La letteratura sul digital divide ha fatto negli ultimi anni importanti passi in avanti: una velocità, quella dell’evoluzione del concetto di divario digitale, sorprendente, se si pensa che il termine nasce poco più di dieci anni fa (DiMaggio et al. 2004). Ancora più interessante è la duttilità del termine, che si è trasformato in un vero e proprio discorso, quasi in termini foucaultiani, assorbito da governi, istituzioni, associazioni, aziende. La flessibilità del termine sembrerebbe avere svuotato il concetto stesso di digital divide: se da una parte la letteratura e la riflessione accademica si sta progressivamente allontanando dal termine (Warschauer, 2003), dall’altra l’azione politica l’ha fatto proprio, perdendo sempre più aderenza col dibattito teorico in corso (van Dijk 2005; Barzilai-Nahon 2006). L’ambiguità del termine digital divide pone seri problemi circa la definizione della issue: alcuni studiosi (Compaine 2001) hanno definito il digital divide come un problema di semplice diffusione tecnologica. Tale impostazione, ampiamente superata dalla letterature accademica, è stata invece convintamente adottata dagli strategy makers istituzionale e politici, con effetti spesso contraddittori e discutibili sulle modalità di diffusione e adozione delle ICT tra la popolazione. E’ come se di fronte all’evoluzione del dibattito accademico, i soggetti pubblici non abbiano avuto la capacità (e la volontà politica) di far contestualmente evolvere le politiche adottate verso un avvicinamento al tema del divario di competenze. Al contrario, le strategie degli attori pubblici (privati e istituzionali) sembrano in alcuni casi essere ancora legate a interpretazioni, valori culturali, miti, retoriche tipiche della nascita dell’era digitale (Mosco 2004). In particolare, le istituzioni sono impegnate in un continuo processo interpretativo sul ruolo delle tecnologie (della comunicazione) nella società: ciò che sembra emergere dall’analisi dei principali documenti prodotti dalle istituzioni europee e statunitensi sul digital divide e sullo sviluppo della Società dell’Informazione, è la costruzione di un’ideologia di stampo diffusionista e determinista, all’interno della quale le tecnologie digitali (con Internet in testa) sono in grado di determinare una cesura storica e hanno la capacità di offrire alla società delle opportunità di sviluppo rivoluzionarie. Nonostante tale processo di costruzione narrativa delle opportunità sociali delle ICT, le concrete politiche di riduzione del divario digitale sembrano seguire un’altra strada (Milner 2006). La ricerca, dopo una panoramica sull’evoluzione del concetto di digital divide (Iannone 2007), affronta la più recente letteratura sul tema delle disuguaglianze digitali (Newholm et al. 2008; Sartori 2006; DiMaggio et al 2004), inserendola nella più ampia riflessione sulle disuguaglianze economiche e sociali del mondo contemporaneo (Gallino 2000; Milanovic 2007) e relazionandola con un’overview delle strategie e politiche pubbliche e private di riduzione del divario numerico, in particolare nell’Unione Europa e negli Stati Uniti. L’obiettivo finale del paper è dunque evidenziare il pericoloso scollamento tra l’essenza delle disuguaglianze digitali (la cui comprensione è possibile solo se inserita in una più ampia riflessioni sulle disuguaglianza societarie) e la loro discorsivizzazione, rappresentazione e messa in forma operata dai soggetti e dalle istituzioni che si sono assunti la responsabilità di messa a punto delle strategie di superamento del divario digitale (Carlo 2008). La tesi è che, nel processo di discorsivizzazione del digital divide, i soggetti pubblici abbiano costruito un apparato retorico in grado di offrire una rappresentazione del problema lontana