This thesis analyses international state behaviour by countries that share a historic legacy, and examines the delicate relations between West Germany, Austria and Israel in the wake of the Second World War as a case study. In it I propose a model - 'diplomacy of memory' - for this currently untheorized form of diplomatic conduct in order to explain how countries use official memories of their past on the international stage. Linking the interdisciplinary concept of collective memory with International Relations, my study characterizes the practice of 'diplomacy with memory' as a distinct policy undertaking that shapes and broadcasts historical narratives internationally for strategic foreign policy objectives. To empirically test the diplomacy of memory model, this thesis investigates the two cases of West German-Israeli and Austrian-Israeli relations in the aftermath of World War II. Within these selected pairs, four core bilateral debates are analysed: first, reparation payments to Israel in 1951/52; second, the trial of Nazi war criminal Adolf Eichmann in Jerusalem in 1960/61; third, the Six-Day War in 1967 and fourth, the Yom Kippur War and oil crisis of 1973. While the first two cases explore how the memory of the Nazi past is leveraged as part of later diplomatic strategies, the latter two, which concern West Germany's and Austria's reaction to the Middle East conflict, reveal a more subtle connection between national memories and foreign policy choices around key international conflicts. This study engages in historical inquiry, based on archival documents and other primary sources in all three countries, to demonstrate how a country's collective memory is invented and deployed on the international stage. Combining the theoretical aim of specifying the link between national narratives and diplomacy with the qualitative analysis of two historic cases, this thesis rests at the intersection of International Relations and History.

Orientador: Gladis Massini-Cagliari / Banca: Luiz Carlos da Silva Schwindt / Banca: Beatriz Nunes de Oliveira Longo / Resumo: Este estudo tem como objetivo principal fazer um vínculo entre o passado e o presente, comparando processos morfofonológicos desencadeados pela flexão verbal através das formas do pretérito perfeito do modo indicativo, ou seja, processos que alteram a forma dos morfemas e geram alomorfias em vários níveis no Português Arcaico (PA) dos séculos XII-XIII analisados a partir de teorias não lineares (cf. Fonologia Lexical, Fonologia métrica e Geometria de Traços). Para a realização desta pesquisa foram considerados como objeto as formas verbais do pretérito perfeito do modo indicativo, tanto dos verbos regulares quanto dos verbos irregulares. A metodologia foi baseada no mapeamento das formas verbais nas Cantigas de Santa Maria. Contamos também com glossários, vocabulários, dicionários, e especialmente o glossário de Mettmann (1972), como auxílio na categorização das formas verbais. Depois de coletados, os dados foram separados de acordo com o tipo de processo morfofonológico verificado. O corpus de base, para o PA, foi constituído pelas Cantigas de Santa Maria (CSM), elaboradas em galego-português e atribuídas a Dom Afonso X de Castela, o Sábio, com a colaboração de trovadores, músicos, desenhistas e miniaturistas que acolhia em sua corte. Correspondem a um monumento literário de mais elaborada importância, que ocupa um lugar privilegiado na literatura medieval galego-portuguesa. Ao final da análise dos processos morfofonológicos, nos resultados obtidos, verificamos a alta produtividade da harmonização vocálica e da neutralização e crase da vogal temática em um estágio inicial da língua que denominamos de período arcaico. Podemos comprovar que os processos morfofonológicos, sobretudo a harmonia vocálica, já ocorriam desde o estágio inicial do português com as mesmas características e produtividade dos dias de hoje, uma vez que, na passagem do latim... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: This study aims to make a link between past and present, comparing morphophonological processes triggered by verbal inflection through the forms of the past tense of the indicative, that is, processes that alter the shape of morphemes and generate allomorphs at various levels in the Archaic Portuguese (AP) of XII-XIII centuries were investigated by Lexical Phonology (LP) and Autosegmental and Metrical Phonology. The past tense verb forms of the indicative mood both of regular and irregular verbs were considered as an object for this research. The methodology was based on the mapping of verb forms in the Cantigas de Santa Maria (CSM). We have also used glossaries, vocabularies, dictionaries, and especially the glossary of Mettmann (1972) as an aid in the categorization of verbal forms. Once collected, the data was separated according to the type of morphophonogical process checked. The corpus was formed by the Cantigas de Santa Maria (CSM), written in Galician-Portuguese and attributed to Don Alfonso X of Castile, the Wise, in collaboration with the troubadours, musicians, designers and miniaturists who lived in his court. The CSM correspond to the most elaborate literary monument, which occupies a privileged place in the medieval Galician-Portuguese literature. After the analysis of the morphophonological processes, in the results obtained, we verified the high productivity of vowel harmony and vowel neutralization and at an early stage of the language that corresponds to the archaic period. We could prove that the morphophonological processes, especially vowel harmony, have occurred since the initial stage of the Portuguese with the same characteristics and productivity of today, since in the passage from Latin to Portuguese, the verb conjugations were already well defined. In addition to the morphophonological processes, we also mapped the irregular verbs that we called... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

