Thesis (M. S.)--Psychology, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2009. / Committee Chair: Griffin, Zenzi; Committee Member: Blanchard-Fields, Fredda; Committee Member: Spieler, Daniel

Este trabalho procura evidenciar a presentificação espetacular como modo de ser da atualidade. Discute-se esse conceito como forma por intermédio da qual nossa sociedade intensifica o olhar como um sintoma social. As noções de pedagogia do olhar e de sociedade do espetáculo são apresentadas na perspectiva da Psicanálise. O trabalho se sustenta na tentativa de circunscrever aquilo que vemos como uma espécie de espetacularidade na qual a presentificação – conceito tomado de Erving Goffman – é analisada no contexto de uma sociedade do espetáculo. Da mesma forma, circunscreve-se aquilo que nos olha como sendo a busca do olhar e da presentificação espetacular com um vínculo com o social. O trabalho de pesquisa toma a atenção flutuante como inspiração para uma perspectiva metodológica, ancorando-se em aportes teóricos diversos como os de Richard Schechner, de Sigmund Freud e de Jacques Lacan. / This paper emphasizes the spectacular presentification as a current way of being. We discuss this concept as a means through which our society intensifies the gaze as a social symptom. The notions of pedagogy of the gaze and the spectacle society are presented from a psychoanalytic perspective. The work is supported by the attempt to circumscribe what we see as a kind of spectacle in which presentification – a concept taken from Erving Goffman – is analysed in the context of the society of the spectacle. Likewise, that which gazes at us is defined as a search for the gaze and for the spectacular presentification with a link to the social. The research takes the free-floating attention as an inspiration for a methodological perspective, based on many theoretical contributions that include the work of Richard Schechner, Sigmund Freud, and Jacques Lacan.

This thesis investigated the nature of any uniquely social influence of centrally presented, non-informative gaze cues compared to non-social arrow and moving line cues on attention orienting and working memory (WM). Effects were measured using the traditional unilateral paradigm (target information on one side), and a novel bilateral paradigm (target information on both sides). Attention was investigated using a traditional asterisk localisation target task (unilateral) and a novel oddball localisation task (bilateral). WM was measured using a simple array of coloured squares displayed either on one side of the cue (unilateral), or spread evenly over both sides (bilateral). Participants were required to remember all colours and state whether a test colour had been present/absent. Target information was displayed in the valid looked at location, invalid looked away from location, or (WM only) in a no cue shift condition. Across experiments I manipulated the stimulus onset asynchrony (SOA: Attention, 150-1000ms; WM 150ms/500ms). Cue effects on attention and WM differed dependent upon cue type, SOA and unilateral/bilateral presentation. In unilateral attention, valid compared to invalid gaze and arrow cues speeded orienting across all SOAs tested (150ms-1000ms), while motion only reliably oriented attention at early SOAs. For bilateral attention, the pattern for the arrow and moving line cue remained the same, but the gaze cue effect diminished at longer SOAs. In unilateral WM, only the gaze cue influenced WM, facilitating WM for validly cued items (500ms SOA only). This effect was abolished when an opaque barrier occluded the face's ability to 'see' the memoranda, but was partially replicated when the barrier had windows. In bilateral WM, the gaze cue had no effect, instead the arrow (500ms) and line (150ms) enhanced WM. A shared goals hypothesis is presented to address how and in what circumstances eye gaze is utilised as an important social cue.

Este trabalho procura evidenciar a presentificação espetacular como modo de ser da atualidade. Discute-se esse conceito como forma por intermédio da qual nossa sociedade intensifica o olhar como um sintoma social. As noções de pedagogia do olhar e de sociedade do espetáculo são apresentadas na perspectiva da Psicanálise. O trabalho se sustenta na tentativa de circunscrever aquilo que vemos como uma espécie de espetacularidade na qual a presentificação – conceito tomado de Erving Goffman – é analisada no contexto de uma sociedade do espetáculo. Da mesma forma, circunscreve-se aquilo que nos olha como sendo a busca do olhar e da presentificação espetacular com um vínculo com o social. O trabalho de pesquisa toma a atenção flutuante como inspiração para uma perspectiva metodológica, ancorando-se em aportes teóricos diversos como os de Richard Schechner, de Sigmund Freud e de Jacques Lacan. / This paper emphasizes the spectacular presentification as a current way of being. We discuss this concept as a means through which our society intensifies the gaze as a social symptom. The notions of pedagogy of the gaze and the spectacle society are presented from a psychoanalytic perspective. The work is supported by the attempt to circumscribe what we see as a kind of spectacle in which presentification – a concept taken from Erving Goffman – is analysed in the context of the society of the spectacle. Likewise, that which gazes at us is defined as a search for the gaze and for the spectacular presentification with a link to the social. The research takes the free-floating attention as an inspiration for a methodological perspective, based on many theoretical contributions that include the work of Richard Schechner, Sigmund Freud, and Jacques Lacan.