dalla reale natura del fenomeno: il digital divide ha assorbito retoriche e miti del ciberspazio e della società contemporanea, trasformando tali miti in un’azione politica in molti casi inadeguata, inefficacia, fuori obiettivo (Colombo – Carlo 2006a). Sembra di essere di fronte in alcuni casi a una vera e propria azione mistificatoria: si discorsivizzano azioni politiche di riduzione del digital divide legate a un auspicato processo di sviluppo sociale e culturale (determinato dalle ICT) per perseguire, in verità, obiettivi di carattere puramente economico. Forse solo attraverso un’azione di disvelamento di tale mistificazione, è possibile riconoscere le vere politiche di riduzione del divario digitale che sono tali solo se inserite in una più ampia riflessione (e azione) attorno alla crescita delle disuguaglianze nella società globale, informatizzata, in rete (Colombo – Carlo 2006b). Il rischio è che tali azioni, altrimenti, siano semplicemente legate a dimensioni economicistiche di efficienza e di crescita, pericolosamente controproducenti per lo sviluppo di società più giuste (Feenberg 2002; van Dijk 2006). / In the recent years, the literature about digital divide makes an important breakthrough: the evolution of concept of digital divide it has been very quick, in particular if is related with the relative youthfulness of the term, that born only ten years ago (DiMaggio et al. 2004). Even more interesting is the “pliability” of the term: it’s seem to be transformed in a kind of discourse, near in Foucault’s concept, premise by governments, institutions, associations, companies. The flexibility of the term seems has transform (near empty out) the concept of digital divide: if on the one hand the academic reflections are gradually moving away from the term (making more complex the concept, Warschauer, 2003), on the other hand the political action still “use” the term, without understand the theoretical debate in progress and the changing of meaning of the concept (van Dijk, 2005; Barzilai-Nahon, 2006). Maybe only through an action of “unmasking” of this kind of mystification could be possible to recognize the true (or, the more efficient, useful, comprehensive) policies of reduction of the digital divide. Only if this policies are combined with a broader reflections (and actions) about the rising of inequality in the global, digital, network society, the effect of these measures of government will be visible. The risk is that these measures, without a deeply consideration about the morphology, characteristic, structurally unequal of contemporary society, are linking only with economic dimension of efficiency and development. This kind of “use” of digital divide term in a frame of economical policy could be very dangerous and counterproductive for the improvement of more equitable societies (Feenberg 2002, van Dijk, 2006). This paper, after a overview about the evolution of the concept of digital divide (Iannone, 2007) , face the most recent literature about digital inequality (DiMaggio, P., Hargittai, E., Celeste, C., and Shafer, S. 2004): on one side it frames the literature of digital divide in a broader reflection about economic and social inequality in the contemporary world (Gallino 2000; Milanovic 2007), on the other side it wants to related this literature with an overview of policy and strategy public and private for the reduction of digital divide, in particular in EU and USA (Milner, 2006). The aim of the paper is to stress the dangerous separation between the essence of digital inequalities and their discoursivization, representation and “shaping” made by the subjects that have taken the responsibility or have the role to manage and ideate strategies for fall digital divide.