Este estudo traz uma análise da fabricação e uso do passado como estratégia de poder das Famílias Escóssia e Rosado, em Mossoró, no período de 1902 a 2002. A investigação foi realizada a partir de inúmeras fontes, dentre as quais obteve destaque a imprensa, especialmente o jornal O Mossoroense, em cujas páginas o passado da cidade foi sendo construído a partir da seleção de dois acontecimentos: o 30 de setembro de 1883 (data em que a cidade aboliu a escravidão local) e o 13 de junho de 1927 (quando a cidade resistiu ao ataque do bando de cangaceiros liderados por Lampião). O objetivo foi, pois, compreender a incorporação desses acontecimentos ao calendário cívico municipal e a sua transformação em comemorações públicas, tomando como referência as narrativas presentes nos jornais, cordéis, fotografias e obras dos intelectuais da cidade ligados à editora Coleção Mossoroense. Por meio dessa documentação procurou-se entender como as narrativas sobre o passado mossoroense, presentes nas comemorações, correspondem a um enquadramento de memória imprescindível ao agenciamento e veiculação da imagem política das Famílias Escóssia e Rosado como construtoras desse passado. / This study brings an analysis of the fabrication and use of the past as one of the strategies of domain of the Escóssia and Rosado families in Mossoró from 1902 to 2002. The investigation was conducted by innumerable sources, among which the press, especially the O Mossoroense newspaper, stood out, because it was in its pages that the city\'s past was being built from the selection of two events: September 30th of 1883 (date when the city abolished local slavery) and June 13th, 1927 (when the city resisted the attack of the gang of cangaceiros led by Lampião). The objective was to comprehend the incorporation of these events into the municipal civic calendar and its transformation into public celebrations, which took as reference the narratives presented in the newspapers, cordéis (folk literature), photographs and works of the scholars of the city that were connected to the publisher Coleção Mossoroense. Through this documentation, it was tried to understand how the narratives on the past of people from Mossoró, present in the celebrations, correspond to a framework of essential memory, especially, to the agency and placement of the political image of the Escóssia and Rosado families as builders of the past of the city.