Este trabalho procura evidenciar a presentificação espetacular como modo de ser da atualidade. Discute-se esse conceito como forma por intermédio da qual nossa sociedade intensifica o olhar como um sintoma social. As noções de pedagogia do olhar e de sociedade do espetáculo são apresentadas na perspectiva da Psicanálise. O trabalho se sustenta na tentativa de circunscrever aquilo que vemos como uma espécie de espetacularidade na qual a presentificação – conceito tomado de Erving Goffman – é analisada no contexto de uma sociedade do espetáculo. Da mesma forma, circunscreve-se aquilo que nos olha como sendo a busca do olhar e da presentificação espetacular com um vínculo com o social. O trabalho de pesquisa toma a atenção flutuante como inspiração para uma perspectiva metodológica, ancorando-se em aportes teóricos diversos como os de Richard Schechner, de Sigmund Freud e de Jacques Lacan. / This paper emphasizes the spectacular presentification as a current way of being. We discuss this concept as a means through which our society intensifies the gaze as a social symptom. The notions of pedagogy of the gaze and the spectacle society are presented from a psychoanalytic perspective. The work is supported by the attempt to circumscribe what we see as a kind of spectacle in which presentification – a concept taken from Erving Goffman – is analysed in the context of the society of the spectacle. Likewise, that which gazes at us is defined as a search for the gaze and for the spectacular presentification with a link to the social. The research takes the free-floating attention as an inspiration for a methodological perspective, based on many theoretical contributions that include the work of Richard Schechner, Sigmund Freud, and Jacques Lacan.

The aim of this study was to identify and compare the gaze behaviour of both advancement levels (Advanced and Not Advanced) and genders (female and male) during successful serve reception. A quantitative, exploratory and quasi-experimental research design was used in which 50 ToppVolley Norway student athletes aged 16 to 19 years were sampled. The gaze behaviour of junior volleyball athletes was assesed as they received two types of serves (1 float and 1 top spin jump serve) and performed a forearm and/or overhead pass to a setter’s target while wearing an ASL mobile eye tracker. Gaze characteristics such as fixation number, fixation duration and areas of interest were used to achieve the aim of the study. The study found that Advanced participants differed from the Not Advanced athletes in employing fewer (9.70 ± 1.14 versus 10.77 ± 3.63 , p<.05, d>.20 ) fixations but for longer durations per fixations (1.64 ± 0.20 versus 1.60 ± 0.34, p<.05, d>.20 ) in receiving the float serve. Contrary, for the reception of the top spin jump serve, the Advanced athletes employed more fixations (12.11 ± 2.40 versus 11.83 ± 2.17, p<.05, d>.20 ) but for shorter durations per fixations (1.57 ± 0.26 versus 1.65 ± 0.34 sec, p<.05, d>.20 ) than the Not Advanced athletes. Male athletes in this study were more experienced than their female counterparts (5.97 ± 1.62 years versus 4.75 ± 1.59 years, p<.05, d>.20 ) with males employing more fixations than the females (11.02 ± 3.63 versus 9.19 ± 1.55 and 12.26 ± 2.46 versus 11.36 ± 1.69, p<.05, d>.20 ) for the float and top spin serves respectively but for shorter durations per fixation (1.62 ± 0.27 versus 1.76 ± 0.29 sec (float) and 1.56 ± 0.32 versus 1.73 ± 0.28 sec (top spin) p<.05, d>.20 ) than the female athletes. These results and findings suggests that Advanced athletes for both serves attended to the most appropriate visual information through the top-down approach, their knowledge and past experiences. For gender differences, the results show that the female athletes employed fewer fixation points in receiving float serves, however the employment of fewer fixation points during the top spin jump serves was due to receiving serves characterised by easily identifiable trajectories and lower speeds. The contradicting finding of the Advanced athletes employing more fixation points for the top spin jump serve may be due to task complexity demands. Thirteen areas of interests were also identified. The combined results for both gender and advancement levels suggest that the athletes fixated on similar areas of interests, primarily the upper body and secondary on the ball (flight), serve reception phase, arrival at target and contact point. The aim and objectives of this study were achieved in that both absolute and relative values for number of fixations, duration of fixations and areas of interest fixated on, were established. However the outcome of comparisons made, were not all expected particularly that of the Advanced group for the top spin jump serve. Possible explanations were offered, but further research is required in this regard.

