-coated on indium tin-oxide¡]ITO¡^glass, which could be used as the anode if applicable. Effects the UV light intensity, UV light wavelength, reactive area of TiO2 film, solution pH, and applied bias voltage on photocatalysis efficiency of acetic acid in term of COD removal were studied in this work. Experimental results have shown that a pseudo first-order kinetics was obeyed in all tests. In this study UV light of 312nm outperformed that of 365nm ¡]15.3¢H vs. 11.0¢H¡^. UV light intensity of 20W was also found to be superior to 10W with COD removal of 11.0¢H against 6.7¢H. COD removal at pH¡×3.18 was about 3.6 times greater as compared with that of at pH=9.98. When the reactive area of TiO2 film was increased to three times, the COD removal was almost doubled. An applied external voltage was found to enhance the removal of COD. When an external voltage of 15V was applied, the COD removal was increased to 84.6¢H. It is ascribed to an external voltage would prevent or lower the extent of electron-hole recombination. In this work, the pseudo first-order reaction rate equation K¡¬=1.7679(COD)-0.7547 was obtained for various concentrations of acetic acid tested.

Immobilization of fluorescent chemosensors and chromogenic reagents on solid supports for developing optical sensors result in improved analytical performance characteristics such as continuous read-out, increased sensitivity, lower reagent consumption and possibility of using the sensor in solvents where the free molecule displays low solubility. The aim of this study is to immobilize dansylaminophenyl boronic acid (DAPB acid) and diphenylcarbazide (DPC) into various solid supports for the determination of fructose and hexavalent chromium, respectively. DAPB acid reacts with diol containing molecules to produce electron transfer resulting fluorescence quenching. Whereas DPC reacts specifically with chromate to produce a magenta colored complex having absorption maximum at 540 nm. Utilizing sol-gel technology, inorganic polymer matrices which enabled to observe fluorescence and absorbance signal in VIS region has been constructed. Also methylmethacrylate (MMA) and methacrylic acid (MAA), which are known to give transparent organic co-polymers, are chosen as monomers in the synthesis of organic copolymer. Hydrogels such as polyvinyl alcohol and Ca-alginate gel have been utilized for their good optical characteristics in the working range. Several considerations in the construction of host matrix were taken into account, such as the porosity of the polymers, functionalization of the matrix and use of additives for increasing the affinity of the medium toward the dopant molecule and swelling properties of organic polymers. The performances of the immobilizations were evaluated in terms of the transmittance and leaching properties of the host matrix, optical properties of dopant and optical response characteristic of the dopant for the analyte. The sensor applications of the immobilized probe molecule DPC were investigated. Studies regarding the enhancement of the performance of the flow injection analysis method for fructose determination, previously carried out in our laboratory, based on the fluorescence quenching of DAPB acid probe in solution were stated.

Today, ceramic, polymer, and composite nanofibers are among the most charming materials for nanotechnology. Because of their small characteristic dimension, high surface area, and microstructural features, they provide unique mechanical, optical, electronic, magnetic, and chemical properties for an extensive variety of materials applications. Electrospinning provides an effective way of the nanofiber production in a nanometer scale. This technique utilizes a high voltage DC to create a strong electric field and a certain charge density in a viscous solution contained in a pipette. As a result, fibers with diameters ranging from the micrometer to nanometer are formed from this charged solution. This study deals with, the fabrication of alumina borosilicate ceramic nanofibers using electrospinning technique. Alumina borosilicates contain important components having intriguing characteristics for many applications and have been widely studied with different compositions. In this study, alumina borosilicate/PVA solution was prepared using the conventional sol-gel method. Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) was added into this solution to increase the viscosity for electrospinning. After the alumina borosilicate/PVA solution was electrospun into fibers, high temperature sintering was carried to obtain ceramic alumina borosilicate fibers. The products were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffractometry (XRD), Fourier transform-infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), and thermogravimetric/differential thermal analysis (TG-DTA) techniques.

