A study of the American Civil War and the Confederacy would be incomplete without an examination of the religious revivals in the Confederate army. For one of the few times in wartime history, soldiers were unable to escape the flame of religious revivals. From the Army of Northern Virginia, the Army of Tennessee, and the Army of Mississippi to hundreds of scattered commands including northern prisoner of war camps, revivals touched the lives of soldiers, directly or indirectly, as few revivals have before or since. This study traces the beginnings or revivals from a few scattered commands and hospitals to the great revivals of 1863 and 1864. Through the written word carried by colporteurs and the spoken word of the preachers, be they chaplains, missionaries or laymen, the word of God was spread. / Revivals had been common in the South during much of its history and many churches relied upon, and people believed in, its use to spread the Gospel. From this historical, yet personal background, the deterioration of the military situation (before going into battle, soldiers were especially receptive to the Christian message) and camp conditions combined to make an opportune time for religious awareness/awakening. This elementary faith was quickly spread throughout the camp, flaming fiercely only to dissipate and rekindle in yet another camp. Active fighting and certain climate conditions were the only things to put a damper on these fires. Prayer groups and various Christian associations remained constant, keeping the flames smoldering even when the fire could no longer be lit, yet enabling the fire to flicker again when conditions permitted. During the winters and springs of 1863 and 1864, the revivals reached their pinnacles but they continued until the end of the war in all of the major armies. Singing, preaching and praying were common throughout the revivals, and each service was followed by smaller prayer meetings and answering questions of and praying for those who asked. For the soldiers touched by Christianity, it was their work, their cooperation, and their story that made the revivals so important. / Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 43-10, Section: A, page: 3398. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--The Florida State University, 1982.

Although the lumber industry was second only to agriculture as an employer of Southern workers, historians have tended to neglect that subject. Even though the pine forests of Georgia were among the first of the Southern forests to be fully exploited after the Civil War, that phase of the state's history is virtually unknown. This dissertation is intended to close that historical gap. / The finest tracts of timber in Georgia were located along the Altamaha River and its two principal tributaries, the Ocmulgee and Oconee rivers. The virgin timber in this region was harvested between 1865 and 1918 with the 1880s and 1890s being the two decades of highest production. The Georgia Land and Lumber Company, commonly known as the Dodge company, was the largest enterprise operating in the Altamaha River basin and in the state from 1868 through the early 1880s. During these same years the port of Darien, at the mouth of the Altamaha, shipped the bulk of the basin's timber. Lumbering in the basin reached peak production levels after 1880 when the Macon and Brunswick Railroad was purchased by the East Tennessee, Virginia, and Georgia Railroad, thus connecting the area with inland markets throughout the country. Afterward, many companies moved into the basin and erected large lumber mills to harvest the longleaf pine along the railroad. Naturally, the railroad siphoned off a growing percentage of the timber trade from Darien, lessening her importance as a timber port. / An integral part of the longleaf pine lumber story was logging, rafting, and the domestic and foreign marketing of longleaf pine. Other subjects covered are labor relations in the Altamaha basin industry, trade association activity among the mill owners, a description of the machinery employed in the basin mills, and the growing concern over conservation measures. / Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 44-07, Section: A, page: 2226. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--The Florida State University, 1983.

A study that examines the development of a late Nineteenth Century businessman, who embraced the ideas of entrepreneurship, and his evolutionary shift toward a philosophy of cooperation for stability and mutual advantage. James W. Ellsworth was a second level of businessman--beneath the extremely wealthy magnates--who founded a coal mercantile firm in Chicago the late 1870s. Selling coal principally to the burgeoning railroads, he amassed a minor fortune and by the 1890s had established a reputation of meeting any company's fuel demands promptly. He developed an appreciation for art, which got him elected as a director of the World's Columbian Exposition in 1983. Ellsworth helped plan, finance, and obtain exhibits for the fair and when it concluded, he was instrumental in creating the Field Columbian Museum from the exposition. The businessman was also president of the Union National Bank. He saved the bank from failure during the depression of 1893-1897, and even solicited a large monetary fund from the Chicago banking community for William McKinley's Presidential campaign in 1896. Moreover, he helped develop Chicago's park system during his tenure as president of the South Park Commission. / During the decade of the 1890s Ellsworth understood the necessity of cooperation. He was involved in many endeavors that he knew little about and was compelled to rely on others for assistance. Gradually the idea of cooperation emerged, which was apparent when he solicited money. In 1898 he expanded his business vertically and began operation of his own coal mines in western Pennsylvania. Utlizing cooperation in the form of paternalism, he created what he called a mining utopia, where the workers lived in nice homes, with clean surroundings, and good social services. He sold the entire town in 1907 and returned to his hometown of Hudson, Ohio and offered to make this community a model town. Residents accepted his proposition only after they agreed to cooperate with him in the project. Part of his plan was the re-establishment of Western Reserve Academy in the town, and he realized this goal in 1916. When he died Ellsworth left the school a handsome endowment. / Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 44-03, Section: A, page: 0844. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--The Florida State University, 1983.