Women’s subjugation to the objectification of men is a traced theme throughout the history of Western culture. In this thesis presentation, the attributes of the male gaze will be explored via the patriarchal pioneers of literature: Dante to Petrarch to Shakespeare. The solidification of the male gaze takes place during the late middle ages as Dante Alighieri writes an infatuated love for Beatrice throughout La Vita Nuova and Inferno, demonstrating the virgin-whore dichotomy between Francesca. Similarly, Francesco Petrarch’s poetry of Rime Sparse describes the objectification and dismantling of woman for erotic pleasure and patriarchal power. The shift from early to late renaissance displays William Shakespeare’s presentation of women in Titus Andronicus, Othello, and Hamlet as a denunciation of women through the male gaze. These themes of patriarchy developed throughout historic literature will help us analyze media advertisements today as women are silenced, dismembered, and exhibited through the male gaze.

No description available.

Augmented Reality (AR) devices are set apart from other mobile devices by the immersive experience they offer. Specifically, head-mounted AR devices can accurately sense and understand their environment through an increasingly powerful array of sensors such as cameras, depth sensors, eye gaze trackers, microphones, and inertial sensors. The ability of these devices to collect this information presents both challenges and opportunities to improve existing security and privacy techniques in this domain. Specifically, eye gaze tracking is a ready-made capability to analyze user intent, emotions, and vulnerability, and as an input mechanism. However, modern AR devices lack systems to address their unique security and privacy issues. Problems such as lacking local pairing mechanisms usable while immersed in AR environments, bystander privacy protections, and the increased vulnerability to shoulder surfing while wearing AR devices all lack viable solutions. In this dissertation, I explore how readily available eye gaze sensor data can be used to improve existing methods for assuring information security and protecting the privacy of those near the device. My research has presented three new systems, BystandAR, ShouldAR, and GazePair that each leverage user eye gaze to improve security and privacy expectations in or with Augmented Reality. As these devices grow in power and number, such solutions are necessary to prevent perception failures that hindered earlier devices. The work in this dissertation is presented in the hope that these solutions can improve and expedite the adoption of these powerful and useful devices. / Doctor of Philosophy / Augmented Reality (AR) devices are set apart from other mobile devices by the immersive experience they offer. The ability of these devices to collect information presents challenges and opportunities to improve existing security and privacy techniques in this domain. In this dissertation, I explore how readily available eye gaze sensor data can be used to improve existing methods for assuring security and protecting the privacy of those near the device. My research has presented three new systems, BystandAR, ShouldAR, and GazePair that each leverage user eye gaze to improve security and privacy expectations in or with Augmented Reality. As these devices grow in power and number, such solutions are necessary to prevent perception failures that hindered earlier devices. The work in this dissertation is presented in the hope that these solutions can improve and expedite the adoption of these powerful and useful devices.

In this thesis, I claim that the gaze is central to the courtship process in Austen’s novels. I also propose that an analysis of the gaze is crucial to understanding the gendered power dynamics that are central to these relationships. We tend to think of male gazers as having all the power, but one of Austen’s subversive arguments is that women can also be subjects of the gaze and transform through it. However, limits exist to their power. As I will argue, while men are able to simply project their transformative gaze, women must first use their gaze to perceive their societal position before successfully having a transformative effect.