FundaÃÃo Cearense de Apoio ao Desenvolvimento Cientifico e TecnolÃgico / Nesta dissertaÃÃo, tratamos da gramaticalizaÃÃo do pretÃrito perfeito composto em LÃngua Portuguesa. Abordamos a mudanÃa linguÃstica, partindo da correlaÃÃo forma(s)-funÃÃo(Ães) em dois eixos de anÃlise: (i) o continnum de gramaticalizaÃÃo de ter/haver (pleno) + particÃpio adjetival > ter/haver (auxiliar) + particÃpio verbal e (ii) a variaÃÃo linguÃstica na codificaÃÃo do tempo passado perfectivo anterior ao momento da fala. Duas abordagens teÃricas embasam a pesquisa: o Funcionalismo linguÃstico, voltado à gramaticalizaÃÃo e a Teoria da VariaÃÃo e MudanÃa LinguÃstica, estabelecendo, dessa forma, um modelo sociofuncionalista de investigaÃÃo. Para isso, utilizamos narrativas em prosa dos sÃculos XV, XVI e XVII, perÃodo de transiÃÃo e fixaÃÃo da LÃngua Portuguesa. No que concerne à gramaticalizaÃÃo, foram investigados os parÃmetros de gramaticalizaÃÃo de Lehmann (2002[1985]) â Integridade, Paradigmaticidade, Variabilidade paradigmÃtica, Escopo, Conexidade, Variabilidade sintagmÃtica â a modalidade, o tempo em relaÃÃo à referÃncia e o tipo de verbo. No que diz respeito à variaÃÃo, foram analisados a modalidade, o aspecto, a natureza semÃntica dos argumentos, o tipo de verbo, a referÃncia temporal â textual e o perÃodo histÃrico. Desses fatores mostram-se relevantes para o condicionamento a relaÃÃo entre tempo e referÃncia, a natureza semÃntica do sujeito, o aspecto e o perÃodo histÃrico. Essa proposta se mostra relevante, porque, alÃm de atestar o uso o pretÃrito perfeito composto ao longo da histÃria da linguÃstica do PortuguÃs como as pesquisas anteriores sobre o tema, investiga os fatores que condicionaram a mudanÃa de ter/haver + particÃpio passado sob a Ãtica sociofuncionalista. / In this dissertation, we deal with the grammaticalization of past tense compound in Portuguese. We discuss linguistic change, based on the correlation form(s)-function(s) in two lines of analysis: (I) the grammaticalization continuum of to have/there to be (full) + adjectival participle > to have/there to be (auxiliary) + verb participle and (ii) the linguistic variation in coding the perfective past tense before the moment of speech. Two theoretical approaches base the research: the linguistic Functionalism, focused on grammaticalization, and the Theory of Linguistic Variation and Change, establishing thus a socio-functionalist research model. For this, we used narratives in prose from the XV, XVI and XVII centuries, Portuguese transition and fixation moment. Regarding grammaticalization, we investigated Lehmannâs (2002[1985]) grammaticalization parameters - Integrity, Paradigmaticity, Paradigmatic Variability, Scope, Bondedness, Syntagmatic Variability - modality, reference time and verb type. Regarding variation, we investigated modality, aspect, semantic nature of arguments, type of verb, time and textual reference and the historical moment. Out of these factors, the ones shown as relevant for conditioning were time and reference relation, semantic nature of the subject, aspect and historical moment. This proposal is relevant because, besides attesting the past tense compound use made throughout Portuguese history as previous research has done on the topic, it investigates the factors that condition to have/there to be + past participle change from the socio-functionalist viewpoint.

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We report a 40 year record of eutrophication and hypoxia on an estuarine ecosystem and its recovery from hypereutrophication. After decades of high inorganic nutrient concentrations and recurring anoxia and hypoxia, we observe a paradoxical increase in chlorophyll-a concentrations with decreasing nutrient inputs. We hypothesise that algal growth was inhibited due to hypereutrophication, either by elevated ammonium concentrations, severe hypoxia or the production of harmful substances in such a reduced environment. We study the dynamics of a simple but realistic mathematical model, incorporating the assumption of algal growth inhibition. It shows a high algal biomass, net oxygen production equilibrium with low ammonia inputs, and a low algal biomass, net oxygen consumption equilibrium with high ammonia inputs. At intermediate ammonia inputs it displays two alternative stable states. Although not intentional, the numerical output of this model corresponds to observations, giving extra support for assumption of algal growth inhibition. Due to potential algal growth inhibition, the recovery of hypereutrophied systems towards a classical eutrophied state, will need reduction of waste loads below certain thresholds and will be accompanied by large fluctuations in oxygen concentrations. We conclude that also flow-through systems, heavily influenced by external forcings which partly mask internal system dynamics, can display multiple stable states.