A reexamination of the thirty-year period from 1730 to 1760 during which colonial South Carolina expanded into the back country, first described by Robert L. Meriwether in his 1940 study, The Expansion of South Carolina, 1729-1765. / It was during the initial three decades of frontier settlement that the demographic and social characteristics differentiating the back country from the tidewater first were established. Official concern for the internal (possible slave revolt) and external (attack by Indians or hostile European nations) security of South Carolina resulted in the creation of nine back country townships designed to attract white, Protestant farmers to the back country. / Unlike earlier attempts at expansion, these settlements were able to withstand the upheaval and destruction caused by the Cherokee War of 1759-1761 because back country society (despite its lack of cohesiveness) was firmly entrenched before its troubles began. Even after the severe dislocations of the Indian war, the back country basically remained the white buffer zone envisioned by Governor Robert Johnson and other provincial leaders in colonial South Carolina. / With the exception of the first chapter, which relates the history of the first thirty years of back country expansion, the study arranged by the demographic and social characteristics of the early South Carolina frontier. Contemporary statistics and demographic techniques have been used where possible and are supplemented by short biographies of representative settlers. / Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 47-01, Section: A, page: 0289. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--The Florida State University, 1985.

This study presents the production history of the Children's Theatre Unit of the Federal Theatre Project in New York City from the start of the unit in November 1935 until the end of the Federal Theatre Project in June 1939. Chapter I gives background information on the early days of the Federal Theatre, an overview of work being done at that time by children's theatres throughout the country, and the early development and plans of the Children's Theatre Unit. Chapters II through V present the production histories of nine plays and three festivals produced by the Children's Theatre Unit: The Emperor's New Clothes, Horse Play (also produced by the Negro Theatre Unit), Flight, The Revolt of the Beavers, Jack and the Beanstalk, Pierre Patelin, Treasure Island, Mr. Dooley, Jr., and Pinocchio, and the Children's Autumn Festival of Art, Music and Theatre, the Children's Holiday Festival, and the Children's Easter Festival. Each performance is discussed in terms of script, personnel, production, and audience response. Each chapter also includes a summary of the problems being encountered by the Federal Theatre at that time. Conclusions are then drawn concerning the educational and social values of the work done by the Children's Theatre and the legacy left by the Unit to future generations of workers in children's theatre. An appendix includes audience surveys used by the Children's Theatre Unit, a list of members on the Unit's advisory committee, and programs and photographs from the productions. / Research for this study was done at the National Archives in Washington, D.C., at the Library of Congress Federal Theatre Project Collection at George Mason University Library, Fairfax, Virginia, and at the Theatre Collection, Performing Arts Center, New York Public Library at Lincoln Center. / Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 47-12, Section: A, page: 4237. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--The Florida State University, 1986.

The deerskin trade was the most powerful force on Creek life during the eighteenth century. The trade was also one of the most important economic activities in the neighboring British colonies. From its establishment in the 1730s until the American Revolution, Augusta, Georgia, dominated the deerskin trade with the southern Indians. The deerskin trade had political implications as well, and colonial and imperial officials sought to use the trade as a diplomatic tool. For the Creeks, the maintenance of trade and peaceful relations required negotiation and accommodation with the British. Headmen assumed more authority as they formulated and directed Creek foreign policy. / The exchange of deerskins for European manufacturers brought a wide array of material goods to improve and complicate Creek life. Creeks quickly accepted guns and cloth goods but kinship patterns, views on land ownership, and concepts of property proved resistant to change. Consumption always outstripped production in the Creek country, and debt became a constant in Creek life. By the end of the colonial period, Creeks found it necessary to cede land to pay their debts. / Overall, the Creeks emerged from the colonial period with most of their land and cultural traditions intact. The established patterns of commerce from Augusta to the Creek towns were completely overturned by Revolutionary War. Georgia's population grew rapidly during the last part of the eighteenth century, and farming replaced the deerskin trade in economic importance. The trade was resumed through other channels after the war and Creek dependence on foreign goods and the practice of ceding land to clear trade debts continued. Perhaps the most profound changes wrought by the trade resulted from the union of traders and Creek women. The mixed-blood offspring of these relationship ushered in numerous economic, political, and social innovations in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries and changed the course of Creek history. / Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 47-12, Section: A, page: 4492. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--The Florida State University, 1986.

