The expansion of Swahili into the inner portion of Africa has routinely been explained by researchers in terms of social and economic reasons, taking into account activities of Arab traders, expansion of Islam and/or Christianity, colonisation, development of mining in Shaba region and other such factors. No explanation currently exists to my knowledge that considers the structural reasons for the expansion of Swahili, which this paper seeks to address. Concerning the power relationship between Swahili and local (mostly Bantu) languages, Swahili is thought to be on the upper level and local languages are on the lower level. This is true because Swahili is used as a lingua franca over a wide area of different languages. With respect to lexical transfer, for example, most researchers state that lexical transfer occurs from Swahili to local languages, while ignoring the influence of the local language on Swahili. However, examination of Swahili and local languages spoken together in the eastern part of the Democratic Republic of the Congo suggests that the transfer is bidirectional, and the transfer from local languages to Swahili is noteworthy. In fact, Swahili adopts elements of local languages to adapt itself to the local situation, making the language familiar to local people. This paper demonstrates this by explaining the parallelism of the tense/aspect system and kinship terminology of Congo Swahili and local languages (Tembo in particular) which differ from Standard Swahili.

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<p> This research paper looks at the past, present and temporal changes in Bi-Way's market areas for Metropolitan Toronto. Each of the stores trade or market areas was defined by using Thiessen polygons which gave boundaries in which specific census data was collected and analyzed. The analysis essentially three questions; the first being to see if there are any differences between the trade areas of those stores built in the 1970's and those built in the 1980's, the second was to see if there were any changes between the two groups of stores but in terms of 1981 data, and the third was to see if there were any changes between the groups of stores and their changes between 1971 and 1981. The results showed that for thesis number one it was only the 1980's potential trade areas which revealed any specific market characteristics which could be used to define its target markets. The results from the second hypothesis that both sets of stores showed similar and different trade area characteristics and target markets. The results from the third hypothesis revealed that overall the stores built in the 1970's underwent the most significant changes in its market characteristics. Overall however, it was shown that although some similarities and differences came through for these two sets of stores a more indepth analysis is needed.</p> / Thesis / Candidate in Philosophy

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Disertacijoje analizuojami ne tik vientisinių būtųjų lietuvių kalbos laikų reikšmės ir jų atitikmenys anglų kalboje, bet ir praeities raiškos formos, įtraukiant ir vadinamąsias sudurtines arba sudėtines laikų formas, dalyvius, vartojamus vietoj tiesioginės nuosakos atpasakojamojoje kalboje, ir predikatines nelinksniuojamas neveikiamosios rūšies būtojo laiko dalyvių formas. Lietuvių kalboje yra du vientisiniai laikai: būtasis kartinis ir būtasis dažninis. Abiems šiems laikams bendra tai, kad jie reiškia veiksmą, vykusį prieš kalbamąjį momentą, o skiria juos pagrindinė santykio su kalbamuoju momentu reikšmė: būtasis kartinis laikas gali reikšti labai artimą veiksmą atskaitos momentui: ar tai būtų dabartis, ar kitas praeities veiksmas. Taigi būtasis kartinis laikas turi ir perfekto, ir pliuskvamperfekto reikšmes. Šių reikšmių neturi būtasis dažninis laikas. Jis reiškia tolesnės praeities kartojamą veiksmą, kurio atžvilgiu jis sudaro opoziciją būtajam kartiniam laikui. Darbe taip pat nagrinėjamos analitinės formos, nustatomas jų santykis su vientisinėmis: ar jos sudaro vientisinėms opozicijas, ar yra sinoniminės, ar visos santykiauja vienodai. Taip pat tiriama vadinamoji netiesioginė nuosaka (modus relativus) ir neveikiamosios rūšies formą turinčių predikatinių dalyvių reikšmė. Analitinis anglų kalbos laikų pobūdis geriau padeda suprasti ir įvertinti lietuvių kalbos laikų reikšmes ir funkcijas. Ieškojimas lietuvių kalbos laikų formoms atitikmenų anglų kalboje padeda geriau... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / The meanings of Lithuanian past simple tenses and their equivalents in English is the object of the thesis. Other forms expressing past, i.e. compound forms, participles used instead of indicative mood in the narrative speech as well as predicative indeclinable forms of past passive participles are the subject matter in the thesis. There are two simple past tenses in Lithuanian: the past simple and the past frequentative tense. Both tenses are used to express an action which happened before the moment of speech; however, the relation to the moment of speech is different: the past simple tense is used to express a very close action to the reference time (whether it is present or other past action). Thus, the past simple tense has the perfective and plusquamperfective meaning. Whereas, the past frequentative tense does not possess those meanings; it is used to express a repetitive action of a more distant past. Moreover, the relationship of analytic forms to the simple ones is determined in the study. The problem of modus relativus and the meaning of predicative participles of passive voice are covered in the thesis as well. Analytical nature of English tenses enables to perceive and evaluate the meanings and functions of Lithuanian tenses more accurately. The search for the equivalents of Lithuanian tenses in English allows determining more precise meanings of Lithuanian past tenses, particularly the grammaticalization of analytic constructions, the relationships of... [to full text]