The purpose of this study was two fold: (1) to examine how the distribution of resources within and outside an Enhanced Language Training Program (ELT) affected a group of newcomers’ access to Internet literacy development; and (2) to discuss ensuing pedagogical and curricular implications for the ELT Program. The relationship between the distribution of resources and a group of newcomers’ access to Internet literacy development was studied through a hybrid of two frameworks: van Dijk’s (2005) digital divide and Warschauer’s (2004) social inclusion. The key findings were that the distribution of resources affected access four ways: (1) resources affected multiple types of access, (2) the effect of resource distribution on access was both cumulative and successive, (3) distribution of resources could either facilitate or impede access, and (4) Internet literacy development could potentially increase or decrease the resources. The findings resulted in implications for the ELT program and teaching.

The purpose of this study is to discuss how journalists think about the interaction with the audience in social media and the fact that it can make the traditional audience feel excluded. The study shows how journalists on P4 Kalmar is experiencing audience interaction in social media and describes how aware the journalists are about the digital divide. The results show that all of our interviewed journalists think that the interaction with the audience through social media works well and that there is awareness among journalists about the digital divide. The results also show that many of the interviewed journalists had not reflected on that parts of the audience can feel excluded by the interaction taking place in social media, but some of them could understand if parts of the audience felt that way. We consider our study as part of a research field on journalist’s interactivity with the audience through different types of media, but also as source of inspiration for future research on how the digital media becomes one with the community.

The purpose of this study was two fold: (1) to examine how the distribution of resources within and outside an Enhanced Language Training Program (ELT) affected a group of newcomers’ access to Internet literacy development; and (2) to discuss ensuing pedagogical and curricular implications for the ELT Program. The relationship between the distribution of resources and a group of newcomers’ access to Internet literacy development was studied through a hybrid of two frameworks: van Dijk’s (2005) digital divide and Warschauer’s (2004) social inclusion. The key findings were that the distribution of resources affected access four ways: (1) resources affected multiple types of access, (2) the effect of resource distribution on access was both cumulative and successive, (3) distribution of resources could either facilitate or impede access, and (4) Internet literacy development could potentially increase or decrease the resources. The findings resulted in implications for the ELT program and teaching.

Title from title page of PDF (University of Missouri--St. Louis, viewed February 22, 2010). Includes bibliographical references (p. 83-95).

This dissertation examines stakeholder narratives that surround Information Communication Technologies (ICTs) in education, as well as the gap that exists between this narrative and effective widespread integration of ICTs in the classroom. Popular narratives surrounding ICTs in education often position ICTs as positive and inevitable and as a development strategy that benefits individuals, nations, and the global marketplace. However, ICTs are not equally distributed or enjoyed within or among nations. Technologies, information, and social development efforts are not neutral but are socially constructed and motivated by specific actors trying to achieve certain outcomes. This research, anchored in theories of ICTs in education, globalization, development communication, digital divide, and production of culture, provides a critical perspective to better understand who contributes to the production of the education technology culture and what social development gains are possible through the implementation of such efforts. One major factor contributing to the narrative of ICTs in education is the widespread adoption of education technology standards. This case study examines the stakeholder culture that produces those standards and contributes to the education technology narratives. Through interview and historical organization document analysis, I examine the processes followed to establish the National Education Technology Standards (NETS); the stakeholders that contribute to and operate within a culture of instructional technology that informs the development of technology standards; and how the production of culture surrounding instructional technology standards has been realized internationally. I argue that there is a disconnect between the production of instructional technology culture and the realities facing poor schools and poor nations. Despite the development and widespread adoption of educational technology standards, significant educational gains have largely gone unrealized. While I do not dispute the importance of establishing a minimum set of expectations for ICTs in education, I assert that the focus on standards distracts from more challenging conversations concerning inequities among schools and the deep socioeconomic divisions that continue to reinforce the digital divide and the overall inability to provide equitable opportunities for students. / text

This dissertation explores whether and how alternative media in El Salvador incorporated information communication technologies (ICTs) for social change, and whether incorporating said technologies changed citizen participation not only in the media process itself, but also in a broader discursive sphere as well as civic and political life. Within the context of a digitally divided region, this project employed ethnographic methods—including in-depth interviews, participant-observation, and a content analysis—to interrogate the perceived potential value of ICTs in alternative media for contesting power, contributing to social change, and opening spaces for citizen participation in technology and through technology. This research is merely a beginning stage in learning how digital communication tools influence alternative media practices, and what that means for participation, mobilization and empowerment. This study contributes to burgeoning literature focused on communication for social change and technologies by adding an international focus, and by furthering our understanding of under what circumstances alternative media can (or cannot) employ new technologies in liberating ways, especially in a region where use of and access to these technologies is far from universal. Ultimately this dissertation advances existing literature with two main contributions: extending our understanding of the digital divide to include inequalities of social media and whether it is used in liberating or frivolous ways, and including technology use—whether liberating or not¬—as a fundamental approach to the study of alternative media. / text