In the Zimbabwean past, farming societies utilized mineral resources for their own use and for exchange to local and regional populations, as well as to markets beyond African borders. Successful agriculture was constrained by environmental hazards, principally unpredictable and often inadequate rainfall. Farming communities managed this predicament in various ways. It is likely that some groups used mineral resources found in the vicinity of their settlements to produce materials or items to exchange. The social contexts that defined the nature of mineral production and exchange altered between the mid-first and mid-second millennium AD, as social ranks emerged and political and economic systems became increasingly complex. The thesis is a commentary on how the motivation of society to broaden its resource base, to improve the benefits to households and to society in general, contributed to the emergence of leaders and, ultimately, of an elite class. The focus of the research is on iron and copper production because the author has examined gold production thoroughly in a previous study. Four published papers outline the history of iron and copper production in Zimbabwe. The papers provide case studies of the scale and social context of iron and copper production and exchange.

The articles that recorded multicultural art lessons in the US P-12 classrooms in School Arts during the past decade revealed the condition of US multicultural art education from three aspects. First, the teachers’ interest in multiculturalism has been stable in the past decade. Second, the lessons covered multiple cultures unequally. Among pluralistic US cultures, Native American culture was favored while Asian-American, Arab-American, and Muslim-American cultures were neglected. Among global cultures, Mexican and African cultures were represented most often. Only 12.4% of world countries were represented. Third, most multicultural art projects were stereotyped, though some innovative projects emerged. Many art teachers selected cultural content to teach based on classroom population and local culture. The art teachers tended to teach the meanings of US ethnic cultures better than global cultures. The alteration of cultural materials and techniques caused the loss or change of cultural meanings.

School-based physical education is a critical setting for the promotion of physical activity and health among adolescents. However, enrollment in physical education significantly decreases when physical education becomes an optional subject in grade 11, with only 10% of females and 22% of males choosing to enroll. Limited research has identified individual and social environmental perceived barriers to enrollment in elective physical education. Further, no research has explored perceived individual and social environmental facilitators to electing to enroll in physical education. Thus, the purpose of the study was to identify perceived barriers and facilitators to intention to enroll in elective physical education among a diverse group of female and male adolescents using focus group methodology. <p>Two schools were purposely selected to participate in this study, one with the highest enrollment in grade 11 physical education (57%) and one with the lowest enrollment in grade 11 physical education (33%). By selecting schools with the highest and lowest enrollment, comparisons were made between the perceived barriers and facilitators identified by the participants in a school with high enrollment and a school with low enrollment. However, when participant recruitment occurred, no male students at the high enrollment school indicated they did not intend to enroll in grade 11 physical education. In order to attain sufficient participant recruitment within each required group (i.e., male- no intention group) the school with the second highest enrollment in grade 11 physical education (40%) was included within the study. <p>Grade 10 adolescents (N=63) with either an intention to enroll or no intention to enroll in grade 11 physical education participated in a focus group interview. Focus groups were separated based on gender (female/male) and intention to enroll in grade 11 physical education (intention/no intention). Following the completion of the focus group interviews barriers and facilitators were categorized, using McLeroys ecological model, as individual level (e.g., intrapersonal) or social environmental (e.g., interpersonal, institutional, community). <p> Findings revealed several factors that influenced students enrollment intention. However, differences were minimal between factors reported by students in the high and low enrollment schools. Differences were more prominent between gender and intention. These differences between females and males and between participants who were intending to enroll and participants who were not intending to enroll had consistent overarching themes. At the individual level (i.e., intrapersonal) four factors were associated with enrollment intention: past experience, self-efficacy, personal choice: scheduling, and knowledge. Several social environmental factors (interpersonal, institutional, and community) were also reported. These included parents, friends, teammates/coaches, teacher, course curriculum, and activity opportunities within the community.