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The aim of this thesis is to test the theory that literacy in Roman Britain was largely an achievement of a wealthy, educated social elite. Inscribed material from Roman Britain has been examined in connection with four areas of human activity: religion, working life, funerary practice and personal, social and domestic life. In each of these areas there has been an attempt to identify the writers or instigators of the inscriptions, the reasons for their literate output, and the practical and literate skills involved in producing the written record. There is also an appreciation of the style of production and the quality of the written Latin. Spelling tables are provided, at the end of each chapter, listing words in which the spelling deviates from normal Classical Latin forms and some other irregularities. It is clear that inscribed material which survives from Roman Britain can only be a tiny fraction of what was produced there. Furthermore, factors affecting survival mean that the archaeological record cannot be expected to be a representative sample of what was originally written. There are additional problems when examining literacy in a past society. Each written record is only evidence of the skill required to produce that piece of writing. It cannot reveal the full capabilities of the writer. The archaeological record can suggest literacy of a basic, moderate or high level, but it is important to bear in mind the limitations of the evidence: a simple, crudely carved inscription should not be regarded as indicative of poor literacy skills if no other evidence is available to confirm this.

This thesis describes and evaluates the biodiversity of small terrestrial mammals in the forest complex National Nature Reserve Voděrady beech woods (hereafter the reserve) and continues in the bachelor´s thesis from 2013. The goal of the research was to find and compare the diversity of small terrestrial mammals inside the reserve and outside the reserve and to evaluate its microhabitat. During the vegetative season 2013 and 2014, a total of five field catches of these animals were realized. Individuals were captured by the standard method of capture recapture methods (CMR) in to the live traps. The traps were spread by a quadrate method in three pair plots inside the reserve and outside the reserve. The localities had the same terrain conditions, but different tree species composition. During the research of small terrestrial mammals, the gender, age and weight of each individual was determined and the vegetation of particular localities were recorded by using the phytosocilogical relevés. Total 85 individuals of two species of small terrestrial mammals were captured in the studied area. The most abundant species was the yellow-necked mouse (Apodemus flavicollis) and the bank vole (Myodes glareolus) occurred sporadically in all plots. The results obtained numbers of small terrestrial mammals were evaluated by Mann Whitney U Test in the mathematical software Statistic 13.2. The analysis of the microhabitat was accomplished by using PCA analysis (Principal components analysis) in program Canoco 5. By comparing two types of individuals of small terrestrial mammals in localities in the reservation and outside the reservation in years 2013 and 2014 by Mann Whitney was found out that the number of the first captured individuals and the number of individuals differentiated from the gender and the age did not differ in localities in the reservation and outside the reservation. Based on the analysis of PCA results was found that in the localities inside the reserve (beech forest regeneration and beech forest without regeneration) occurred mostly adult males in the microhabitats with the occurrence of the Fagus sylvaticus, Larix decidua and Luzula luzuloides seedlings and in the localities outside the reserve (spruce forest regeneration and spruce forest without regeneration) was found out more juvenile females in the microhabitats with the occurrence of Oxalis acetosella. The thesis s results could serve as one of the basis of decision document for Administration of the Protected Landscape Area Blaník for decisions regarding realization of possible management in these localities because the research of small terrestrial mammals has not been done yet here.

A construção do passado do Cariri cearense, a partir da produção historiográfica de J. de Figueiredo Filho (1904-1973), é o objeto de investigação desta dissertação. Nascido na cidade do Crato, filho de um farmacêutico que fora referência na cidade, Figueiredo Filho seguiu a carreira do pai, cultivando o desejo de ver melhorias em sua terra. Imbuído do desejo de dar à sua terra natal um lugar digno perante as narrativas produzidas sobre o passado nacional, juntou-se a outros intelectuais da região e fundou o Instituto Cultural do Cariri (ICC). Com o objetivo de realizar a defesa intransigente da região sul do Ceará, esses sujeitos realizaram diversas ações para horar o passado regional: solenidades, construção de calendários cívicos, panteão de heróis, fundação de um museu. Associando-se a diversas agremiações intelectuais, como a Academia Cearense de Letras (ACL), o Instituto do Ceará (IC), a Associação Nacional dos Professores Universitários de História (Anpuh), Figueiredo Filho foi construindo sua imagem de intelectual comprometido com a causa regional e legitimando sua vasta produção sobre o Cariri. Do romance ao folclore, passando por autobiografia, estudos econômicos e a própria escrita da história, seu projeto girava em torno do espaço em que nasceu e viveu boa parte de sua vida. Nesse sentido, este trabalho procura compreender de que forma a historiografia de Figueiredo Filho construiu um passado para o Cariri. As fontes utilizadas foram a revista Itaytera, as publicações da ACL, do IC e da Anpuh, e o principal foco de análise foram os escritos de história produzidos por Figueiredo Filho, ou seja, História do Cariri (4 volumes) e Cidade do Crato. / The research subject of this thesis is the construction of the past of the Cariri region of Ceará from J. Figueiredo Filho’s historiographical production (1904-1973). Born in Crato, in the state of Ceará, son of a pharmacist well known in the city, Figueiredo Filho followed his father’s career, fostering the desire of seeing improvements in his land. Imbued by the desire of giving his fatherland its righteous place before the narratives produced about the national past, he joined other intellectuals from the region and founded the Instituto Cultural do Cariri (ICC). Aiming to achieve the uncompromising defence of the southern region of Ceará, these subjects performed several actions to honour the regional past: solemnities, the elaboration of civic calendars, a Heroes Pantheon, and the foundation of a museum. Partnering with several intellectual bodies, like the Academia Cearense de Letras (ACL), the Instituto do Ceará (IC), and the Associação Nacional dos Professores Universitários de História (Anpuh), Figueiredo Filho has built up his image as an intellectual committed with the regional cause and legitimising his own works on the Cariri region. From novel to folklore, to autobiography, to economic studies and his own writing of history, his project revolved around the space in which he was born and lived for the most part of his life. In this sense, this work aims to comprehend how Figueiredo Filho’s historiography built a past for Cariri. The historical sources used were the periodical Itaytera and the publications of the following institutions: ACL, IC and Anpuh, and the main focus of analysis was the history writings produced by Figueiredo Filho, that is to say, História do Cariri (4 volumes) and Cidade do Crato.