In November 2012, the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) announced the implementation of the Local Community Radio Act of 2010, which marks the largest expansion of community radio stations in U.S. history. The act responds to the decade-long community radio movement in which many civilian groups advocated that community radio—an “old-fashioned” yet affordable public medium—still plays a significant role in fostering the expression of diverse voices and citizen participation in this digital era. Despite the successful advocacy effort in the policy-making arena, the real impact of community radio remains a question. Who listens to and participates in community radio? Does the connection between community radio and community exist? This dissertation investigates audience interaction and participation in the U.S. community radio sector, seeking to empirically and theoretically advance audience research in community radio and alternative media in general. Methodologically, this dissertation is based on case studies from two community radio stations KOOP and KPFT in Texas through multiple methods including 5-year ethnographic fieldwork, in-depth interviews with 70 individuals including staff, programmers and listeners, a web-based listener survey with 131 respondents, and a textual analysis of producer-audience communication platforms such as blogs and social networking sites. The results demonstrate the limitations of audience interaction and participation caused by resource constraints and community radio programmers’ tendency to speak with themselves. Therefore, I recommend that community radio broadcasters should consider developing systemic approaches to evaluate and facilitate audience participation, which requires an understanding that the value of community engagement lies beyond audience size or the amount of listener donations. This dissertation concludes that community radio remains relevant in this digital era. This affordable and accessible form of alternative media to some extent bridges a digital divide. The medium also facilitates the development of a genuine relationship between radio programmers and listeners, thus the formation of virtual and real communities. These are the very elements that make meaningful dialogues possible in any communication environment. / text

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The goal of this study is to provide a better understanding of the impact of outreach programs designed to impart technology skills to middle-school students from underserved communities, on both participants and their families. An outreach program, called Hi-Tec CompNow, was chosen for this study. This program was conducted as an after-school program for middle-school students from underserved communities in central Texas wherein participants learn computer hardware and software skills during a ten-week period. The study utilized (a) an interpretive analysis of the data generated from a questionnaire administered at the beginning and end of the program to obtain participants‟ computer beliefs, (b) program observations recorded by the researcher during program sessions, and (c) interviews conducted by the researcher with participants and their families after program completion. Results of the study showed that the majority of participants experienced some increase in their CSE beliefs at the end of the program, but the changes were not statistically significant. The study further illustrated that participants interviewed by the researcher expressed increased confidence in computers, spent more time on home computers, and were able to resolve computer issues in their homes. Parents were pleased with the program as well and generally expressed increased confidence in their children‟s computer skills. The study identified some of the program attributes which seemed to have led to enhanced CSE beliefs in most participants. These included hands-on experiences and teacher demonstrations of computer skills. In addition, the study found that student encouragement through family support and commitment had a positive impact on participants‟ CSE beliefs, while negative family input had a negative impact. Lack of culturally-responsive learning content, participants‟ lack of use of the dial-up Internet service provided cost-free for a year, and perceptions that the computers provided by the program were outdated and thus not fully functional were factors which seemed to have undermined the program‟s impact on digital equity. Additionally, the program provided software which focused on document creation, spreadsheet-based analysis, and presentations. However, the study also revealed that most participants utilized home computers for more “recreational” purposes, e.g. playing games, and playing and/or editing music, games, and videos. The study suggests that well-intentioned outreach programs such as Hi-Tec CompNow are making laudable efforts to bridge the digital divide. However, they need to reinvent themselves to ensure underserved populations do not get left behind in a digital world that has moved beyond the desktop computer. To enhance the digital literacy of the underserved, digital equity programs must provide opportunities to build their skills in multimedia, mobile media and online participation in addition to fostering access to newer computers of good quality with high-speed and wireless Internet. / text