This dissertation compares attitudes toward death in colonial Massachusetts and South Carolina during their first centuries. Diaries, sermons, newpapers, and legal records are examined and used for a general description of attitudes toward death in each colony which in turn is used for a concluding section comparing the colonies on this issue, suggesting reasons for apparent similarities and differences, and speculating on the significance of these findings. / The evidence examined for this study indicates the presence of two distinct responses to death. Death in Massachusetts was an awesome event. Because of the dominant religious ideology, Puritans perceived dying as putting every person's fate to the test before God, but as traumatic as dying could be for an individual, this uncertainty was not unchallenged on other levels. When the people of Massachusetts wrote in their diaries and journals, listened to funeral sermons, read the newspaper, and observed the actions of their government, they witnessed death manipulated. The key characteristic of this activist approach was the attempt to interact positively with tragedy. Death became an event which perpetuated the ideals of the Bay Colony because it was used to call survivors to go forward with the struggles of living in a "holy commonwealth." / Death was an all too common event in South Carolina. Between epidemic diseases which almost seem endemic, Indian wars, and the accidents associated with a major port city, Carolinians had more than their share of exposure to dying. Because of this intense interaction with death and the religious fragmentation of society, there was no fundamental framework for dealing with dying in this colony. People shared their feelings of sorrow, but they did not have a common means of interpreting the tragedies that surrounded them. In short, they faced death on their own without collective efforts at manipulating tragedy. / Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 48-03, Section: A, page: 0731. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--The Florida State University, 1987.

Thesis (Ed.M.)--Boston University. Pages 10 and 11 misnumbered.

Thesis (Ph.D.)--Boston University. / The purpose of this study is to describe American legitimate (i.e., non-slave) commerce with West Africa for the period 1789-1914. Emphasis is placed on the influence of American commerce on historical events in West Africa. The sources include logbooks, merchants' paper and memoirs, colonial records, unpublished theses and published historical studies. Research was carried on in libraries and archives in the United States, Britain, France, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Ghana, Dahomey and Nigeria. [TRUNCATED]

The recent foreign policy controversies of the Carter Administration have served to highlight many of the weaknesses of United States foreign affairs decision making. The ineffectiveness of America's response to world events is not a recent phenomenon. The patterns begun by United States policymakers in the 1940s have come to haunt their modern day counterparts. Nowhere has this been more evident than in Asia. The policies that guided American involvement in China, Korea, and Vietnam still hang around America's neck like a great albatross. / President Carter's recognition of the People's Republic of China in January 1979 reminds us that for three decades American leaders clung to a policy which ignored political realities. However, this was not a policy arrived at overnight. It was something born out of the American wartime posture, both in Europe and Asia. / My work is an analysis of the events and circumstances in China from the beginning of World War II to the election of 1948. It reveals how the United States foreign policy during this era affected the relationship between China and America. Within this context, I have also examined the decision making process of the Roosevelt and Truman Administrations. / Ultimately, the American foreign policy pattern, which placed European affairs far above those of the rest of the world, ignored the importance of the growth of postwar nationalism, first in Asia and later Africa. These shortsighted policies have been due, in large measure, to the tendency of American leaders to ignore the advice of experts in the field. Instead they have generally chosen to rely on the suggestions of men who have reached positions of authority in foreign affairs due to domestic political expediency rather than experience in foreign policy. / This work uses the resources of both Roosevelt and Truman Presidential Libraries, as well as the resources of the Hoover Institute and National Archives. It bridges the two administrations as few other works have done. It also updates those who have with recently declassified documents from the Truman Library. In short, it is the story of America's China Sojourn from 1942 to 1948. / Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 41-03, Section: A, page: 1186. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--The Florida State University, 1980.