In this study, maghemite (&amp / #947 / -Fe2O3) thin films were prepared by chemical solution deposition on glass and quartz substrates. The solution was prepared by using 0.3 M iron (III) nitrate [Fe(NO3)3 - 9H2O] as precursor and dissolved in a mixture of 2-methoxyethanol and acetylacetone in a molar ratio of 20:2, by stirring the solution at RT for 2 hours. Substrates were prepared by either piranha etching method or ultrasonic cleaning method. The solution was spin coated on glass and quartz substrates at 1400 and 4000 rpm for 1 minute. The resultant film thickness was found as 65 and 80 nm by SEM. Viscosity of the main solution was found to be approximately as 0.0035 Pa.s by viscosity measurement. TGA/DTA analyses showed that, to produce maghemite thin film, heat treatment should be done between 330 &deg / C and 440 &deg / C. Homogeneous and crack free maghemite thin films were observed by Energy Dispersive Spectrometry (EDS) and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) methods. TEM studies verified maghemite thin film formation by using electron diffraction and SAED (selected area electron diffraction) method. Thin film characteristics were evaluated by changing the experimental parameters which are annealing temperature, annealing time and thickness of the films using XRD (x-ray diffraction) method. Optical band gap of maghemite thin films were found as approximately 2.64 eV by UV-VIS Spectrophotometer. Magnetic properties of maghemite thin films were also examined by VSM (vibrating sample magnetometer).

Magnetite (Fe3O4) thin films were prepared by a sol-gel process in which, a solution of iron (III) nitrate dissolved in ethylene glycol was applied on glass substrates by spin coating. Xerogel films were obtained by drying the coated films at 110 &deg / C. The films were sintered between 300 &deg / C and 450 &deg / C in order to observe the phases existing in the films at different temperatures. Coating solution showed Newtonian behaviour and viscosity was found as 0.0215 Pa.s. DTA analysis showed that, sintering temperature should be selected between 291 &deg / C and 350 &deg / C in order to produce magnetite thin films. Prepared magnetite thin films were characterized by XRD, SEM, AFM, TEM, VSM and UV-Vis spectrometer. In-plane grazing angle diffraction studies showed that magnetite phase was present upon sintering the films at 300 &deg / C. From the SEM studies, it was shown that films with defect free surfaces were obtained and by cross section studies, thickness of the films was found as ~10-200 nm. AFM images showed that no cracks or any other defects on the film surface were present. TEM results proved the existence of single phase magnetite in the produced films. UV-Vis spectrum results showed that transmittance of the films increases with decreasing sintering temperature and increasing spinning rate. Up to 96% transmittance was observed between the wavelengths of 900-1100 nm. Magnetic properties of magnetite thin films were also examined by VSM (Vibrating Sample Magnetometer) and ferromagnetic behaviour was shown using VSM data.

Zirconium tungstate (ZrW2O8) is a ceramic that shows large isotropic negative thermal expansion over a wide range of temperature. This unique property makes it an interesting candidate for applications where thermal expansion mismatch between components constitutes a problem. ZrW2O8 is typically produced by solid-state reaction between zirconium oxide and tungsten oxide at 1200oC. In some studies, ZrW2O8 precursors have been produced from relatively expensive zirconium and tungsten sources. While the origin of negative thermal expansion has been the main focus in the majority of publications, production of particles with controlled size, distribution and morphology has not been studied extensively. Electrospinning is a simple technique for producing micron/nano sized fibers from polymer solutions. The method can also be used for producing ceramic or polymer/ceramic composite fibers by electrospinning of a mixture of ceramic precursors or ceramic nanoparticles with suitable polymers. Ceramic precursors could be synthesized either by sol-gel or chemical precipitation routes before mixing them with polymer solutions and a final burnout step would be needed, in case the fiber is desired to be composed of the ceramic phase. Electrospinning technique has not been employed to the production of ZrW2O8 ceramic fibers. In this study a novel precursor for ZrW2O8 from relatively cheaper and abundant starting chemicals, namely zirconium acetate and tungstic acid were used. Experimental details of development of the precursor are presented with a discussion on the effects of solution parameters on the phase purity of the fired product. Besides the solution parameters investigated (i.e. solubility of tungstic acid, adjustment of the stoichiometry, final pH of the solution, ageing time), evolution of the heat treatment protocol was used in the production of phase pure ZrW2O8. Second, the suitability of the developed precursor for producing ZrW2O8 in fiber form was investigated. Preliminary studies involved the adjustment of the viscosity of precursor solution for electrospinning with poly (vinyl alcohol) (PVA). Optimum PVA concentration leading to bead-free nanofiber mats and a method to increase the fiber production rate were reported. The characterization of the products was achieved by SEM and XRD.