AFRIKAANS : In die studie word gepoog om aan te dui op watter ingrypende maniere die Afrikaner se problematiese verlede altyd weer opduik in die hede, en op watter maniere hierdie verlede die groei en ontwikkeling van ’n nuwe Suid-Afrikaanse identiteit kan verhinder, of andersins, hoe ’n grondige en bewuste Auseinandersetzung met die verlede kan lei tot beter begrip, nie alleenlik van die verlede nie, maar ook van die hede en (ideaalgesproke) van die toekoms. Daar word geredeneer word dat ’n proses van bewuste konfrontasie met die verlede noodsaaklik is vir die ontwikkeling van ’n lewensvatbare identiteit. Hierdie proses sluit in ’n bewuswording en ontleding van die houdings van skuld (ook kollektiewe skuld), verlies en melancholie jeens die verlede. ’n Belangrike newe-komponent van die verhandeling is om hierdie proses te koppel aan verhaaltegniese middele wat aangewend word in die bundel vertellings onder bespreking. Daar word gepoog om ’n noodwendige verband te lê tussen tematiek en narratiewe tegnieke. In die verhandeling word aandag gegee aan die temas van skuld en verlies in die verhale, asook die vele motiewe wat gekoppel kan word aan hierdie twee temas. Daar word ook aandag gegee aan verteltegnieke soos tydsvorme, assosiatiewe skryfwyse, vertellingstrant en die stem van die verteller, wat aangewend word om die konfrontasie met en houdings jeens die verlede uit te beeld. Daar word geargumenteer in die verhandeling dat die prosa in hierdie bundel as vertellings gereken moet word, eerder as kortverhale (of meer spesifiek, short stories), en wel omdat die temas en die verteltegnieke bymekaar aansluit met die oog op ’n spesifieke leserrespons wat ’n grondige konfrontasie met en bestekopname van die verlede behels. ENLISH : The study focuses on the inescapable presence of a problematic past in contemporary South Africa, and the ways in which this past prevents the development of a new South African identity. It argues that a fundamental reckoning with the past will lead to a better understanding of the present and the future, and is essential to the development of a viable South African identity. This process of reckoning with the past involves an awareness and analysis of attitudes towards the past, which includes guilt (also collective guilt), loss and melancholy. The process of Auseinandersetzung with the past is then linked to specific narrative techniques which are employed in the collection of short prose under discussion. It is argued that there exists a connection between theme and narrative technique. Narrative techniques under discussion include tense (past and present tense), associative writing, narration and voice. It is argued that the short prose in the collection under discussion should be defined as (oral) narratives (vertellings), rather than Short Stories. The reader response towards an (oral) narrative differs from the response towards a Short Story, and the difference is essential in the process of confrontation with the problematic past/history. Copyright / Dissertation (MA)--University of Pretoria, 2010. / Afrikaans / unrestricted

Le présent travail met en lumière la dialectique des relations entre mémoire et politique par l’étude des processus de construction, négociation, diffusion, adoption et reproduction des représentations du passé soviétique dans la Russie postsoviétique. S’appuyant sur la multitude de sources hétérogènes véhiculant les représentations du passé soviétique, le travail révèle les raisons et les mécanismes de l’évolution de la mémoire du passé soviétique en Russie, ainsi que son rôle politique et social. Le travail démontre que la mémoire du passé soviétique a joué un rôle important dans la légitimation symbolique du pouvoir de Boris Eltsine et de Vladimir Poutine et dans la construction identitaire de la société russe postcommuniste, tout en soutenant le glissement progressif de la Russie vers un régime autoritaire. En effet, malgré des oppositions marquées entre les différents régimes politiques qui se sont succédé, la tradition d’un usage politique du passé perdure, le passé soviétique restant un enjeu de pouvoir majeur en Russie. Aussi bien à la fin de l’époque soviétique qu’au début des années 2000, le passé national a été entièrement réinterprété et reconstruit. Toutefois, la mémoire collective du passé soviétique représente également un cadre contraignant qui limite les choix institutionnels et les décisions du pouvoir. Dans la mesure où la mémoire est porteuse de références politiques, économiques et sociales, elle crée des effets de dépendance au sentier, favorisant la reproduction de schémas de fonctionnement politiques, économiques et sociaux hérités du passé soviétique. / The present work lays the emphasis on the dialectic relations between memory and politics by studying the processes of construction, negotiation, broadcasting, adoption and reproduction of the representations of the Soviet past in post-Soviet Russia. Based on various and heterogeneous sources conveying the images of the Soviet past, this work throws light upon the reasons and the mechanisms of the evolution of collective memory in the Soviet past as well as its political and social role. This work argues that the memory of the Soviet past played an important role in symbolically legitimating Boris Yeltsin's and Vladimir Putin's regimes as well as in forging post-Soviet identity, while strengthening the gradual shift toward an authoritarian regime. Despite numerous oppositions between the successive political regimes, making a political use of the past is an enduring tradition, the Soviet past remaining a major issue for those in office in Russia. Both in the late Soviet era and the early years 2000, the national past was entirely reinterpreted and reconstructed. However the collective memory of the Soviet past is also a binding framework restricting the institutional choices and the political decisions of political actors. Since collective memory is the expression of political, economic and social references, it produces path dependency effects, thereby fostering the reproduction of political, economic and social frameworks deep-rooted in the Soviet past.